BIO 1063: Exam 1 Study Guide

WHAT shared between organisms, whether visible as an adult or only visible during embryonic development, can indicate a trait has been inherited from a common ancestor, and the organisms have WHAT

- Anatomical features - Shared evolutionary ancestry

All other flu systems ARE/ARE NOT the direct result of the influenza virus. The symptoms start after the release of chemical signals from the immune system's white blood cells, called WHAT, which alarm the organ systems of the body that a pathogen is present.

- Are not - Cytokines

Different types of flu vaccines: Quadrivalent Vaccine

- Contains 2 A viruses - Contains different strains of four viruses - Contains two types of the influenza B virus

Different types of flu vaccines: Trivalent Vaccine

- Contains different strains of 3 viruses - Contains 2 A viruses - Contains 1 B virus - Virus particles are not inactivated and not capable of reproducing

Different types of flu vaccines: Nasal Spray

- Contains weakened versions of influenza - May produce flu-like symptoms

Darwin described the process of evolution as WHAT, a progression in which species change and eventually rise to new WHAT over time. All living things, therefore, can trace their descent to an WHAT.

- Descent with Modification - Species - Ancient Common Ancestor

Some viruses may also possess an WHAT that surrounds the capsid. The structure is actually a remnant of the WHAT cell and not made by the virus.

- Envelope - Host

As the WHAT cells lose their function, they undergo apoptosis, which in turn causes inflammation of the tissue. The inflamed tissues activates the WHAT.

- Epithelial - Immune system

WHAT is supported by WHAT evidence from all branches of biology, scientists continue to test, evaluate, and refine their understanding of how evolution impacts life

- Evolution - Experimental

If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a similar WHAT, they may have inherited this feature from a common ancestor. Physical features shared due to evolutionary history are said to be WHAT.

- Forelimb structure - Homologous

Evidence of a long-term evolutionary change starts with the WHAT, which provides evidence for the past existence of species that are now extinct. Is it complete?

- Fossil Record - Not complete

The differences between heritable traits of organisms of a population, also known as WHAT, is the primary force driving the mechanism of WHAT.

- Genetic variation - Natural Selection

When some individuals with certain traits in a population to have a WHAT survival and reproductive rate than others, they WHAT these better adapted genetic features to their offspring.

- Higher - Pass on

The change in the heritable traits of a population continues because natural selection WHAT the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and WHAT the frequency of detrimental traits.

- Increases - Decreases

One of the first symptoms of a WHAT virus infecting the reparatory system is an accumulation of fluid in the WHAT.

- Influenza - Lungs

In some instances, a WHAT host, like a pig, allows for the exchange of WHAT between two different strains of the influenza virus: an avian influenza strain and a human virus strain.

- Intermediate - Genetic material

WHAT in a gene can produce a new or altered WHAT that may encode for a unique trait. The new trait could be advantageous or disadvantageous to members within a population but is only able to persist if the new allele is WHAT.

- Mutations - Allele - Heritable

The sequence of WHAT that holds a message inside DNA, known as WHAT, is decoded by the cell to make WHAT and proteins, molecules that are needed for all cells to preform their cellular functions.

- Nucleotides - Genes - RNA

List the steps of the scientific method

- Observation - Hypothesis - Experiment - Collect data - Conclusion

Components of natural selection: Individuals Struggle to Exist

- Population produces more offspring than can survive - Competition exists among individuals for available resources

With only a few genes, the genetic material of a virus contains the instructions needed to manufacture the WHAT that compose the WHAT surrounding the virus and the proteins used to identify the type of host cell for the virus.

- Proteins - Capsid

Which of the following are common symptoms associated with the influenza virus? - Sore Throat - Bloating - Congestion - Itchy/Watering Eyes - Body Aches - Fever - Body Aches - Red Rash - Fever - Swollen Lips

- Sore Throat - Congestion - Body Aches - Fever

The accumulation of evidence supports that WHAT change over time and that this change is the result of evolution by WHAT.

