BIO 101 Final Exam Study Guide

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

Electron Transport Chain

_____ are considered the most primitive group of plants.

Mosses

In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ______ to perform work by the cells.

ATP

The ______ glycoproteins are presented by all nucleated cells and an identification tag. The ______ glycoproteins are only presented by cells to provide the link between nonspecific immune responses.

MHCI, MHCII

Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis?

Splitting glucose into 2 pyruvates.

Temperature, pH and blood glucose levels controlled by

a negative feedback mechanism in the body.

For the expression of a recessive trait... .

a person needs to inherit a recessive allele from both of their parents

There are two different paths for blood to travel throughout the body. The ______ circuit carries blood to and away from organ systems, and the ______ circuit carries blood to and from the lungs.

systemic, pulmonary

The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

PPO

_____ would be beneficial for those who have diabetes.

Blood sugar monitoring

Plants genetically modified with the are more pest resistant.

Bt gene

Which of the following examples best describes how geoengineering may help mitigate global climate change?

Developing ways to reflect portions of solar energy before they reach the earth, preventing it from contributing to the greenhouse effect.

There are multiple steps in interphase that prepare the cells for cell division. The correct order of steps that prepare cells for division is?

G1, S, G2

What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

_____ and ______ ingest, digest, and provide an antigen for the immune system to respond.

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce vitamin _______.

beta carotene

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy. Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy.

bread

Cancer begins when...

cells divide uncontrollably.

The movement of genes between species is termed

horizontal gene transfer.

According to the evidence of climate change, there has been an overall ______ in ocean and land temperature, and an overall ______ in ice formations.

increase, decrease

A biome is defined by

its average temperature and precipitation.

The role of the ______ is the filter the blood of wastes and chemicals.

kidney

What are the two most important insect vectors involved in the spread of bacterial and viral diseases?

mosquitoes and ticks

What sources of alternative energy involves using uranium or other materials to split the nucleus of an atom?

nuclear power

In animal cells, DNA is located in the __________.

nucleus

Which digestive system organs produces digestive enzymes, and produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar?

pancreas

What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

regulate the general immune responses

Air enters the lungs when

the diaphragm moves down and pressure in the lungs decreases.

The overall goal of PCR is...

to create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube.

In homeostasis, which organ system's central role is to remove liquid wastes and detoxification of chemicals?

urinary system

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they don't mix with __________.

water

The PCR process requires three steps. In the first step, the temperature is usually set at _____ because...

95˚C, this is the optimum temperature for the denaturing of the DNA double strands

What two products of the light reaction are used in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

In a normal cell, what is the function of topoisomerase?

It helps unwind DNA during replication.

What are considered to be carbon sinks?

Oceans, fossil fuels deep underground and the atmosphere.

In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule into?

adenosine diphosphate and phosphate.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the ______ tissue.

adipose

What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

alert neighboring cells

What processes contributes the greatest amount of CO2 to the atmosphere?

burning fossil fuels

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

carbonic acid

Red blood cells are responsible for ___.

carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

What is a function of the liver?

detoxifying blood by filtering poisonous substances

DNA is a...

double strand of nucleotides arranged in a helical structure.

There are three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries?

exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste

Which digestive system organs stores bile that is used in the small intestines?

gallbladder

Which organ is responsible for the storage of extra bile, used to aid in the digestion of fats?

gallbladder

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells.

gametophyte, sporophyte

The overall goal of _____ is to make a structural protein that can be used by the cell.

gene expression

______ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

genes

When a macrophage presents an antigen with an MHC-II protein,

it interacts with helper T cells.

In ______ sleep, the body resets it metabolism, and in ______ sleep, the body undergoes maintenance of body structures.

light, deep

In normal cells, tumor suppressor gene...

monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for damage before being passed on to daughter cells.

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

monomer, polymer

Sunlight consists of a wave and a particle. The particle is also known as a(an) ___.

photon

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.

red blood cells, oxygen

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semi-conservative

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______. sperm, eggs

sperm, eggs

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is?

the amount of energy required to start a reaction.

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ______ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ______ of the chloroplast.

thylakoids, stroma

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

thymine, cytosine

The role of vectors in gene therapy is

to deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise _______ grams of water _______ degree Celsius at sea level.

one, one

Chromosomes are copied in....

the growth (S) phase of interphase (G1).

______ aids in movement, projects vital organs and stores calcium.

The skeletal system

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

What part of the flower produces pollen grains?

anther

Photosynthesis takes carbon in from the atmosphere and uses it to form ______, the energy source for all plants and animals to use in cellular respiration.

glucose

What is the endocrine function of the thymus?

production of T cells in the immune system

Enzymes are _____?

proteins.

