bio 102 unit 1

Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? a A b B c E d C e D

a. A

Which of the letters, in the diagram, represents the symplastic route of water movement? a A b D c B d C

a. A

If this were a marine food web, the smallest organism might be a A. b C. c F. d E. e I.

a. A.

Which curve best describes survivorship in squirrels? a C b E c A d B e D

a. C

Which curve best describes survivorship that is independent of age? a C b B c D d A e E

a. C

Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a plant stem grows toward light? a Cells on the dark side of the stem elongate more than those on the lighted side. b The plant grows into an open area where its leaves will not be shaded by competing plants. c The plant seeks light in order to maximize photosynthesis. d Nerve-like impulses stimulate contractile cells on the lighted side of the stem. e The greater energy supply on the lighted side of the stem stimulates metabolism and growth on that side.

a. Cells on the dark side of the stem elongate more than those on the lighted side.

Which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that molts? a D b B c C d A e E

a. D

A hypothesis that these data tend to support would be that a D pea seedlings lack amounts of gibberellin sufficient for achieving tall stature b gibberellic acid alters the gene structure of pea seeds c auxin promotes cell division d tallness is dominant over dwarfism e gibberellin and auxin both stimulate cell elongation

a. D pea seedlings lack amounts of gibberellin sufficient for achieving tall stature

All of the following are valid interpretations of these data EXCEPT: a Defoliation by gypsy moths has no effect on the water content of next year's leaves. b T leaves show greater declines in water content than do C leaves. c C leaves typically contain more water than do T leaves. d Differences in the water content between C and T leaves grow greater as the summer goes on. e Both C and T leaves show declines in water content as the summer goes on.

a. Defoliation by gypsy moths has no effect on the water content of next year's leaves.

Root hairs are extensions of which of the following kinds of cells? a Epidermal b Meristematic c Phloem d Cortical e Xylem

a. Epidermal

Which of the following is not true about estuaries? a Estuaries usually contain no or few producers. b Estuaries support many semiaquatic species. c Estuaries contain waters of varying salinity. d Estuaries are often bordered by mudflats and salt marshes. e Estuaries support a variety of animal life that humans consume.

a. Estuaries usually contain no or few producers.

Which of the following features of angiosperms has probably contributed most to their evolutionary success relative to all other land plant groups? a Flowers and fruits b Xylem c True leaves and roots d Phloem e Cutinized aerial surfaces

a. Flowers and fruits

Which of the following most directly controls the flowering response in short-day plants? a Length of the dark period b Air temperature during the dark period c Length of the light period d Relative amount of blue light available during the light period e Intensity of light during the light period

a. Length of the dark period

You are working for the Environmental Protection Agency and researching the effect of a potentially toxic chemical in drinking water. There is no documented scientific evidence showing that the chemical is toxic, but many suspect it to be a health hazard. Using the precautionary principle, what would be a reasonable environmental policy? a Set the acceptable levels of the chemical conservatively low, and keep them there unless future studies show that they can be safely raised. b Set the acceptable levels at the highest levels encountered, and keep them there unless future studies demonstrate negative health effects. c Establish no regulations until there are conclusive scientific studies. d Establish a contingency fund to handle insurance claims in the event that the chemical turns out to produce negative health effects. e Caution individuals to use their own judgment in deciding whether to drink water from a potentially contaminated area.

a. Set the acceptable levels of the chemical conservatively low, and keep them there unless future studies show that they can be safely raised.

At day 8 of the experiment, all of the following statements are correct EXCEPT: a The eventual greater height of the T seedlings over the DG seedlings is already predictable. b The T, DG, and DGA seedlings appear to be in a more rapid growth phase than the D seedlings. c The DG seedlings are taller than the T seedlings. d The T, DG, and DGA seedlings are very similar in height. e The D seedlings are less than half as tall as the other seedlings.

a. The eventual greater height of the T seedlings over the DG seedlings is already predictable.