- Species - Natural selection

Mutations represent the source of genetic variation in a population T/F Natural selection causes mutations T/F Mutations are constantly occurring in the genetic material T/F Natural selection favors variation, which increases the ability of the individual to reproduce and pass the trait onto the next generation, and acts against detrimental traits T/F

- T - F - T - T

(Naming Influenza) Year of Isolation

2016

Put in order 1. The replication of the influenza virus occurs immediately and within just a few hours disrupts the function of the lungs. 2. Various flu symptoms such as cough, congestion, body aches, and chills are due to the body's response to the activation of the immune system. 3. The influenza virus enters the human body through the mouth and nose. 4. The H spikes of the influenza virus identify the target cells of the respiratory system by detecting the presence of specific glycoproteins. 5. Inflammation of the lungs in turn activates the immune system, which sends a host of cells to the respiratory system. 6. The influenza virus travels down the pharynx into the trachea and lungs. 7. The N spikes of the influenza virus breaks down the membrane of the host cell, and the virus enters the host cell.

3, 6, 4, 7, 1, 5, 2

(Naming Influenza) Types of spikes found on the surface of the virus

A(H3N2)-like virus

Select all of the following statements that are true about the influenza vaccine. A). The influenza vaccine is designed to protect humans against three or four influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and cause a pandemic during the flu season. B). Since the flu virus never changes, vaccines are created based off on influenza surveillance data collected 10 years ago. C). Flu vaccines take up to six months to prepare and are synthesized based on surveillance information sent to the five influenza centers across the world. D). Vaccines for the flu season are prepared ahead of time and are always effective at protecting humans from the flu.

A, C

By recognizing the mechanisms through which organisms change over time, or evolve, we gain insight into which of the following? A). How to design better medications such as antiviral agents and vaccines. B). How individual organisms are able to evolve through a single lifecycle. C). Resistance to insecticides and antibiotics. D). How the organization of life on our planet reflects evolutionary history. E). How life originated on planet earth.

A, C, D

Determine which of the following statements are true concerning how flu vaccines are produced A). Vaccines contain either inactivated or weakened viruses B). Both trivalent and quadrivalent flu vaccines have the potential to give humans the flu, since they contain weakened versions of the influenza virus C). Vaccines include additives to preserve the vaccine's contents before use D). Individuals should be cautious when it comes to vaccines, since additives such as formaldehyde are present in higher levels than naturally found in the tissues of human bodies E). People with egg allergies should pay attention to how the flu vaccine is made, since some flu shots may contain remnants of eggs due to the egg-based technology used to make the flu vaccine.

A, C, D

The type of spikes on Covid virus are?

Ace2 or crown

Scientist Identification! Mechanism Proposed: Observations led him to propose the concept of speciation

Alfred Russel Wallace

Scientist Identification! Observation: - Biogeography; similar but distinct species are found on nearby, similar islands

Alfred Russel Wallace

Scientist Identification! Study site that influence their proposed mechanism: South Pacific Islands

Alfred Russel Wallace

Which of the following statements are true concerning how an influenza virus identifies and infects its target cell? Choose all that apply. A) Proteins are located on the capsid of the virus, allow the virus to attach to molecules on the surface of a host cell. B) Most viruses are nonspecific to the type of cells they infect. C) The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell. D) To identify a host cell, a virus is able to produce cytoplasmic extensions that are able to fuse with the plasma membrane of the host cell allowing materials to pass between the host and the virus. E) Upon identification of a specific protein molecule on the surface of a host cell, the virus can intergrate into the host cell

All except D are correct

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

Line of evidence, WHAT, is of comparison of physical structures between species

Anatomical evidence

Certain types of influenza virus originate in an WHAT host, like a bird

Animal

WHAT occurs when a mutation causes a change in the H and N spikes on the influenza virus

Antigenic Drift

WHAT occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell, and a new form of the virus in manufactured (Species Shift)

Antigenic Shift

What is the order of the lytic cycle?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

Because they cannot produce their own food

Component 2, the WHAT, is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material

Capsid

Scientist Identification! Mechanism Proposed: Observations provided him with his ideas on how natural selection drives evolutionary change

Charles Darwin

Scientist Identification! Observation: - Biogeography; similar but distinct species are found on nearby, similar islands. - Extinct animals resemble living animals of the same region

Charles Darwin

Scientist Identification! Study site that influence their proposed mechanism: South America and the Galapagos Islands

Charles Darwin

Who proposed that the earth's surface is dynamic and constantly changing?

