Bio 109 Unit 3 Problem Set

Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses? - Inducer T cells - Helper T cells - Cytotoxic T cells - Suppressor T cells

- Cytotoxic T cells

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall. - glucagon, insulin - testosterone, estradiol - insulin, glucagon - ADH, prolactin - acetylcholine, norepinephrine

- glucagon, insulin

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is(are) the major advantage(s) of having a tube? -It allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested. -It permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions. -It permits more time for enzymatic action. -Additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible. -All of the above are advantages

-All of the above are advantages

Which traits help some animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment? -A gastrovascular cavity, a two-cell-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape -An external respiratory surface, a gastrovascular cavity, and a two-cell-layered body -A large body volume, a long tubular body, and a set of wings -An unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and a thick covering -A large body volume, a highly branched respiratory system, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin

-An external respiratory surface, a gastrovascular cavity, and a two-cell-layered body

The minimum metabolic rate of an endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress is called: -BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) -SMR -STP -ATP -ECG

-BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism? -Snake-substrate feeder -Baleen whale-suspension feeder -Clam-bulk feeder -Grasshopper-fluid feeder

-Baleen whale-suspension feeder

Which of these conditions would be an example of positive feedback? -Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further. -Hot temperatures increase your body temperature above normal; you sweat. -Cold temperatures decrease your body temperature below normal; you shiver. -Blood pressure decreases; as a result, your heart rate increases.

-Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further.

Calculate the heart rate of an individual with a cardiac output of 10 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 mL. - 1000 mL/min - 100 beats/min - 200 beats/min - 100 mL/beat - 50 mL/beat/min

- 100 beats/min

All of the following are part of our antigen-specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immune response) except: - Acute inflammation - Lymphocytes - Antibody production - Macrophages

- Acute inflammation

Which of the following kills invading microbes? - Lysozymes - Stomach acid - Intestinal enzymes - All of the above - None of the above

- All of the above

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is(are) the major advantage(s) of having a tube? - It allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested. - It permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions - It permits more time for enzymatic action - Additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible - All of the above are advantages

- All of the above are advantages

All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the: - Trachea - Bronchi - Alveoli - Bronchioles - Epiglottis

- Alveoli

Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because: - You have millions of different antibody genes. - Antibody genes undergo rearrangement. - Antibody genes undergo antigen shifting. - All of the above. - None of the above.

- Antibody genes undergo rearrangement.

Blood travels around the body through arteries, veins and capillaries. Which of the following correctly describes the structure or function of each of these blood vessels? - Artery: always carries oxygenated blood Vein: always carries deoxygenated blood Capillary: always carries waste products - Artery: thick muscular walls Vein: thin walls with valves Capillary: walls one cell thick - Artery: takes blood to the heart Vein: thick muscular walls Capillary: takes blood to and from the heart - Artery: carries blood under high pressure Vein: carries blood under variable pressure Capillary: thin walls with valves

- Artery: thick muscular walls Vein: thin walls with valves Capillary: walls one cell thick

If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would happen? - No apparent effect on heart activity would be observed - Only the ventricles would contract - The heart rate would decrease - Only the atria would contract - Atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time

- Atria and ventricles would contract at approximately the same time

Which of the following is not a part of the innate immune system of vertebrates? - Fever - The skin - Inflammation - B cells - Interferon

- B cells

The exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the blood occurs in: - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - Veins - Venules

- Capillaries

What releases pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach? - Parietal cells - Chief cells - The pancreas - The liver - The gallbladder

- Chief cells

Which type of surface marker is normally present on every nucleated cell in your body? - B receptor - T receptor - Class I MHC - Class II MHC - All of the above

- Class I MHC

When a B cell or T cell encounters an antigen for which it has an antigen receptor, the B or T cell will divide repeatedly to make copies of itself. This process is called: - Metastasis - Meiosis - Binary fission - Clonal selection - Antigen presentation

- Clonal selection

This flap of cartilage prevents food from entering the trachea. - Pharynx - Epiglottis - Larynx - Glottis - Esophageal sphincter

- Epiglottis

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is true? - This form of diabetes usually appears during childhood - This form of diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system - Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease - Fewer than 10% of people with diabetes have type II - All of the above are true statements

- Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease

What happens in the small intestine? - Mostly water is absorbed. - There is no digestion, but nutrients are absorbed. - Considerable bacterial action occurs on the food. - Food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed.

- Food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed.

Helper T cells: - Find pathogens hidden within cells. - Lyse (break open) the cell wall of pathogens to promote apoptosis. - Help activate B cells and T cells to undergo clonal selection and proliferation. - Make capillaries leaky to assist the exit of neutrophils from the blood. - Turn into cytotoxic T cells when they encounter a B cell in antigen presentation mode.

- Help activate B cells and T cells to undergo clonal selection and proliferation.