Adhesion is a result of a attraction of water molecules to hydrophilic walls of xylem tubes b the high surface tension of water c hydrogen bonds between water molecules d tension within the xylem caused by a negative pressure

a. attraction of water molecules to hydrophilic walls of xylem tubes

Plant stems bend toward a light source as a result of increased a cell elongation on the side of the stem away from the light source b cell elongation on the side of the stem near the light source c chlorophyll synthesis on the side of the stem near the light source d cell division on the side of the stem away from the light source e cell division on the side of the stem near the light source

a. cell elongation on the side of the stem away from the light source

Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? a ecosystem, community, population, individual b population, ecosystem, individual, community c individual, community, population, ecosystem d community, ecosystem, individual, population e individual, population, community, ecosystem

a. ecosystem, community, population, individual

Fruits often ripen faster when placed in closed paper bags because of the effect of a ethylene b gibberellin c abscisic acid d cytokinin e CO2

a. ethylene

Which of the following hormones would be sprayed on barley seeds to speed germination? a gibberellin b auxin c ethylene d abscisic acid

a. gibberellin

All of the following represent ways that animals defend themselves against predators except a interspecific competition. b mobbing. c cryptic coloration. d hiding or fleeing. e incorporating plant toxins into their tissues.

a. interspecific competition.

Which of the following is NOT true? a monocots usually have a taproot b monocots have leaves with parallel veins c monocots typically have no secondary growth d monocots have scattered bundles in the stem

a. monocots usually have a taproot

Which of the following takes ther form of a sheath over plant roots increasing the surface area for absorption? a mycorrhizae b infection threads c haustoria d root nodules

a. mycorrhizae

In angiosperms, the endosperm functions in a nourishment of the embryo b pollen formation c seed coat formation d direction of the growth of the pollen tube e fruit formation

a. nourishment of the embryo

In angiosperms, the endosperm functions in a nourishment of the embryo b seed coat formation c pollen formation d fruit formation

a. nourishment of the embryo

Flowering plants are capable of fertilization in the absence of water because the a pollen tubes deliver the sperm to the eggs b process of pollination and fertilization occur in the soil c sperm contain large amounts of cytoplasm d eggs have a structure that aids in their dispersal by wind e eggs develop without sperm by parthenogenesis

a. pollen tubes deliver the sperm to the eggs

The rate of flow of water through the xylem is regulated by a the force of transpirational pull b the number of companion cells in the phloem c passive transport by the pith d active transport by tracheid and vessel cells of xylem e active transport by the sieve-tube members of phloem

a. the force of transpirational pull

What are aquaporins? (bonus: not covered in class) a water specific channels in membranes that speed the rate of osmosis b openings into root hairs through which water enters c openings in the lower epidermis of leaves through which water vapor escapes. d pores through the ends of sieve-tube elements through which phloem sap flows

a. water specific channels in membranes that speed the rate of osmosis

Which of the following is primarily responsible for cell elongation, gravitropism, and apical dominance in plants? a Cytokinin b Auxin c Gibberellin d Phytochrome e Ethylene

b. Auxin

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = a A b B c C d D e E

b. B

Which of the letters, in the diagram, represents the apoplastic route of water movement? a A b B c D d C

b. B

Based on the graphs I and II, which of the following is the best conclusion that can be reached? a Leaf stomata are closed at 10AM b Decreases in leaf water potential are caused by increased transpiration. c The increased rate of transpiration increases leaf water potential d The flow of water through the stem has no effect on leaf water potential e Water is most likely to flow into a leaf at 4 AM

b. Decreases in leaf water potential are caused by increased transpiration.

The bean seed contains 2 seed leaves. Which letter represents the radicle? a D b E c B d C

b. E

Which curve best describes survivorship in oysters? a D b E c C d B e A

b. E

In the development of a seedling, which of the following will be the last to occur? a Initiation of cell division in the root meristem b Expansion and greening of the first true foliage leaves c Imbibition of water by the seed d Initiation of the breakdown of the food reserve e Emergence of the root

b. Expansion and greening of the first true foliage leaves

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another-as moose populations increase, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population,dN/dt = rN, (K-N)/K, which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population? a rN b K c r d N e dt

b. K

In a mature forest of oak, maple, and hickory trees, a disease causes a reduction in the number of acorns produced by oak trees. Which of the following would least likely be a direct result of this? a There might be fewer mice and seed-eating birds because squirrels would eat more seeds and compete with the mice and birds. b There might be a decrease in the number of maple seeds as the disease spreads to other trees in the forest. c There might be fewer owls because they feed on baby squirrels, mice, and young seed-eating birds, whose populations would be reduced. d There might be fewer squirrels because they feed on acorns. e There might be an increase in the number of hickory trees because the competition between hickory nuts and acorns for germination sites would be reduced or eliminated.

b. There might be a decrease in the number of maple seeds as the disease spreads to other trees in the forest.