Charles Lyell

The set of instructions or genetic material used by living organisms is WHAT?

DNA

Line of evidence, WHAT, focuses on embryo comparisons because some features may be present in the embryo that are not apparent in the adult form

Embryonic evidence

The primary target of the influenza virus is the?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Who proposed that evidence from animal development and animal breeding shows that species may evolve over time?

Erasmus Darwin

Over many generations, natural selection leads to WHAT, an explanation for the process of how organisms change over time.

Evolution

The exchange of genetic material allows the influenza virus to WHAT into a new form.

Evolve

Line of evidence, the WHAT, is a line of evidence that provides information on transitional species

Fossil Record

Component 1, the WHAT, contains a relatively small number of genes

Genetic Material

Line of evidence, WHAT, is the comparison of genetic and biochemical similarities to indicate evolutionary relationships

Genetic Material

Who proposed the idea of catastrophism, he believed that all species were created at the same time, yet catastrophic events have caused some species to go extinct and studied the fossil record and noticed that fossils showed a succession of different forms of life over time?

Georges Cuvier

Components of natural selection: Individuals Vary in Their Traits

Heritable traits such as physical characteristics, physiology, and behavior vary within a population

(Naming Influenza) Strain Number

INFIMH-16-0019

Components of natural selection: Individuals Differ in Their Fitness

Individuals with favorable traits will survive at a greater rate than those without them

A virus is a type of WHAT parasite that finds a host cell and hijacks its metabolic machinery so that cell may produce more copies of that virus

Intracellular

Who proposed the idea referred to as "inheritance of acquired characteristics"?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

There are two basic methods by which the influenza virus changes its genetic information:

Mutations and Reassortment

Components of natural selection: Populations Become Adapted to Their Environment

Natural selection increases the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and decreases the frequency of detrimental traits

The virus can now be transmitted to a WHAT host, such as humans, and spread easily from person to person causing a flu outbreak.

New

The avian influenza virus may typically infect and transmit the virus among HOW MANY animal species at a time.

One

Explain how to assess the credibility of scientific sources

Peer review, google scholar, textbook investigation

What is the difference between pseudo and regular science?

Pseudo science is fake

(Naming Influenza) Location of Isolation

Singapore

Natural selection leads to an evolutionary change due to differential WHAT rates of individuals, because of differences in traits.

Survival and Reproduction

Organ response to flu: Integumentary

Symptoms: Chills Cytokine Action: Restriction of blood vessels in the skin to conserve heat

Organ response to flu: Nervous

Symptoms: Headache and Fever Cytokine Action: Presence of cytokinesis tells the hypothalamus in the brain to increase the body temperature

Organ response to flu: Muscular

Symptoms: Joint and muscle aches Cytokine Action: Breakdown of muscle fibers and accumulation of fluids

Organ response to flu: Digestive

Symptoms: Loss of appetite Cytokine Action: Reduces actions of appetite centers in the brain

What cells do the influenza and covid virus infect?

The Epithelial cells that line our respiratory system

From the perspective of a biologist, evolution is one of the unifying WHAT, or a widely accepted explanation for how the natural world works

Theories

Who stated that populations sometimes increase at rates faster than their food supply can increase, thus creating competition?

Thomas Malthus

(Naming Influenza) Type of Influenza

Type A

In WHAT, the genetic material may be either DNA or RNA

Viruses

Varying considerably in shape and the different types of cell they infect, all WHAT have two components

Viruses

Describe accurately how viruses reproduce

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside of a living host cell