The liver produces bile, which functions to: - Protect the stomach and small intestine from HCl - Help emulsify or break down fats for digestion - Enhance absorption of proteins and carbohydrates - Initiate the breakdown of proteins - All of the above

- Help emulsify or break down fats for digestion

The immune system releases molecules of _______ that cause the redness, heat, and swelling of the inflammatory response (as well as the itching, sneezing, and runny nose of an allergic reaction). - Histamine - Antibody - Adrenaline - Antigen - Allergen

- Histamine

Pancreatic secretions contain: - Hormones - Enzymes - Bicarbonate - Hormones, enzymes, and bicarbonate - Hormones and bicarbonate

- Hormones, enzymes, and bicarbonate

B cells and T cells that do not immediately attack pathogens, but instead remain inactive until a future encounter with the pathogen, are referred to as: - Leukocyte reservoir cells - Memory B cells and memory T cells - Stem B cells and stem T cells - Residual lymphocytes - MHC factors

- Memory B cells and memory T cells

In an open circulatory system, blood is: - Always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems. - Not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems. - Always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems. - Not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems.

- Not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems.

Memory cells: - Produce allergens. - Are responsible for passive immunity. - Prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens. - Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen. - All of the above.

- Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen.

For a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your right toe to eventually travel out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the: - Pulmonary vein - Alveolus - Trachea - Right ventricle - Right atrium

- Pulmonary vein

Which of the following is not a property of the adaptive immune system? - Receptor diversity - Lack of reactivity against host cells - Immunological memory - Very specific response to pathogens - Rapid rate of response

- Rapid rate of response

These autorhythmic cells located in the wall of the right atrium control the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. - Sinoatrial (SA) node - Atroventrical (AV) node - Semilunar (SL) node - Purkinje fibers - Bundle branches

- Sinoatrial (SA) node

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because: - The blood pressure is less than that of the interstitial fluid - The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood - The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the blood pressure - The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid - The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood

- The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true? - A heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid - An open circulatory system has higher pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system - The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid - The circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport - The lower pressures provide for more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system

- The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid

The expansion of the lungs and inhalation of air are, in part, the result of: - The muscles of the lungs relaxing, allowing the lungs to get larger. - Decreased pressure of the interpleural fluid. - The contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm. - All of the above.

- The contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm.

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? - Solubility in water - The partial pressure gradient - The temperature - The molecular weight and size of the gas molecule - All of the above

- The partial pressure gradient

Circulatory systems compensate for: - Temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. - The slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. - The need to cushion animals from trauma. - All of the above.

- The slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.

Why are measles/polio vaccinations effective? - They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the measles virus if it enters the body. - They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body. - They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus. - They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the measles virus.

- They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the measles virus.

During exhalation in humans, air moves from the bronchus into the: - Bronchioles - Alveoli - Nostrils - Pharynx - Trachea

- Trachea

Which of the following is true about veins? - Veins have thicker walls than arteries. - Veins carry blood away from the heart. - All veins carry deoxygenated blood. - Veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood.

- Veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood.

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are: - formed in the large intestine - absorbed directly into the blood - absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system - absorbed only when glucose is not present converted into bile by the liver

- absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system

Which of these conditions would be an example of positive feedback? -Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further. -Hot temperatures increase your body temperature above normal; you sweat. -Cold temperatures decrease your body temperature below normal; you shiver. -Blood pressure decreases; as a result, your heart rate increases.

-Blood pressure decreases greatly; blood flow to the heart is inadequate, and blood pressure decreases further.

The inflammatory response includes all the following except: -Release of histamine by mast cells - Temperature increase - Increased blood flow - Phagocytosis -Blood vessel constriction

-Blood vessel constriction

Most types of communication between cells rely on: -The exchange of cytosol between he cells -The movement of the cells -Chemical or electrical signals -The exchange of DNA between the cells -Shortening of muscle cells

-Chemical or electrical signals

__________________is the transfer of thermal energy between an object and an external fluid that is moving (e.g., water or air). -Conduction -Convection -Evaporation -Radiation -Sublimation

-Convection

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with: -Smooth muscle tissue -Neural tissue -Epithelial tissue -Connective tissue -Striated muscle tissue

-Epithelial tissue

If two solutions that differ in their osmolarity are separated by a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water only), the net flow of water is: -Equal in both directions -From the hyperosmotic to the hyposmotic solution -From the solution containing less free water to the solution containing more free water

-From the hyperosmotic to the hyposmotic solution

Homeostatic mechanisms: -Keep variables exactly at the set point. -Help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body. -Act to keep values out of the normal range. -Usually operate by positive feedback. -Produce most disease conditions.

-Help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body.

Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste product of: -Humans -Most birds -Most aquatic invertebrates

-Humans

Which of the following characterizes the glomerular filtrate, the fluid that passes from the blood in the glomerulus into the proximal tubule of the nephron? -It is clear in appearance and contains no glucose. -It is a concentrated solution of waste products. -It is identical to blood plasma. -It is blood plasma that lacks most proteins. -It is whole blood.

