BIO 104 CHAPTER 13
What is a potential cause of a community hunting and selling products from endangered species? -droughts -war -poor nutrient soil -disease -All of the answers are correct.
-All of the answers are correct.
What does a conservation biologist NOT do? Use research to identify specific threats to species and ecosystems. Recommend ways to prevent biodiversity loss. Focus on maintaining or restoring entire ecosystems. Focus on protecting individual species. A conservation biologist does all of the above
A conservation biologist does all of the above
Wildlife camera safaris have replaced hunting safaris in popularity in Africa. (Photos are taken instead of animals' lives.) Some of the money from these safaris is going to conservation and to local communities. This is an example of: a. ecotourism. b. debt-for-nature programs. c. a land trust. d. valuing ecosystem services.
a. ecotourism.
What is the most serious conservation designation for a species? a. endangered b. threatened c. in peril d. species of concern
a. endangered
Conservation genetics: a. relies on analysis of species' DNA to make conservation decisions. b. is used only for captive breeding of endangered species. c. is relevant for single-species approaches to conservation, but not ecosystem approaches. d. is used by poachers to identify species.
a. relies on analysis of species' DNA to make conservation decisions.
Conservation genetics can help determine the following: The amount of genetic diversity within a population The kinship between separate groups—i.e., whether the two groups are part of one extended population or represent distinct populations that don't interbreed Whether a given population is part of an endangered species All of the above None of the above
all of the above
what are some tactics utilized in single-species conservation efforts -fieldwork to monitor species and habitat health captive breeding programs release of animals back into the wild use of charismatic species- that is, those that garner attention and funds from the public all of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
CITES: a. regulates the hunting and/or gathering of endangered species. b. regulates international trade in endangered species. c. supports measures to protect biodiversity but doesn't specify what should be done. d. allows some international trade in elephant ivory each year.
b. regulates international trade in endangered species.
How does an ecosystem approach to conservation differ from a single-species approach? a. The ecosystem approach has been more successful at attracting the public's attention to conservation needs. b. The ecosystem approach focuses on a single "charismatic" species—large, furry, and photogenic. c. An ecosystem approach involves restoring and protecting an entire habitat and all the species within it. d. All of the above.
c. An ecosystem approach involves restoring and protecting an entire habitat and all the species within it.
Which of the following is true of the Endangered Species Act? a. It is very well funded by the government, due to the public's strong support for it. b. It has not been effective in saving any species from extinction. c. It is controversial due to its restrictions on land owners. d. It mainly protects endangered species outside the United States.
c. It is controversial due to its restrictions on land owners.
If your friends asks you to be part of a community effort to record the variety of bird species you see visiting your backyard bird feeder and report this data to a local group your friend is asking that you participate in: nothing useful because scientific data collected by lay people has no merit and you should politely decline becoming part of this community effort a debt-for-nature swap citizen science ecotourism. habitat restoration
citizen science
The scientific field that relies on species' genetics to inform conservation efforts: conservation biology single-species conservation captive-breeding programs landscape ecology conservation genetics
conservation genetics
The number of elephants being slaughtered has increased because: a. logging and mining roads within elephant habitats allow poachers easier access. b. there is high demand for ivory in China and other parts of the world. c. during droughts, when cattle and crops are lost, poaching is an alternative source of income. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following is the leading cause of species extinction? a. invasive species b. climate change c. overexploitation d. habitat destruction
d. habitat destruction
Which of the following are not allowed in wildlife refuges and wilderness areas? a. hunting b. fishing c. hiking d. mining
d. mining
Protecting a mangrove swamp rather than developing the area as a shrimp farm can actually be the better long-term financial choice. This is an example of: a. ecotourism. b. debt-for-nature programs. c. a land trust. d. valuing ecosystem services.
d. valuing ecosystem services.
