BIO 106 Exam

Relate the terms homozygous, heterozygous, dominant and recessive to the terms genotype and phenotype.

1. . An organism's genotype is its specific combination of alleles for a given gene 2. phenotype is the physical manifestation of an organism's allellic combination (genotype). 3. Homozygous means that the organism has two copies of the same allele for a gene 4. Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene. 5.An organism can be homozygous dominant, if it carries two copies of the same dominant allele, or homozygous recessive, if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele.

Explain the difference between active transport, diffusion and osmosis

1. Active transport is the movement of dissolved solutes across a membrane against a concentration gradient (moving from low to high concentration). 2. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) across a partially permeable membrane.

How does fermentation differ from aerobic respiration?

1. Aerobic respiration and fermentation are two processes which are used to provide energy to cells. 2. In aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced in the presence of oxygen. 3. Fermentation is the process of energy production in the absence of oxygen.

What are the characteristics of plant and animal cells?

1. Animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape 2. plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes . 3. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells, so they have several features in common, such as: * the presence of a cell membrane, * cell organelles, like the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

Differentiate between the Domains (Archaea, Eukaryote, Eukarya)

1. Archaea ProkaryoteLives in more extreme environment than bacteria Does not have Peptidoglycan in cell wallHas unique RNA Not sensitive to antibiotics that affect bacteria but are to some that affect eukarya 2. Bacteria Prokaryote Has Peptidoglycan Has unique RNA Sensitive to traditional antibiotic 3. Eukarya Eukaryote Has different kingdoms under it Resistant to antibiotics that affect bacteria Not all have cell walls, but if do it does not contain Peptidoglycan

Describe the locations and functions of protons, neutrons and electron

1. Atoms are made of extremely tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2. Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, making up the nucleus. 3. Electrons surround the nucleus. 4. Protons have a positive charge. 5. Electrons have a negative charge. 6. The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite. 7. Neutrons have no charge. 8. Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other.

How are carbon and nitrogen cycled through the ecosystems of the Earth?

1. Carbon moves through Earth's ecosystems in a cycle referred to as the It is through carbon dioxide gas found in Earth's atmosphere that carbon enters the living parts of an ecosystem. ... To release the energy in food, organisms break down the carbon compounds—a process called respiration. 2. When nitrogen is absorbed by the soil, different bacteria help it to change states so it can be absorbed by plants. Animals then get their nitrogen from the plants. Fixation - Fixation is the first step in the process of making nitrogen usable by plants. ... They absorb nitrates from the soil into their roots.

Explain and be able to identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment

1. Controlled Variables: You can have as many controlled variables as you like. These are parts of the experiment that you try to keep constant throughout an experiment so that they won't interfere with your test. 2. Independent Variable: This is the variable you control. 3. Dependent Variable: This is the variable you measure. It is called the dependent variable because it depends on the independent variable.

What is the most general level of classification and what is the most specific level.

1. Domain The broadcast (most general) level of classification for living things. 2. Species the most specific level of classification for living things. organisms all have a specific name that is the genus and species together. ex.human= Homo sapiens Dog= Canis familiars Cat= Felis domesticus

Describe the relationship between glucose and starch?

1. Glucose is a monosaccharide, a monomer 2. Monomers combine t form polymers. 3. Monosaccharide units combine to form polysaccharides or carbohydrates. Monosaccharide units polymerize through the glycosidic linkages to form carbohydrates. 4. Starch is a polymer of glucose that is commonly found in plants. 5. Starch is either found as amylase or amylopectin. 6. Amylose is formed when α-Dglucose polymerizes through α(1→4) glycosidic linkage. Amylopectin is a branched polymer of α-glucose.

Explain how to alter the pH of a solution.

1. If the pH is higher than desired, adjust it using a hydrochloric acid solution. 2. If the pH is lower than desired, adjust it using sodium hydroxide solution. 3. Fill a plastic pipette with the correct solution, add a few drops to the solution in the beaker and wait at least 20 seconds before reading the pH on the meter

Explain the difference between point mutations and frameshift mutations.

1. In a point mutation, one nucleotide is swapped out for another. Therefore, the mutation occurs at a single point or location within the DNA strand. 2. Point mutations usually only affect the codon that contains the altered nucleotide. 3. Frameshift mutations are due to either insertions or deletions of nucleotides.