The driving force for the movement of materials in the phloem of plants is a adhesion of water to vessel elements b a difference in osmotic potential between the source and the sink c transpiration of water through the stomates d root pressure e gravity

b. a difference in osmotic potential between the source and the sink

In temperate lakes, the surface water is replenished with nutrients during turnovers that occur in the a spring and summer. b autumn and spring. c summer and autumn. d autumn and winter. e summer and winter.

b. autumn and spring.

A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a particular depth, and a rocky substrate on the bottom to thrive. These requirements are part of its a resource partition. b ecological niche. c home base. d prime habitat. e dimensional profile.

b. ecological niche.

All the following increase the surface area available for absorption of water and minerals, by the root EXCEPT a numerous branch cells b extensions of tracheids in xylem c root hairs d mycorrhizae

b. extensions of tracheids in xylem

When thinking of the definition of carrying capacity (K) it... a remains constant in the presence of density-dependent population regulation. b is often determined by energy limitation. c is calculated as the product of annual per capita birth rate (r). d is always eventually reached in any population. e differs among species, but does not vary within a given species.

b. is often determined by energy limitation.

What is the term for a top predator that contributes to the maintenance of species diversity among its animal prey? a tertiary consumer b keystone species c primary consumer d keystone mutualist e landscape species

b. keystone species

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same a range. b niche. c habitat. d territory. e biome.

b. niche.

Phytoplankton is most frequently found in which of the following zones? a aphotic b photic c benthic d oligotrophic e abyssal

b. photic

A small population of white-footed mice has the same intrinsic rate of increase (r) as a large population. If everything else is equal, a the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time. b the large population will add more individuals per unit time. c the small population will add more individuals per unit time. d the J-shaped growth curves will look identical. e the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions.

b. the large population will add more individuals per unit time.

Which of the following statements about ecology is incorrect? a Ecology spans increasingly comprehensive levels of organization, from individuals to ecosystems. b Ecology is the study of the interactions between biotic and abiotic aspects of the environment. c Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history. d Ecologists may study populations and communities of organisms. e Ecological studies may involve the use of models and computers.

c. Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history.

Which population is in the process of decreasing? a I and II b I c II d III e II and III

c. II

What ion do the small dots in this illustration represent? a Ca 2+ b Cl- c K+ d Na +

c. K+

Which of the following letters represents the entire root system? a L b J c N d K

c. N

Of the following, which can n be concluded from the experimental data? a The T seedling are homozygous dominant for tallness. b There will be a less obvious height difference between DG and DGA seedlings at 20 days than at 16 days. c The DG seedlings grew almost as tall as the T seedlings. d The DGA seedlings will eventually catch up in the growth to the T seedlings. e The T seedlings contain the greatest concentration of auxin and gibberellin.

c. The DG seedlings grew almost as tall as the T seedlings.

In this experiment, water flow up the stem could be measured in which of the following structures? a Phloem b Casparian strip c Xylem d Stomata e Lenticels (proes for gas exchange in woody plants)

c. Xylem

The growth inhibitor in seeds is usually? a ethylene b auxin c abscisic acid d gibberellin

c. abscisic acid

A seed consists of a a gametophyte b an immature ovule c an embryo, seed coat, and nutrient supply d an enlarged ovary

c. an embryo, seed coat, and nutrient supply

The Casparian strip prevents water and minerals from entering the vascular vessel through the a symplast b endodermal cells c apoplast d plasmodesmata

c. apoplast

After examination of the data, it would probably be safe to say that the a D seedlings will not mature and produce new seeds b differences in plant height between the T and D plants are not significant c auxin concentration used counteracts partially the action of gibberellin on the growth of dwarf seedlings d DGA pea plants have longer internodes than the other plants do e stems of the T plants are not as strong as those of the DG plants

c. auxin concentration used counteracts partially the action of gibberellin on the growth of dwarf seedlings