There are many market-driven approaches to protecting biodiversity. Among them is ________ which is exemplified by the action of the US in forgiving $1.4 billion in debt for seven South American countries, generating around $170 million in conservation funding. Another market-driven approach is reflected in the fact that Costa Rica brings in more than $3 billion annually through__________. promoting organic food.......citizen science the work of nonprofits............fair trade debt-for-nature swaps...........ecotourism establishing conservation easements .........consumer choice assessing the monetary value of ecosystem services........land trusts
debt-for-nature swaps...........ecotourism
Which of the following species would conservation biologists using the ecosystem approach NOT be interested in restoring? invasive species indicator species landscape species suite keystone species none of the above -- as they would be interested in restoring all of them
invasive species
From his research on elephants, Steve Blake learned that elephants have a significant role in marinating the biodiversity of their habitats. For one, they help in seed dispersal as they deposit the seeds of fruit that they eat throughout the forest, with a generous helping of fertilizer. Elephants also order the physical structure of the forest by trampling woody vegetation and opening up the habitat in ways that facilitate diverse plant growth and keep the ecosystem healthy. Such an outsize role by one species that impacts its community in such a dramatic fashion suggests that elephants are: keystone species invasive species endangered species indicator species flagship species
keystone species
The Nature Conservancy has purchased about 15 million acres in the United States, and is permanently protecting that land from future development. It also funds programs worldwide that protect another 100 million acres. These actions suggest that the nonprofit is likely both a __________ and also implements __________. microcredit loans..............................................fair trade ecotourism agency...........................................debt-for-nature swaps citizen science organization..............................opportunities for volunteers nonprofit organization.......................................ecosystem valuation land trust..........................................................conservation easements
land trust..........................................................conservation easements
An ecosystem conservation strategy that specifically seeks to monitor and meet the needs of a suite of species (chosen because they use all the vital areas within an ecosystem) in an attempt to keep the ecosystem fully functional for all species that live there is _____________
landscape conservation
Which strategies are included in the Endangered Species Act to protect endangered species?
relocation of populations
Which of the following correctly matches up a human activity with the threat it poses to biodiversity? ecotourism...........................................promotes overexploitation deforestation.......................................results in remediation deforestation.......................................results in remediation ecosystem restoration...........................destroys habitat road building.......................................causes habitat fragmentation poaching............................................enables invasive species to run amok
road building.......................................causes habitat fragmentation
A conservation strategy that focuses on protecting one particular species: remediation reintroduction single-species approach captive breeding ecosystem approach
single-species approach
The Mekong River dolphin is endangered due to the pesticide runoff from area farms. This is an example of: Climate change Pollution of a species habitat Invasive species running amok Overharvesting and the depletion of populations Habitat fragmentation
Pollution of a species habitat
Which of the following is a keystone species? A species that is at risk for extinction. A charismatic species that could be used as focus of public awareness campaigns aimed at generating interest in conservation. A species that impacts its community more than its mere abundance would predict. A species that is particularly vulnerable to ecosystem perturbations, and when monitored, can provide advance warning of a problem. All of the above describe a keystone species.
A species that impacts its community more than its mere abundance would predict.
Which of the following is TRUE about conservation genetics and elephant ivory poaching? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. By sequencing DNA from elephants all across Africa it has been possible to map the ivory trade—from the slaughtered elephants in Africa to the curio shops in New York and Beijing. DNA analysis confirms that elephant populations are safe from being killed for their ivory in countries that are regarded as success stories in eradicating poaching. Since elephant populations across Africa are genetically identical it is virtually impossible to use a confiscated tusk to track down poachers and identify regions of high poaching activity. Only the first and second choices are correct. All of the above is true about conservation genetics and elephant ivory poaching
By sequencing DNA from elephants all across Africa it has been possible to map the ivory trade—from the slaughtered elephants in Africa to the curio shops in New York and Beijing.
How does the field of conservation biology help to protect biodiversity? By understanding the threats facing species and addressing those threats by protecting individual species and maintaining or restoring entire ecosystem. By focusing on how to protect individual species. By concentrating on maintaining or restoring entire ecosystems. By studying the threats that cause species to become endangered. By working to improve our understanding of the natural world and our relationship to it.
By understanding the threats facing species and addressing those threats by protecting individual species and maintaining or restoring entire ecosystem.
What is the difference between the CBD and CITES? The CBD is a US federal law to protect endangered species while CITES is an international treaty to do the same. CITES more broad as it supports conservation and sustainable use of all biological diversity, not just endangered species while CBD is more focused on endangered species and specifically on regulating global trade of endangered species. CBD is less concrete than CITES as it does not outline any specific targets or provide a mechanism to reach its goals, leaving it up to each signatory to determine how best to proceed. As a result it has been less successful than CITES in accomplishing its goals. Only the first and third choices are correct. All of the above
CBD is less concrete than CITES as it does not outline any specific targets or provide a mechanism to reach its goals, leaving it up to each signatory to determine how best to proceed. As a result it has been less successful than CITES in accomplishing its goals.
The international treaty that regulates global trade of endangered species is: CBD ESA CITES MMA None of the above as there is no international treaty that regulates global trade of endangered species.