Explain the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis with respect to the monomers and polymers of these organic molecules.

1. In dehydration synthesis reactions, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer. 2. In hydrolysis reactions, a water molecule is consumed as a result of breaking the covalent bond holding together two components of a polymer.

What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?

1. In incomplete dominance a heterozygous individual blends the two traits. incomplete dominance you see both alleles effects but they've been blended. 2. With codominance you'll see both alleles showing their effects but not blending

Differentiate between the Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista).

1. Kingdom Protista Single celled or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, most are microscopic, some are animal-like, some are like plants (algae, etc), some are like fungus (Slime molds, water molds) 2. Kingdom Fungi Absorptive heterotrophs - they get nutrients from eating other organisms, but they digest it outside of their bodies then absorb the nutrients, are multicellular, and have cell walls of chitin 3. Kingdom Anamalia Heterotrophs, ingest food before they digest, multicellular, no cell wall, no photosynthesis or chlorophyll, go through cellular respiration for energy 4. Kingdom Plantae Autotrophs, have chlorophyll and go through photosynthesis for energy, have cell walls

What is the function of the following: Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Chloroplasts, Centrioles

1. Lysosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. They have more of a sac like structure that is surrounded by a single membrane that contains very powerful digestive enzymes. The function of Lysosome is to break down dying cells, organelles, even toxins, and food particles. 2. Mitochondria are organelles that are scattered throughout the cell, all cells have mitochondria. This is where chemical reactions occur that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP. ATP controls most of the reactions that occur inside of the cell. Mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes. Mitochondria have their very own DNA, and new mitochondria are born when existing ones grow and divide . 3. The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is found in the Cytoplasm it is a flattened, layered sac-like organelle that takes proteins and carbohydrates and modifies and packages them. The Golgi apparatus is a system of membranes working close with the endoplasmic reticulum it modifies the proteins and carbohydrates. 4. Centrioles are found near the nucleus in the cytoplasm. They are only found in animal cells.The centriole is where microtubulars are made. During cell division the centrosome divides into two parts and and each part moves to opposite sides of the cell. 5. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll that trap sunlight for energy. Chloroplast green pigment that gives leaves their green color. A chloroplast had two membranes an inner and outer membrane that contain DNA. Only plant cells contain chloroplast, meaning only animal cells can make their own food. 6. Ribosomes are attached to the rough ER and are free floating in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are very tiny and don't consist of membranes. Ribosomes are in your face, hair, skin, and eyes. Ribosomes job is to help with protein synthesis and to make proteins.

What is the difference between mutualism and parasitism?

1. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected. 2. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed.

Define the following: Ionic Bonds, Polar Covalent Bonds, Non-polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds

1. Nonpolar covalent bonds: If the atoms in a molecule have similar electronegatives, the electrons remain equally shared between the two nuclei, and the covalent bond. 2. Polar covalent bonds: If one element is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electrons closer to itself. 3. Ionic bonds: Holds cation and anion ions together because of their opposite attraction.

Explain the steps of the scientific method

1. Purpose/QuestionAsk a question. 2. ResearchConduct background research 3. HypothesisPropose a hypothesis. This is a sort of educated guess about what you expect. 4. ExperimentDesign and perform an experiment to test your hypothesis. An experiment has an independent and dependent variable. 5. Data/AnalysisRecord observations and analyze the meaning of the data. 6. ConclusionConclude whether to accept or reject your hypothesis.

Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative types of data.

1. Quantitative data are measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers. Quantitative data are data about numeric variables (e.g. how many; how much; or how often). 2. Qualitative data are measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name, symbol, or a number code

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

1. Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms 2. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and from animal sources 3. unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. 4. unsaturated fats are usually liquid and from plant sources.

Describe the light reaction of photosynthesis.

1. The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: 2. the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. 3. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts.

What are the reactants and the products of the electron transport chain?

1. The main biochemical reactants of the ETC are the electron donors succinate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH). These are generated by a process called the citric acid cycle (CAC). Fats and sugars are broken down into simpler molecules such as pyruvate, which then feed into the CAC. 2. The end products of the electron transport chain are water and ATP. A number of intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle can be diverted into the anabolism of other biochemical molecules, such as nonessential amino acids, sugars, and lipids.