All of the following are plant-growth regulators EXCEPT a indoleacetic acid (auxin) b ethylene c chlorophyll d cytokinins e abscisic acid

c. chlorophyll

Elephants are not the most common species in African grasslands. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Elephants can be defined as what type of species in this community? a redundant b dominant c keystone d dominant and keystone e none of the above

c. keystone

Coral reefs can be found on the southern east coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southern west coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this? a precipitation b sunlight c ocean currents d day length e salinity

c. ocean currents

Which of the following characterizes relatively K-selected populations? a small offspring b early parental reproduction c offspring with good chances of survival d a high intrinsic rate of increase e many offspring per reproductive episode

c. offspring with good chances of survival

In plants, the initiation of flowering in response to photoperiod is triggered by changes in a auxin b gibberellic acid c phytochrome d ethylene e cytokinin

c. phytochrome

Your favorite houseplant is wilting. What is the most likely cause and remedy? a stomata won't open; no remedy available b water potential is too low; apply sugar water c plasmolysis of cells; water the plant d cavitation; perform xylem vessel bypass

c. plasmolysis of cells; water the plant

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? a nutrient availability, soil pH b precipitation, wind c predation, competition d temperature, water e light intensity, seasonality

c. predation, competition

When examining the diagram of photoperiodism, which numbered row represents a pseudo-imposed short night? a all of these b 4 c 2 d 3

d. 3

Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in developed nations? a D b E c B d A e C

d. A

The fruit produced by angiosperms is an evolutionary adaptation that most often a Attracts pollinators b Inhibits seed germination until favorable environmental conditions occur c Nourishes the seeds within the fruit on ripening d Aids in seed dispersal e Provides an energy source for the plant egg cell prior to fertilization

d. Aids in seed dispersal

Phototropism in plants is mediated by what plant growth substance? a Chlorophyll b Ethylene c Colchicine d Auxin e Lenticels

d. Auxin

Which of the following statements about xylem and phloem is correct? a Both conduct glucose in the plant. b Both are made of dead cells at maturity. c Both actively move fluids up and down stems. d Both are produce as secondary growth by vascular cambium. e Both are found in bryophytes.

d. Both are produce as secondary growth by vascular cambium.

Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = a A b B c C d D e E

d. D

Assuming these age-structure diagrams describe human populations, which population is likely to experience zero population growth (ZPG)? a I b II c I and II d III e II and III

d. III

Resource partitioning is best described by which of the following statements? a A climax community is reached when no new niches are available. b Species diversity is maintained by switching between prey species. c Two species can coevolve and share the same niche. d Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist. e Competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species.

d. Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist.

Which of the following statements about aquatic biomes is false? a Marine biomes generally have a salt concentration that averages 3%. b Many aquatic biomes exhibit pronounced vertical stratification of chemical variables. c Marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria produce a substantial portion of the biosphere's atmospheric oxygen. d The distribution of photosynthetic organisms is not limited by the quality and intensity of light in marine biomes. e Many lakes in temperate regions are characterized by seasonal thermal stratification.

d. The distribution of photosynthetic organisms is not limited by the quality and intensity of light in marine biomes.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in the movement of water through a terrestrial plant? a The evaporation of water from the leaves b Root pressure c The cohesion of water d The influence of gibberellin on cell expansion e Capillary action

d. The influence of gibberellin on cell expansion

What can be deduced from graph I? a At noon, the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of water flow through a stem. b There is no correlation between the rate of transpiration and the flow of water through the stem. c The rate of transpiration never reaches zero. d The maximal flow of water through the stem lags behind the maximal rate of transpiration. e The rate of transpiration is constant throughout this 24-hour period.

d. The maximal flow of water through the stem lags behind the maximal rate of transpiration.

Bark consists of a cork cambium b secondary phloem c cork cells d all of these

d. all of these

You have a friend who is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you truthfully make in response to your friend's suspicions? a Through measurements and observations, we know that carbon dioxide and temperature were correlated even in prehistoric times. b Global warming could have significant effects on United States agriculture. c We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased in the last 150 years. d all of these e Carbon dioxide has increased in the last 150 years AND carbon dioxide and temperature were correlated even in prehistoric times.

d. all of these

In the logistic equation dN/dt = rN, (K-N)/K, r is a measure of the population's intrinsic rate of increase. It is determined by which of the following? a birth rate b death rate c density d birth and death rate e birth and death rate and density.

d. birth and death rate

You are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a(n) a tropical rain forest. b abandoned field. c old riverbed. d fairly recent volcanic island. e deep sea vent.

d. fairly recent volcanic island.