Carbon sinks are

reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon.

Thinking about a negative feedback system, the ______ is the condition being measured and the ______ is the target of the actions of the control center.

stimulus, effect

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

carbon

Prophase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during prophase?

chromosomes condense

The second law of thermodynamics states that ____________.

during the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat

A(An) ______ represents the interactions of biological communities and the abiotic factors within the inhabited location.

ecosystem

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ______ B cells in reserve.

memory

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the production of ______ cells and apoptosis of infected cells.

memory T cells

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as ____.

plasmids

By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways

to provide organs for human transplants.

What cell organelle converts the energy found in food into a form usable by cells?

mitochondria

The following event (or events) occur in the prophase I phase of meiosis I...

Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called _____.

antigenic shift

Since the 1950s, there has been a steady increase in the levels of atmospheric CO2 as a result of ________ activity.

human

In maintaining body temperature, the ______ is the part of the brain that detects the increase in body temperature.

hypothalamus

What types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

______ halt cell division if an error is found in the DNA.

Tumor suppressor genes

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

an antigenic glycoprotein - hemagluttinin (HA)

Different types of exercise affect the muscular system differently. Weightlifting promotes ____, while long distance running promotes ____.

anaerobic, aerobic

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______ and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

angiogenesis

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will __________.

be incomplete

Malignant tumors need nutrients and oxygen to grow. From what structures do they obtain nutrients and oxygen?

capillaries

Photoplethysmography detects the flow of blood through the ______ in the wrist.

capillaries

There are multiple organ systems involved in maintaining _____.

homeostasis.

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

homologous, analogous

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO2in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of carbon needed for the formation of carbohydrates

The measure of the impact on climate change by a person or a company is known as their ___.

carbon footprint

During the division of eukaryotic cells, the _______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells.

centrioles

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in _________.

checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle

Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

chloroplasts

What is the function of nervous tissue in the human body?

control center, detects and interprets stimuli, and delivers a response

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

meiosis, mitosis

A collection of organs and tissues that work together to perform a general function is called a(n) _____.

organ system

The GMO procedure that coats very small fragments with tungsten or gold with genetically modified DNA and then uses a gene gun for delivery is called ____ ____.

particle bombardment

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ____ over time.

population

B cell activation, through antibody-mediated immunity, results in the...

production of memory B cells, secretion of antibodies, production of plasma cells.

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cell

The respiratory system plays a major role in homeostasis by

regulating gas exchange between the internal body and the external environment.

There are three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system. What is the function of the veins?

returning blood to the heart

During skeletal muscle contractions, which part of the muscle shortens?

sarcomeres within the myofibrils

The ______ neurons take information and send it to the ______ neurons, where it is integrated and processed.

sensory, interneurons

Metaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during metaphase?

sister chromatids align on the spindle equator

Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?

sister chromatids are pulled apart

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

sister chromatids are pulled apart

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase II phase of meiosis II?

sister chromatids are separated

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

endotoxin

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H2O in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of electrons for light-dependent reactions

During translation, the ___ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the corresponding amino acid.

tRNA

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by diffusion. This diffusion is due to...

the lower amount of oxygen found in the red blood cells.

In what way have AquaAdvantage Salmon been genetically modified

to grow faster

The purpose of transcription is...

to make mRNA that will carry the instructions for making proteins outside the nucleus.

The purpose of translation is...

to use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form polypeptide chains

In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

interphase and mitosis

Description of ATP

ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "non-self" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MCHs)

Cellular respiration is a process that harvests...

...the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

4

What are the complementary base pairs of DNA?

Adenine:thymine, cytosine:guanine

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called ____.

CRISPR

Genome editing can be accomplished by using _____.

CRISPR

What is the name of the enzyme that adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

DNA polymerase

In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?

Interphase

There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for proper alignment of chromosomes?

M

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

Which process has been used to modify arctic apples to prevent browning?

RNA interference, gene silencing

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

They have their own genomes.

What is the function of ribosomes?

They use genetic information to synthesize proteins.

Name the various greenhouse gases.

Water H2O, Carbon Dioxide CO2, Methane CH4, Nitrous Oxide N2O, Trioxygen O3, and CFCs

What is A. tumefaciens?

a bacteria used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells

All viruses are made up of two components.

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

Caffeine is

a stimulant and would cause a delay of drowsiness.

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes have ______ complementary in shape to their substrates.

active sites

In the process of feedback inhibition, the end product binds to the ______ site of the _______ enzyme to block the biochemical pathway.

active, first

The two strands of DNA are held together by ______ between complementary nucleotides.

hydrogen bonds

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered

in a way that would not occur in nature.

What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

increased permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the affected area