BIO-110 - Unit 1 Quiz Study Guide

The reaction sugar + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + ATP is part of

cellular respiration.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

electrons

Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to "prove" a hypothesis to be true. This is because

future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refute the hypothesis.

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific

hypothesis

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the __________ portion of cell division.

metaphase

Human muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of the body, which is why __________ are especially abundant in muscle cells.

mitochondria

Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by

observing a quantifiable natural phenomena.

Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of a(n)

organ system

During the process of __________, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient).

osmosis

Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H+ ions?

pH 1

Select the correct order of mitotic cell division stages.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions

require no oxygen.

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a

scientific theory

You are reading an article in National Geographic regarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of __________ literature.

secondary

Select the correct statement regarding experimental design.

An experiment can have multiple dependent variables but only one independent variable.

Which of the following cell types can be produced by meiosis?

sperm

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions should Rick ask first to scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he begins taking the herbal supplement?

Has this herbal supplement been studied in a clinical trial by trained medical professionals?

Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

A scientific hypothesis must be __________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.

testable

A tissue is defined as

a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.

Select the component of the biological hierarchy that forms the basic unit of life.

cell

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,

energy is released and can power cellular activities.

After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n) __________ in the concentration of __________.

increase; products

A given enzyme

increases the rate of a particular reaction.

In a human cell,

nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.

The genetic material found in all living things is made of building blocks called

nucleotides

Land biomes are most commonly defined by

their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and, subsequently, animal life in them.

Whenever we __________, we are proceeding scientifically.

try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions

The chromosomes in a homologous pair

consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.

The successful union of one male and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as a

zygote

Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?

glycolysis

Which of the following is the largest in size?

protein

If a diploid animal cell has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?

9

When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself?

Are there a lot of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?

Which of the following would be a positive consideration when evaluating a researcher's expertise regarding a particular scientific claim?

The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he or she is making a scientific claim.

Ionic bonds __________, whereas covalent bonds __________.

hold together oppositely charged atoms; hold together atoms that share electrons

How many different amino acids are used to build proteins?

20

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane?

Certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion, while others require transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane.

Which of the following observations would naturally lead to a hypothesis that increased studying improves student performance on assessments?

Students who appear to spend more time engaging with course materials have the highest exam scores.

A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?

They can evolve as groups.

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts?

They capture energy from sunlight.

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downward while the shoot grows upward and the flower turns toward the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?

They sense the environment and respond to it.

Which of the following accurately describes viruses?

Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins; they are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, or bacteria.

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

A popular post on the Internet states that hugs "transfer energy" between participants, giving them an "emotional lift." Which of the following is a scientific approach to evaluating the claim of "energy transfer" during hugs? The hypothesis for the experiment would be as follows: if one person hugs another, the person receiving the hug will have more measurable energy after the hug.

First, develop a method of physically measuring the amount of energy available in a human being. Divide hundreds of subjects randomly into two groups, huggers and non-huggers. The available energy in the individuals of each group would be measured, the individuals would then hug (or not), and then the energy levels are measured again. The experimenter should not know which group is the hugging or non-hugging group to avoid expectation bias. The experiment should be repeated numerous times before analyzing the data.

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with white-nose syndrome (WNS), but these bats did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Bats in group 4 were directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when researchers applied it to the bats' wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment?

Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus.

A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis for this observation?

If the birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

Which of the following statements about the process of science is accurate?

Science is a systematic method designed to answer questions by evaluating evidence.

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful?

Scientific knowledge is based on current knowledge.

A study of the effect of neckties on blood circulation randomly divides a group of 1,000 male executives into two groups. For one week, half the participants wear ties at work while the other half do not. The researchers hypothesized that the sustained pressure of the necktie could lead to a detectable reduction in blood circulation to the brain. Using MRI scans, they found a 10 percent decrease in blood flow to the brain, on average, in the tie-wearing group. No decrease in blood flow was observed in the group without ties. Select the appropriate conclusion for these findings.

The data support the hypothesis that wearing a necktie reduces blood circulation to the brain.

Which of the following statements is true? - The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions. - Once a hypothesis has been proposed, it can never be challenged. - A valid scientific hypothesis is self-evident and does not need to be tested by experimentation. - If they are properly designed, experiments always prove hypotheses to be wrong.

The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions.

The graph below shows which of the following?

There is a strong correlation between the sale/consumption of organic food and the number of individuals diagnosed with autism between 1998 and 2007.

Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened to animals or plants that lived millions of years ago?

Yes. They can apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, they can observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.

Select the smallest and most basic unit of life.

cell

Which sequence correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

cells ?4→ tissues ?4→ organs ?4→ individual

The group of 18 bats that were "sham injected" represents a __________ group that experienced __________.

control; no change in the independent variable

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge, surround the nucleus, and are lost or gained by atoms called ions are the

electrons

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released by nerve endings. These chemicals are often large and unable to pass through the membrane, so the nerve cell packages them in a vesicle that can fuse with the plasma membrane. The inside of the vesicle opens to the outside of the cell, releasing the neurotransmitters. This type of transport of cellular products is called

exocytosis

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific

fact

In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the

germ theory of disease.

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as

homeostasis

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment, and variations in the dosage given to participants represent the

independent variable.

Sodium chloride (table salt) is formed when positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions are chemically attracted to each other. This attraction is best described as a(n)

ionic bond

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the __________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.

nucleotide

During meiosis I, the chromosome number is reduced to haploid by separating

one of each homologous chromosome pair into two different daughter cells.

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of

organelles

The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the __________ process, in which the work is examined by other researchers in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists.

peer-review

Scientists are human beings and, like all human beings, are susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is

peer-reviewed publications.

An amoeba, a protozoan that moves by pseudopodia, approaches a smaller protozoan and extends its pseudopodia (extensions of cytoplasm in plasma membrane) around the smaller protozoan. Once the amoeba's pseudopodia completely surround the other protozoan, the amoeba's plasma membrane pinches off by folding back into the amoeba and creates a vesicle containing the smaller protozoan. This vesicle is now within the amoeba itself and will soon fuse with other vesicles containing digestive enzymes. This is an example of

phagocytosis

Cells lining blood vessels can form vesicles outside of the cell that can fold into the cell, taking in fluids from the outside environment. This is an example of

pinocytosis

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane.

The bonds connecting the atoms in the following molecule are __________ bonds.

polar, covalent

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous structures that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. They are associated with the synthesis of

proteins

The permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane for a particular substance can be increased with help from transport

proteins

A protein molecule, transferrin, that is embedded in the plasma membrane recognizes iron molecules and causes the plasma membrane to fold in around the iron and take it into the cell. This is an example of

receptor-mediated endocytosis

If a bottle of perfume were spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon will have occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?

simple diffusion

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced, but the early history of life on Earth showed increasing oxygen concentrations. This indicates that

the amount of photosynthesis exceeded the amount of cellular respiration.

DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life; it is used to

transfer information from parents to their offspring.