If this were a terrestrial food web, the combined biomass of C + D would probably be a less than the biomass of H. b less than the biomass of E. c greater than the biomass of A. d less than the biomass of A + B. e greater than the biomass of B.

d. less than the biomass of A + B.

In general, the total biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level? a herbivores b secondary consumers c tertiary consumers d producers e primary consumers

d. producers

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? a a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf b green color of a plant c eye color in humans d stripes of a skunk e colors of an insect-pollinated flower

d. stripes of a skunk

The best explanation of the difference between row 3 and 4 is a The plants are not governed by the amount of night and therefore have no effect on the flowering. b the flash of red light enabled the long night plant to flower. c the flash of red light cancels the effect of the flash of far red light. d the flash of far red light cancels the effect of the flash of red light.

d. the flash of far red light cancels the effect of the flash of red light.

The movement of water to the top of a 15-meter tree is best explained by a barometric pressure b gravitational flow c root and stem pressure d transpiration and cohesion e capillary action

d. transpiration and cohesion

Entry of what substance causes the guard cells on the left to become turgid and cells on the right to become flacid? a calcium b oxygen c sugar d water

d. water

Guttation results from a a water vapor break in the column of xylem b specialized structures in transport cells that accumulate sucrose c the pressure flow of sap d water flowing up faster than can be lost by transporation

d. water flowing up faster than can be lost by transporation

Which of the following factors is most important in the movement of water up a tall tree? a Air pressure b Capillarity in the phloem c Guttation d Active transport in the xylem e Leaf transpiration

e. Leaf transpiration

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain from seaweeds to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following is true? a Seals are more numerous than fish. b Polar bears can provide more food for people than seals can. c The carnivores can provide more food for people than the herbivores can. d The total energy content of the seaweeds is lower than that of the seals. e Polar bear meat probably contains the highest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins.

e. Polar bear meat probably contains the highest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins.

Introduced species a often fail to colonize the new area. b may become common enough to become pests. c can disrupt the balance of the natural species with which they become associated. d may become pests and/or disrupt the balance e all of these

e. all of these

Ecology as a discipline directly deals with all of the following levels of biological organization except a organismal. b population. c community. d ecosystem. e cellular.

e. cellular.

A major function of the Casparian strip of the endodermal cells of a root is to a protect the meristem as the root tip grows through the abrasive soil particles b initiate lateral root growth c serve as a site for the storage of excess sugars in the form of starch d allow for expansion of the vascular cambium as the root grows laterally e control the movement of materials into the vascular cylinder of the root

e. control the movement of materials into the vascular cylinder of the root

Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of a gene flow. b introgression. c parallel evolution. d allopatric speciation. e convergent evolution.

e. convergent evolution.

All of the following changes would be likely to decrease the rate of transpiration at 8 AM EXCEPT a increasing the humidity of the atmosphere b causing the stomata to close c placing the plan in total darkness d increasing the water potential of the atmophere e increasing the water potential of the soil

e. increasing the water potential of the soil

According to the small-population approach, what would be the best strategy for saving a population that is in an extinction vortex? a establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat b determining and remedying the cause of its decline c reducing the population size of its predators and competitors d determining the minimum viable population size by taking into account the effective population size e introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

e. introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

The species richness of a community refers to the a relative numbers of individuals in each species. b total number of all organisms. c number of food chains. d energy content of all species. e number of different species.

e. number of different species.

All of the following phrases could characterize a population except a interacting individuals. b boundaries. c density. d dispersion. e several species.

e. several species.

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because a current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity. b more animals than ever before are going extinct. c none of these d most current extinctions are caused by introduced species. e the rate of extinction is unusually high.

e. the rate of extinction is unusually high.

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a two species of moths that with wing spots that look like owl's eyes b two species of rattlesnake that both rattle their tails c a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf d a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp e two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

e. two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Abscisic acid is necessary for a seed to break dormancy. True False

false

The female gametophyte of angiosperms is called the sporophyte. True False

false

The structure from which fruit typically develops is the coleoptile. True False

false