-It is blood plasma that lacks most proteins.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____. -Less surface area. -Less surface area per unit of volume. -A smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source. -A smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. -Equal surface area per unit of volume.

-Less surface area per unit of volume.

A countercurrent flow system between substance A and substance B: -Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction. -Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction. -Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions. -Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions

-Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions.

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? -An input of energy is required for transport. -There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. -Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. -Molecules diffuse against their concentration gradients.

-Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

When a B cell encounters an antigen to which it is targeted, it divides rapidly and produces: -More antigen -Plasma cells -T cells -Killer cells -Interferons

-Plasma cells

How is positive feedback different from negative feedback? -Positive feedback benefits the organism, but negative feedback is harmful. -Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction. -In positive feedback, the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback the parameter decreases. -Positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. -Positive feedback mechanisms are more frequently encountered in the control of homeostasis than negative feedback mechanisms.

-Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus, whereas negative feedback's effector responses are in the opposite direction.

The metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature is called: -SMR -BMR -STP -ATP -ECG

-SMR

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____. -less surface area -less surface area per unit of volume. -a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source. -a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. equal surface area per unit of volume.

-less surface area per unit of volume.

Which of the following statements comparing the endocrine system (ES) and nervous system (NS) signaling is true? -Hormones are fast acting, but effects often short-acting. -In ES signaling, all body cells can respond to the circulating hormone. -Nerve impulses can be received by all cell types within the body. -The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway. -ES transmission is very fast compared to NS transmission.

-The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway.

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because: -Only those animals use the nutrients. -Those nutrients are subunits of important polymers. -Those nutrients are necessary coenzymes. -Only some foods contain those nutrients. -Those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal.

-Those nutrients cannot be synthesized by the animal.

A major means for conserving heat is: -Enhanced sweating -Increased convective loss -Increased metabolic rate -Vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels -Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

-Vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

Vitamins are classified based on: -Whether they affect carbohydrate or proteins. -How much of them is required. -The amount of energy they contain. -Whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.

-Whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.

Which of the following would prevent allergic attacks? -blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells -blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies -reducing the number of helper T cells in the body -reducing the number of cytotoxic cells -increasing the initial exposure to the antigen

-blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells

The inflammatory response includes all the following except: release of histamine by mast cells -temperature increase -increased blood flow -phagocytosis -blood vessel constriction

-blood vessel constriction

A renal physiologist wants to determine the rate of filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys. The best experimental design would be to inject a substance into the blood which: -cannot pass through the glomerular capillaries -can pass through the glomerular capillaries, but is totally reabsorbed in the renal tubules. -can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is partially reabsorbed in the renal tubules. -can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules.

-can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules.

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except: -active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb -the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons -diffusion of urea from the collecting duct -diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

-diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must: -excrete large quantities of electrolytes -consume large quantities of water -excrete large quantities of water -take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

-excrete large quantities of water

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will: -thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. -excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. -develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload. -risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours.

-excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion.

Ammonia: -is soluble in water. -has low toxicity relative to urea. -is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. -is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. is the major nitrogenous waste product excreted by humans and birds.

-is soluble in water.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment. -isosmotic; freshwater -hyperosmotic; saltwater -isosmotic; saltwater -hyposmotic; saltwater -hyposmotic; freshwater

-isosmotic; saltwater

Among the following species, the most concentrated urine is excreted by: -frogs -kangaroo rats -humans -freshwater bass -sea stars

-kangaroo rats

The more concentrated the urine that a mammal can produce, the longer are its: -glomeruli -proximal convoluted tubules -loops of Henle -Bowman's capsules -Malphighian tubules

-loops of Henle

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because: -of an increase in immunodeficiency disease. -the flu can generate anaphylactic shock. -surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year. -rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. v. memory cells are not formed upon exposure to the flu virus.

-rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. v. memory cells are not formed upon exposure to the flu virus.

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid: -is readily soluble in water -is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products -requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. -can be reused by birds as a protein source -contains fewer nitrogen atoms than ammonia or urea.

-requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass.

Marine birds eliminate excess salts through their: -kidneys -salt glands in their heads -general body surface (skin) -all of the above -none of the above

-salt glands in their heads

Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism? -snake - bulk feeder -baleen whale - fluid feeder -clam - substrate feeder -grasshopper - suspension feeder

-snake - bulk feeder

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? -feathers or fur -vasoconstruction near the skin -blubber or a fat layer under the skin -wind blowing across the body surface -all of the above

-wind blowing across the body surface

How do the digestion and absorption of fat differ from the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates? - Processing of fats does not require any digestive secretions; the processing of carbohydrates does - Fat absorption occurs in the stomach; carbohydrates are absorbed by the small intestine - Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood - Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested; fats do not - Fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed; carbohydrates do not

Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood