BIO 101 Final Exam

What are evolution's mechanisms?

"mutations" "natural selection" "genetic drift" "migration"

What are some global environmental challenges today?

(1) Global warming/ climate · Our choices that we make on earth are having an impact on what our earth is doing in terms of its natural processes. Our earth is warming and many climates are changing. o (2) Deforestation o (3) Overexploitation (overharvesting of natural resources) o (4) invasive species o (5) Pollution

What are the main approaches of conservation biology?

1) fine-filter , 2) course-filter , 3) flagship species , 4) umbrella species

Why do invasive species leave such a large impact?

1. Empty niche · 2. Enemy release · 3. Novel weapons-prey native · Invasion meltdown

The 3 steps of cellular respiration are...

1. Glycolysis § Taking glucose and breaking it in half this step you release a little bit of ATP. § You're going to take your glucose and pyruvic acid (resulted from glycolysis) and break it down even further into step 1 2. Citric Acid Cycle § This cycle cranks and breaks further your pyruvic acid § It creates a little bit of ATP § CO2 is released in the krebs cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain § Takes the NADH "batteries" and breaks them up/empties them out · This then releases a TON of ATP § This step is essential in order to "harvest all of your hard work" and crate energy § OXYGEN IS NEEDED in this step à at the very end of your electron transport chain · Oxygen acts as a magnet and draws the electrons towards it, and allows the ATP to be released · If you remove oxygen from this step, your whole electron transport cycle stops immediately.

A general overview of the timeline of life on earth (from a single prokaryotic organism to a multi-cellular eukaryotic organism) transitions

1. No life to life (origin of life) 2. Form prokaryotes to single-celled eukaryotes 3. From single cell to multiple cell eukaryotes

What can we do to control invasive species?

1. Physical controls o This means pull it off à going in and physically take it out of our earth · 2. Chemical controls o Spreading a wide mass of chemicals to kill things · 3. Biological controls o Using another species (an enemy) to reduce invasive species § This is very rare, and can backfire easily

How did human evolution unfold over the last 5 million years?

5 million years ago, "humans" and "chimps" broke off to become their own species (separate from each other) by adaptation.By this happening, humans changed and adapted to become "bipedal" which is standing on 2 feet rather than 4 (like chimps). After they found evidence of humans becoming bipedal, scientists found evidence of humans using tools, this was very important for setting humans apart from chimps. They also found evidence between brain case sizes changing between humans and chimps.

What is a good experimental design?

A good experimental design includes a "treatment", "experimental group", "control group", "dependant & independent variables". All good designed experiments prevent bias as well.

Main currency/energy

ATP)= adenosine triphosphate

Why don't all siblings look identical to each other?

All siblings don't look identical because of the genes that are being passed on. Each parent passes down half of their genes to the offspring and the genes that get passed down are random from "mom and dad". The genes being passed down, also can be expressed differently within each child. For example, one child might receive the blonde hair gene from mom while the other child may receive the brown hair gene from dad.

General characteristics of animals in the beginning

Always eukaryotic · Always multicellular · Always heterotrophs à do not make their own energy · Always mobile à meaning they CAN move · Digest food internally

What are the main groups of living organisms on earth?

Bacteria Achaea Eukarya

Main tree of life (with the 3 domains)

Bacteria Archaea eukarya

What is cancer?

Cancer is linked with the cell cycle because, cancer is caused by an accumulation of mutations in genes that control the cell cycle. These mutations are what cause the cells to dicide more frequently and create tumors.

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria (little factory within your cells) · Your muscles have the most mitochondria because they are doing the most work in your body · Mitochondria has a great amount of surface area

§ Ecological consequences of invasive species

Changes in species distribution · Loss of biodiversity · New selection pressures

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

Fine-filter

Conserving a specific population a genetic population

Course-filter

Conserving a whole landscape

What is DNA and what are its functions?

DNA is "deoxyribose nucleic acid" DNA's main functions are.. -Stores the genetic information for an organism (they use this information to function and have the ability to reproduce) - DNA makes more DNA (replication) -Make proteins

What is the difference between DNA, chromosome and gene?

DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic code for all organisms and contains nucleotides and a double helix. A chromosome is tightly bound DNA. A gene is a small sector of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein.

Population ecology (main questions asked to define a population, vocab used such as carrying capacity), density, dispersion, demographics, dynamics (and terms used in each)

Describing a population deals with the 4 D's which are ... · Density" o # of individuals in a space · "Dispersion" o Spatial arrangement of individuals within a population · "demography" o Age structure of a population of individuals · "dynamics" o How a population may change over time

What is ecology, and what are the main fields of ecology?

Ecology: It is how organisms interact in and with their environment o there is behavioral ecology , population ecology , community ecology o There are 5 levels of ecology and they are (starting from top to bottom).... § Biosphere (5) § Ecosystem (4) § Community (3) § Population (2) § Organism (1)

Approaches to conservation

Fine-filter, coarse-filter, flagship species, umbrella species

What are the main types of evidence for macro-evolution?

Fossil records DNA Comparative anatomy

What is gene expression and why is it important?

Gene expression is a very important topic in biology. Gene expression is basically the process of a gene becoming its intended function. It tells us which genes are "turned on/ expressed" in the organism VS "turned off/ not expressed" in the organism.

What is a gene?

Gene: Very small section of DNA on a chromosome (codes for protein). Genes are the "characteristics" that we express from either our mom or dad.

What is ecology?

How organisms interact in/ and with their environment § There is a connection between organism and environment

How does inheritance work?

Inheritance is determined by genetic material being passed down to offspring by both parents "mom and dad". The offspring inherits the genes that get passed down and then gene expression decides which genes are going to be expressed in the offspring.

what are invasive species and what do they do

Invasive species= by human influence, occur outside their native ranges · Exotic, non-native, nonindigenous ·Causes net harm to the economy, environment, or human health

how does the anatomy of a plant used for photosynthesis?

Leaves have holes that allow the gas exchange (CO2 comes in and O2 comes out!) · Light reaction takes place in the thylakoid (which is in the chloroplasts) à the Calvin cycle/ dark reaction cycle takes place in the stroma

What is life?

Life is defined through a set of shared characteristics that all living things display

what are the two processes in photosynthesis and how do they work

Light reaction (Process 1 of photosynthesis) o Converts solar energy à chemical energy o This is the step where water is needed! o Input H2O à output O2 o ADP (pretty small) gets charged up in this process and then becomes ATP · Calvin Cycle (Process 2 of photosynthesis) o Takes A LOT of energy in order to happen à occurs in the stroma. o Converts CO2 à sugar (glucose) o Uses key enzyme: Rubisco (rips the carbon from the oxygen in CO2) o Input CO2 à output sugar (glucose)

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

What are the main groups of plants, and what are their special adaptations?

Mosses (non-vascular) Ferns (seedless) Conifers (naked seed) Flowering plants (enclosed seed)

What is a mutation?

Mutation: any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; (ATCG sequences of DNA can be mutated). There are also different kinds of mutations; 2 general types of mutations are "Base substitution", and "Base deletion/ addition.

What is natural selection?

Natural selection is a natural process where organisms/living things that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive more often than other organisms/living things that are not as well adapted to their environment. Over time, the better adapted organisms/living things produce off-spring that express their traits that make them more well adapted to the environment.

Characteristics of prokaryotes

No nucleus/organelles § Circular DNA/RNA § No sexual reproduction § Rapid reproduction

Is natural selection random?

No. the specific acts that may drive evolution as a whole such as "which pray attack which animals" may be random, but that entire process of natural selection is not random. This is not random because, the animals that are "more fit/ better adapted" for the environment that they are in, will tend to survive more often, and their offspring will express their traits, showing over time an evolution of that species.

what are the consequences of climate change

Oceans are warming · more hurricanes are occurring · droughts are more occurring · extreme temperatures

How are stem cells related to gene expression?

Our stem cells (totipotent cells) have the ability to have all genes "turned on". For example, in the embryo this means that all cells express all DNA and then as the embryo grows, the cells differentiate and create the fetus inside the mother.

How are photosynthesis and respiration linked?

Photosynthesis creates/produces the glucose that is needed in order for cellular respiration to undergo and make ATP (energy).

What sort of diversity of life do we have on the planet?

Plants Animals Microorganisms

Characteristics of plants, incl. older vs. newer adaptations

Plants evolved from protists, and the main difference is their independence from water

How does the inheritance of the main types of genetic diseases work?

Sickle Cell Anemia- recessive hereditary Hemophilia- sex linked on X chromosome Huntington Disease- Dominant Genetic Down's Syndrome- Nondisjunction Chromosome 21 (3 chromosomes)

Where does the biomass of a tree come from?

The "biomass" of a tree comes from mainly carbon. The trees get the carbon from CO2 (from humans breathing) which is used in photosynthesis.

How are the main groups of living organisms related to each other? (hint: use a phylogeny)

The main groups of living organisms are all related to each other by a common ancestor. In terms of Phylogeny trees, bacteria are on the bottom (common ancestor), then archaea derive from bacteria, and Eukarya derive from archaea.

Are we overexploiting resources on Earth? Explain your answer.

The short answer to this question is YES. Many humans just go about their day, and they do not take into account how much resources they are actually using. We take into account everything that you use such as, "resources used to get food on your table", "resources used to drive", "resources used to live in a house". Data has shown that we are over using our resources; we are using resources faster than earth can produce them, and we need to reduce the amount of resources that we use, or reuse what we can. You can check how much resources that you use by calculating your ecological footprint.

What is biology?

The study of life

How is DNA structure linked to its functions?

The two functions of DNA are to make more DNA and to make proteins. In the process of replication, used to make more DNA, the structure of DNA's double helix allows for the DNA polymer to "unzip" the double helix to make more DNA. The specific nucleotides, as well as the double helix structure of the DNA allows for the DNA to make more proteins. The double helix allows for the RNA polymerase to unzip the double helix so it can create an mRNA. The sequence nucleotides formulated the codon on the mRNA

How does biological evolution work?

There are 2 ways to look at biological evolution, in a "macroevolution sense" and a "microevolution sense". We must also note that there are 4 mechanisms that drive biological evolution which are, "mutations", "natural selection", "genetic drift", and "migration". Biological evolution happens when specific traits of an organism/living thing become much more common within their species. This can happen non-randomly through natural selection, or randomly through genetic drift. An example of biological evolution is, "over a course of many years, a rabbits jump stride gets longer and faster. This can occur from rabbits trying to jump longer and faster to a oid getting eaten by their pray. As the rabbits evolve and more are being born, then the newer incoming rabbits will have evolved and now have much longer and faster jump strides as well.

What are the main types of genetic diseases?

There are 3 main sources/ types of genetic diseases, they are... "recessive", "dominant", and "non-disjunction diseases"

What is the main goal of cellular respiration?

To go from food (glucose) to ATP

Why do we plant more trees to help reduce climate change?

Trees release Oxygen and intake Carbon Dioxide (CO2), therefor, if we plant more trees then they will intake more CO2 out of our atmosphere and refrain it from adding up in our atmosphere and warming our planet.

What are the requirements for natural selection?

Variation Heritability Selection

Is natural selection the only mechanism of evolution that creates adaptations?

Yes, over time natural selection creates adaptations to a specific species. There are not any other mechanisms of evolution that can create adaptations to species

What is biological evolution?

a change in gene frequency that is in a population over time

Conservation biology

a multidisciplinary science that addresses how to preserve the natural resources of earth, and protect our biodiversity. o

What is science?

a process used to explain the natural world

What's needed for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Characteristics of protists

his is everything that is NOT a plant, fungi, or animal. Protists are considered the more "misc. group".