Explain the steps in translation?

1. The ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area. 2. The ribosome starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence. 3. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain. 4. The ribosome continues until it hits a stop sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA. 5. The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional protein in the cell.

Describe the functions for mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.

1. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structures, which physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains. 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

Describe the components which define the various biomes.

A biome is a large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain types of living things. Major biomes include tundra, forests, grasslands, and deserts. The plants and animals of each biome have traits that help them to survive in their particular biome. ... Each biome has many ecosystems.

What are the reactants and the products of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle?

A glucose (six carbons) molecule enters glycolysis and produces two three carbon molecules (pyruvate). Each pyruvate is broken down into a two carbon acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle. Each acetyl-CoA molecule produces three and one in the citric acid cycle.

What is the defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

All prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region, DNA and RNA as their genetic material, ribosomes that make proteins, and cytoplasm that contains a cytoskeleton, which organizes and supports the parts of the cell.

What happens in each stage of the cell cycle (G1, G2, S, M)

An important cell cycle control mechanism activated during this period (G1 Checkpoint) ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. ... DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase. Gap 2 (G2): During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. ... Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes divided into early prophase and prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Which characteristics are utilized when differentiating animals from one another?

Biology A group of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The species is the fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus.

What are the reactants and the products of the dark/Calvin cycle/light independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) During the dark reaction of photosynthesis, the plant uses carbon dioxide with the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose.

REACTANTS PRODUCTS of Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + water + light energy Glucose + Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O <-----light and enzymes------>C6H12O6 + 6O2

Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

Explain how a genetically modified organism has been altered.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.

What are the reactants and the products of glycolysis?

Glycolysis is divided into two categories: * aerobic (chemical reactions that occur with the presence of oxygen) * anaerobic (chemical reactions that do not require oxygen). * An example of anaerobic glycolysis is fermentation. * Glucose is the reactant; while ATP and NADH are the products of the Glycolysis reaction.

Describe the process of glycolysis.

Glycolysis is the process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). ... Thus, four ATP molecules are synthesized and two ATP molecules are used during glycolysis, for a net gain of two ATP molecules.

Where does this process occur within the cell?

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the mitochondrion, the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative metabolism occurs at the internal folded mitochondrial membranes (cristae).

Where within a eukaryotic cell do these processes occur?

In a prokaryotic cell, transcription and translation are coupled; that is, translation begins while the mRNA is still being synthesized. In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Where does this process occur within the cell?

In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Where does this process occur within the cell?

In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle

For each listed above, what holds the atoms together in the respective bond?

Ionic Bonding. ... Electrostatic attraction is the attraction between atoms that have opposite charge and holds the atoms together in ionic bonds.

Explain the function of meiosis for an organism

Meiosis is the process in eukaryotic, sexually-reproducing animals that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell before reproduction. Many organisms package these cells into gametes, such as egg and sperm. The gametes can then meet, during reproduction, and fuse to create a new zygote.

Explain the steps of mitosis

Mitosis has five different stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The process of cell division is only complete after cytokinesis, which takes place during anaphase and telophase. Each stage of mitosis is necessary for cell replication and division. Prophase: • DNA strands more become tightly coiled/condensed into observable chromosomes • Sister Chromatids appear • Centrosomes are Present and Mitotic Spindle begins to form Metaphase • Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate at the "equator". The centromeres where the sister chromatids are attached, lie at the metaphase plate Anaphase • Two sister chromatids pull apart (now they are each full-fledged chromosomes) by the microtubules and begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell. Telophase • Two daughter nuclei begin to form in each daughter cell • Nuclear envelope begins to reform Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm between daughter cells • In animal cells, pinching off of the cell membrane (cleavage furrow) forms • In plants cells, cell plate forms between daughter cell

Explain the function of mitosis for an organism.

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell? divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells

Define the roles of organisms in an ecosystem (producer, consumer, decomposer)

Organisms can be grouped as producers,consumers or decomposers. These three groups depend on each other. *Consumers need producers,Producers need decomposers and decomposers need consumers. 1. Producers are organisms that make their own energy from the sun like plants and algae. 2. Primary consumers eat producers, and are herbivores like deer or squirrels. 3.Secondary consumers eat primary consumers and often are carnivores like wolves or cougars. 4. Decomposers and scavengers break down dead plants and animals. They also break down the waste (poop) of other organisms. Decomposers are very important for any ecosystem. If they weren't in the ecosystem, the plants would not get essential nutrients, and dead matter and waste would pile up.