CITES
Species Survival Plans refer to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Protecting keystone species as a central focus of conservation efforts in biodiversity hotspots. Captive breeding programs that seek to maximize genetic diversity by moving reproductive animals from zoo to zoo. A conservation strategy that focuses on protecting one particular species. A conservation strategy that monitors indicator species in an effort to get advance warning of perturbations in an ecosystem. The repair of a species natural habitat back to (or close to) its original state.
Captive breeding programs that seek to maximize genetic diversity by moving reproductive animals from zoo to zoo.
Which of the following is among the methods used to track elephant ivory poachers? Species Survival Plans Red List designation landscape conservation DNA fingerprinting captive breeding
DNA fingerprinting
_________ is to tracking elephant ivory poachers as _________ is to developing careful breeding programs to maximize genetic diversity. Poaching hotspots............................Biodiversity hotspots Overexploitation...............................Remediation Ecotourism.......................................Habitat protection Conservation genetics......................Landscape conservation DNA fingerprinting............................Species Survival Plans
DNA fingerprinting............................Species Survival Plans
Which of the following is an example of how conservation genetics can be applied to conservation work: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Map the habitat preferences of invasive species. Identify the landscape species suite for a particular restoration effort. Develop reintroduction programs. Determine whether a given population is part of an endangered species. Facilitate ecosystem remediation efforts.
Determine whether a given population is part of an endangered species.
Which of the following is NOT the work of conservation genetics? Ascertaining that the forest elephant and the savanna elephant of Africa are two different species. Mapping the ivory trade from ivory being sold in curio shops in New York and Beijing back to the source of where the elephants were slaughtered in Africa. Identifying the ivory poaching hotspots in Africa. Determining that elephants make good candidates for inclusion in a landscape species suite. Determining that elephants make good candidates for inclusion in a landscape species suite. All of the above is the work of conservation genetics.
Determining that elephants make good candidates for inclusion in a landscape species suite.
Though it was believed that poaching was all but eradicated from places like Gabon and Tanzania, the reality showed that these places are actually poaching hotspots. Which of the followings ways led to uncovering this fact? Analyzing data about poaching based on elephant carcasses collected by wildlife conservation groups. Sequencing DNA found in confiscated elephant ivory and comparing it to poaching statistics from different regions of Africa. Matching DNA patterns in the confiscated tusk to the DNA fingerprints of elephant dung that were used to develop a reference map of elephant populations in Africa. The first and second choices are correct. None of the above places where poaching is believed to be successfully eradicated are not poaching hotspots.
Matching DNA patterns in the confiscated tusk to the DNA fingerprints of elephant dung that were used to develop a reference map of elephant populations in Africa.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a reason for the increase in elephant poaching? Rising wealth and a growing market for elephant ivory in China. Habitat fragmentation due to road building in various parts of the elephant's range that allows poachers easier access to elephants. Permission at a recent CITES conference that granted African nations authorization to sell their stockpiled ivory and thus opened a market. The first and second choices are correct. No exceptions, all the above are reasons why elephant poaching is increasing.
Permission at a recent CITES conference that granted African nations authorization to sell their stockpiled ivory and thus opened a market.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the Red List? The Red List was established by the Wildlife Conservation Society in an effort to determine, which species could be recovered and which species cannot be saved. The Red List is a list of all flagship species that have been or can be used as the focus of a public awareness campaign to protect biodiversity. The Red List identifies the conservation status of species on a worldwide basis and species are added to the list when they are at risk of becoming endangered, and removed from the list when their status improves. The species on the Red List are the same as those listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. All of the statements above are true in regard to the Red List.
The Red List identifies the conservation status of species on a worldwide basis and species are added to the list when they are at risk of becoming endangered, and removed from the list when their status improves.
The DNA evidence showed that the following was NOT TRUE of African elephant populations and the ivory trade: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Microsatellites accumulate harmless but inheritable DNA changes resulting in genetic differences among populations of African elephants distinct enough to serve as a fingerprint of that population. The ivory making its way to curio shops in New York and Beijing originated from numerous elephant populations from all over the African continent. Microsatellite analysis of confiscated elephant ivory DNA can determine which population the elephants that are poached come from. Incorrect: Countries like Gabon and Tanzania that are regarded as success stories where poaching was thought to be eradicated, are actually poaching hotspots. Countries like Gabon and Tanzania that are regarded as success stories where poaching was thought to be eradicated, are actually poaching hotspots. Sequencing DNA found in elephant dung was used to develop a reference map of elephant populations in Africa.