Umbrella species

if you protect this species, you're protecting an entire landscape with it too

What is photosynthesis?

is the process of going from solar energy àchemical energy that plants can use (takes the sun energy and makes it into sugar (glucose))

How does science work?

many small experiments articulate a specific and falsifiable hypothesis collect data analyze interpret results

What are the main ecological consequences of environmental challenges?

o Changes in species distribution o Loss of biodiversity o New selection pressures for organisms/ living things

How does climate change work?

o Climate change occurs from... § Changes in our atmosphere § Changes in temperature o These are all things that can have a direct impact from huamns such as too many fossil fuels being burned; which can lead to climate change. o CO2 has been increasing on our earth recently, and this is the most abundant greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.

What are greenhouse gases, and how are they linked to climate change?

o Greenhouse Gases: are gases in earth's atmosphere that trap heat o By trapping heat in our atmosphere, it warms our earth (which leads to global warming).

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in science?

o Hypothesis: an educated guess, a possible explanation (generally made before you test something) o Theory: repeatedly verified hypothesis, generalized and supported by a large amount of evidence (made after the hypothesis has been tested)

Why are prokaryotes important?

o There are several reasons as to why "prokaryotes are important". In terms of humans, Prokaryotes help to work our immune system to make sure that our body is ready to fight off disease/ or viruses. They also help to "recycle nutrients" from dead organisms. By prokaryotes undergoing this process, it allows their nutrients that they used, to be re-used. o Prokaryotes make up the organisms that belong to "bacteria" and "archaea". They help regulate the bacteria in our stomachs and help with digestion.

Older Animal digestion vs new animal digestion

old digestion Digestion: "Coelum" · The first animals had no special digestive system, or had a digestive system, but with NO support = acoelomate · (refer to lecture for diagrams/ more info) new digestion Animals developed a supporting membrane that held the gut in the fluid filled cavity = "Coelomate" · Humans are considered "coelomate"

Flag-ship species

species that is "charismatic" a poster child animal

celluar respiration

the process of cellular respiration is to turn the (sugar/glucose) from photosynthesis à ATP (energy) both animals and plant undergo it

what is the main job of cellular respiration

to (charge your car batteries) NADH

Differences between domains and kingdoms

§ A domain is the main category of something ABOVE the kingdom level. For example, the 3 main domains are bacteria, archaea , and eukarya. §A kingdom is the group that contains one or mor "phyla". For example, the 4 "kingdoms" of eukarya are "protists, plants, fungi, and animals".

Behavioral ecology (definitions, topics covered in this field, optimality theory

§ Behavioral ecology: is the study of behavioral interactions between individual animals within a population · Dr.Pangle looked at spotted hyenas for her "observational ecology study". § Intraspecific competition: competition that exists within the species · Example: turkeys at dinner VS 80 family member turkeys

Ecological consequences of environmental issues

§ Changes in species distribution and abundance § Loss of biodiversity § New selection pressures

what are the main environmental challenges?

§ Climate change § Invasive species § Overexploitation of species § Deforestation § pollution

what is Climate change and what are its causes

§ Climate change= changes happening to out climates and environments § Causes of climate change= · Changes in atmosphere · Changes in temperature o (this is generally caused by humans à global warming)

Community ecology (definitions, main interactions between species, trophic structures and food chains, trophic cascades)

§ Community ecology is the population and the organisms around the population! § Interspecific interaction: different species interacting with each other § the following are 4 types of interactions... · Predation (+/-) · Competition (-/-) · Mutalism (+/+) · Commensalism (+/0)

Characteristics of fungi

§ Decompose and recycle nutrients § Always eukaryotic § always multicellular § always heterotrophs à do not make their own energy (this is what differentiates itself from plants) § digest food internally § they are a kingdom from the domain eukaryotes

levels within ecology

§ Organism (1- bottom) § Population (2) § Community (3) § Eco-system (4) § Biosphere (5- top)