Explain the differences between plant and animal cells.

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to their cell membranes while animal cells only have a surrounding membrane. . Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles but they are much larger in plants, and there is generally only 1 vacuole in plant cells while animal cells will have several, smaller ones.

Explain the steps in meiosis.

Since cell division occurs twice during meiosis, one starting cell can produce four gametes (eggs or sperm). In each round of division, cells go through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Explain the path of light from the source to the ocular in a light microscope.

Starting with the light source, describe the path the light must travel to reach your eye. The light source travels from the base of the microscope - through the diaphragm - through the slide - into the objective lenses - through the body tube - into the ocular lens - to the eye.

Describe the dark/Calvin cycle/light independent reaction of photosynthesis.

The Calvin cycle is part of photosynthesis, which occurs in two stages. In the first stage, chemical reactions use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH. In the second stage (Calvin cycle or dark reactions), carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic molecules, such as glucose.

What happens to the amount of energy in each trophic level as it is passed from producers to tertiary consumers?

The amount of energy at each trophic level decreases as it moves through an ecosystem. As little as 10 percent of the energy at any trophic level is transferred to the next level; the rest is lost largely through metabolic processes as heat.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

The basic building block of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids in the proteins you eat and in the proteins within your body, and they link together to form large protein molecules.

Describe the process of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle.

The eight steps of the citric acid cycle are a series of 1. redox, 2. dehydration, 3. hydration, 4. decarboxylation reactions. * Each turn of the cycle forms one GTP or ATP as well as three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecule, which will be used in further steps of cellular respiration to produce ATP for the cell.

Describe the process of the electron transport chain.

The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. The mechanism by which ATP is formed in the ETC is called chemiosmotic phosphorolation.

Describe the parts of a light microscope.

The main components of light microscopes are: eyepiece, lens tube, objective revolver, stage, table, condenser, fine focus, coarse focus, luminous-field diaphragm, light source, base. ** An eyepiece is that part of an optical system, which is directed to the viewer. It is a construction of at least one or more lenses.

What are the reactants and the products of the light stage of photosynthesis?

The reactants for photosynthesis are light energy, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll, while the products are glucose (sugar), oxygen and water.

Which element(s) is/are found in all organic molecules

The three elements that make up over 99 percent of organic molecules are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These three combine together to form almost all chemical structures needed for life, including carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Explain the relationship between level of magnification and the field of view.

There is an inverse relationship between the total magnification and the diameter of the field of view as magnifications increases the diameter of the field decreases in proportion, so the diameter of field of view at different magnification can be calculated mathematically, using the formula.

Where does this process occur within the cell?

This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

What is the difference between an autosomal trait and a sex linked one?

Traits that are inherited on any of the 22 autosomes are called autosomal traits while those that are passed down on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits 1. Sex-linked traits can only be passed from fathers to sons, Sex-linked traits refer to genes that are on the X and Y chromosomes, 2. autosomal traits can be passed on from both parents to offspring of any sex. autosomal traits refer to genes on all 23 chromosomes.

Explain the steps in transcription?

Transcription involves four steps: 1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. 2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA molecule 3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is terminated. 4. Processing.

Describe the different trophic levels in an ecosystem (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, decomposer).

Trophic levels can be represented by numbers, starting at level 1 with plants. Level 1: Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers. Level 2: Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers. Level 3: Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers. A separate trophic level, the decomposers or transformers, consists of organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and waste materials into nutrients usable by the producers.

How many cell(s) are at the start and end of the process

four By the end of meiosis, the resulting reproductive cells, or gametes, each have 23 genetically unique chromosomes. The overall process of meiosis produces four daughter cells from one single parent cell.

Identify the difference between natural and artificial selection.

natural selection happens naturally, artificial selection - selective breeding only occurs when humans intervene

Where does this process occur within the cell?

the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.

How many cell(s) are at the start and end of the process

two Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell? divides once to form two identical cells.