BIO 108 Ch. 15 McGraw Hill Connect
Antibodies are produced by effector forms of ______.
B cells
The cytokines released by helper T cells (TH cells) help to coordinate, activate, and support ______.
B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages
Plasma cells are effector ______ that produce _______.
B cells; antibodies
______ help activate naive T cells.
Dendritic cells
The two main categories of T lymphocytes necessary to mount a response against foreign pathogens are cytotoxic T cells and _____ T cells.
Helper
T cells do what?
Interact with target cells and then cause changes in those cells
_____, which include B cells and T cells, are the primary cell type involved in the adaptive immune responses.
Lymphocytes
______ cells are responsible for the effectiveness of the secondary response.
Memory
A _____ cell provides the second signal confirming that an antigen-activated B cell needs to start proliferation and differentiation into a plasma cell.
T
Which of the following carries out cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
An antigen is a molecule capable of interacting with ______.
a B-cell receptor and an antibody molecule
The highly specific response of ______ immunity will protect an individual from one disease, but not a different illness caused by a different microbe.
adaptive
A plasma cell is ______.
an antibody-producing descendant of a B cell
Before a B cell undergoing antigen-induced activation can proliferate, it must usually get help from ______.
another type of lymphocyte--a helper T cell (TH).
The humoral immune response is delivered by ______.
antibodies
Y-shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens are called
antibodies
The term "antigen" is derived from the descriptive expression "_____ generator."
antibody
B cells do what?
antibody response
The main function of the lymphatic system is to allow _____ to interact with and activate lymphocytes.
antigens
Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses are dependent on first encountering foreign substances called
antigens
While there are several overall differences, there is one absolute and fundamental difference between innate and adaptive immune responses. That difference is that innate responses ______.
aren't capable of forming memory, while adaptive responses are
The lymphatic system's primary role is to _______.
bring antigens into contact with lymphocytes, allowing activation, proliferation, and differentiation of specific B and T cells into effector cells
Lymph is ______.
colorless fluid derived from tissue fluid
The cells that have the general role of interacting with target cells and then inducing changes in them are ______.
cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
T cell activation requires _____ cells, which can be considered the scouts of the immune system.
dendritic
Humoral immunity is best at eliminating ______ antigens such as viruses in the bloodstream or tissue fluid, whereas cell-mediated immunity removes ______ antigens such as viruses within host cells.
extracellular; intracellular
Two types of T cells are involved with eliminating antigen. What are they?
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
The main "weapon" that a TC cell uses is ______.
induction of apoptosis
Cell-mediated immunity defends against ______.
invaders residing within the cell
Humoral immunity defends against ______.
invaders that are not within the cell
Lymphatic vessels carry ______ to the lymph nodes.
lymph, the extracellular fluid that might carry antigens into the lymph nodes
The primary cellular participants in the adaptive immune responses are
lymphocytes
A B cell in a lymph node is a(n) ______ type of lymphocyte, while a plasma cell is a fully ______ lymphocyte.
mature but naive; differentiated
Memory is an important trait of the adaptive immune processes. Which diseases below will generally only occur in an individual once, priming a protective adaptive immune response that will provide the person with lifelong immunity?
measles, mumps, and diphtheria
Cell-_____ immunity deals with microbial invaders residing within a host cell, such as a virus replicating inside a cell, whereas _____ immunity deals with invaders in the bloodstream and tissue fluids.
mediated; humoral
Both B and T cells can form _____ cells that react quickly if the same antigen is encountered at a later time.
memory
When a B cell receptor (BCR) binds antigen, and the naive B cell is activated by confirmation from a helper T cell, the B cell then begins to ______.
multiply
A secondary adaptive immune response ______.
occurs when an antigen that has already been encountered is encountered again
Differentiated B lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called _____ cells.
plasma
The first adaptive immune response to a particular antigen is called the _____ response.
primary
The primary adaptive immune response ______.
produces "memory" to be used later on in subsequent exposures
While the innate immune system responds to general molecular patterns associated with a variety of microbes, the adaptive response ______.
produces multiple, highly specific individual responses to small subcomponents of individual microbes
The main function of TH cells is ______.
production of cytokines that direct and support other immune system cells
When an antigen is encountered for a second time later in life, there is a ______ antigen-specific immune response called the ______ response.
stronger; secondary
Humoral immunity is generally used to eliminate extracellular antigens such as ______.
toxins, viruses in tissue fluids, and bacteria
A vaccine typically works by ______.
triggering development of a specific adaptive immune response; if the pathogen is encountered later, a memory response provides protection
The main outcome of B cell activation is ______.
triggering the cell to multiply
A prime example of the protective actions of cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) can be found in attacks against ______.
virally infected self cells, inducing apoptosis
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) deals with intracellular pathogens and antigens such as ______.
viruses replicating in a cell