The ivory making its way to curio shops in New York and Beijing originated from numerous elephant populations from all over the African continent.
Conservation genetics is: An ecosystem conservation strategy that identifies a suite of species, meeting whose needs will keep the ecosystem functional for all species that live there. The scientific field that is concerned with preserving biodiversity with a focus on protecting individual species. A species conservation strategy that focuses on developing captive breeding programs to protect particular species. The scientific field that uses genetics to track down poachers. The scientific field that uses DNA analysis to understand endangered species and their populations.
The scientific field that uses DNA analysis to understand endangered species and their populations.
Using the tools that conservation genetics provides to map the ivory trade which of the following scenarios is likely regarding ivory trading and was thus supported at a recent CITES meeting? Since conservation genetics established that there are two different elephant species in Africa but only the forest elephant is gravely imperiled by poaching while the savanna elephant is doing fine the decision was made to ease restrictions on the ivory trade of savanna elephants and closely monitor and regulate this trade using DNA analysis. Since DNA analysis is not preemptive in preventing poaching but helps track down poachers after the fact, there was concern that if trade opened on savanna elephant tusks, then the critically endangered forest elephant would suffer even greater decimation, as demand would rise making it even more profitable for black marketers to operate. As a result, at the request of several African nations, CITES instituted a ban on ivory trading. Several African nations had, with CITES permission, auctioned off their stockpiled ivory that DNA fingerprinting confirmed had come from animals culled to maintain herds sizes within park capacity. Since selling this ivory helped elephant conservation efforts by reducing the market for illegally killed animals and by increasing funds for conservation initiatives the decision was made to continue to allow African nations to sell the ivory that came from culled animals. Zambia and Tanzania petitioned CITES for permission to sell their stockpiled ivory (from elephants that died naturally) as the ivory was just sitting there and the countries themselves could really use the money. Furthermore, they insisted that as poaching had been all but eliminated within their borders, there was no risk of losing elephants to poachers. But when the DNA analysis showing that more than 60% of the ivory seized that year did in fact come from Tanzania and Zambia, CITES quashed the petition. The first and third choices were both supported at the recent CITES meeting
Zambia and Tanzania petitioned CITES for permission to sell their stockpiled ivory (from elephants that died naturally) as the ivory was just sitting there and the countries themselves could really use the money. Furthermore, they insisted that as poaching had been all but eliminated within their borders, there was no risk of losing elephants to poachers. But when the DNA analysis showing that more than 60% of the ivory seized that year did in fact come from Tanzania and Zambia, CITES quashed the petition.
Conservation biologist Daniel Janzen has worked for 40 years in the area around Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica on forest land which had been converted to pastures and agricultural land. His plan involved protecting the area from invasive, non-native grasses and fire; replanting trees; and allowing pioneer species from neighboring forests to return and reestablish. Through this process of secondary succession, the area is now home to an estimated 235,000 species. This approach that benefits the entire community and not just endangered species is referred to as: conservation genetics ecosystem restoration ecosystem remediation landscape conservation conservation biology
ecosystem restoration
The repair of natural habitats back to (or close to) their original state.is referred to as __________ whereas a specific type of ecosystem repair that focuses on the cleanup of pollution in a natural area is called __________. captive breeding......................................reintroduction ecosystem restoration................................remediation landscape conservation .........................a biodiversity hotspot a species survival plan .............................an ecosystem approach a single-species approach........................indicator species monitoring
ecosystem restoration................................remediation
In the single-species approach well know animals such as pandas and elephants are singled out for conservation. These charismatic species receive such attention because they are considered _____ and are often used as focus of public awareness campaigns aimed at generating interest in conservation. endangered species threatened species keystone species flagship species indicator species
flagship species
In the single-species approach of biodiversity protection, conservation biologists are likely to focus on _______________ while in the ecosystem approach of biodiversity protection conservation biologists are likely to focus on_________________ extinct species............................invasive species vertebrate species.......................endangered species keystone species ........................plant species flagship species ......................... indicator species native species.............................red list species
flagship species ......................... indicator species
Based on the data in the graph below it is clear that currently the number one cause of species endangerment among vertebrates is habitat loss or fragmentation climate change introduction of invasive species deforestation poaching or hunting
habitat loss or fragmentation
which of the following is an example of a flagship species? oak trees tigers oysters fungi bacteria
tigers
