BIO 112 Final Exam
Many sugars end with what three letters?
-ose
What are the parts of the cell theory?
1. All living things are made of cells. 2. All living things come from preexisting cells. 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
A solution of pH 1 is how many times stronger/weaker than a pH of 3?
100 times
What is the ratio of a cross between an AaBb and AaBb?
9:3:3:1
What is a cladogram? Be able to recognize one.
A diagram showing how organisms are reloaded based off shared characteristics
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation for what is observed
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?
Adeine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
What is a density independent factor?
Affects all populations regardless of size
Who nearly scooped Darwin?
Alfred Wallace
Which of the following statements is false?
All functional groups must contain a carbon
Define mutation.
Any deviation of the normal chromosome
Which domain are found in harsh environments?
Archaea
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
What is a bottleneck?
Bottleneck is caused by unexpected catastrophes (example of genetic drift)
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?
Eukaryotes evolved through a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes
What is mechanical isolation?
Even if they are like each other, they cannot mate if they aren't physically fit.
What is behavioural isolation?
Even if they breed at the same time, they cannot breed if they aren't attracted to each other
What is temporal isolation?
Even if they come into contact, they cannot mate if they breed at different times
What is exponential growth? What is logistic growth?
Exponential growth is population growth at a constant range Logistic growth is when a population slows down (starts to level)
What is nondisjunction?
Failure for chromosomes to separate properly.
What is the complementary DNA strand to this strand: CGGTAC?
GCCATG
What are the three important characteristics of a population?
Geographic distribution, density, growth rate
What was the name of the ship Darwin served on?
HMS Beagle
What is immigration? What is emigration?
Immigration is individuals entering an area Emigration, meanwhile, is individuals exiting an area.
What is disruptive selection?
Individuals at either end extreme have the advantage *key: graph
Which of the following statements is false?
Individuals' organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment
What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
It lacks a nucleus, lacks organelles, single-celled, have DNA
What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
It provides a comparison to the experimental group
What is a density dependent factor?
Limited factor that depends on population size
What is the function of a nucleolus?
Makes ribosomal RNA
100. What organism is found in sewage treatment plants?
Methanogens
Which of the following statements is false?
Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by phosopholipids
Can freezing denature a protein?
No
Which of the following statements is false?
Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment
Which organelle breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies alcohol?
Peroxisomes
A cell that has cells walls, chloroplasts and membrane bound organelles is probably what type of cell?
Plant Cell
Which of the following statements is false?
Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell.
What is an invasive species?
Plants and animals that are introduced to a different ecosystem
What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
R group
Which of the following statements is true?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.
What are homologous structures?
Structures that have different functions, but put together the same
An antibiotic kills nearly all the bacteria. What would you expect of the next generation of this bacteria?
That bacteria would then become resistant to the antibiotic
What is population density?
The # of individuals per unit area
What is taxonomy?
The arrangement of organisms into a groups based on their similarities
What is a microevolution?
The change in frequencies of alleles in a population
Which of the following statements is true?
The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.
Which of the following statements is true?
The membranous compartmentalization of a cell allows different chemical conditions to be maintained by different parts of the cell.
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes with the same trait
What is a dichotomous key (duck)? Be able to recognize one.
Used to identify organisms
What is a mutagen?
a physical or chemical agent that changes the DNA sequence
What moves a solute against a concentration gradient?
active transport
If a woman is colorblind and marries a man who is NOT colorblind, what is the condition of their sons and daughters? Why?
all of her sons will be colourblind; the daughters will be carriers
The surface tension and heat storage capacity of water is possible because of water's?
hydrogen bonds
What reverses a dehydration synthesis reaction?
hydrolysis
The heads of a phospholipids are ____; the tails of a phospholipid are ______?
hydrophilic (face out); hydrophobic
What is the function of the cristae of a mitochondria?
increase surface area
What is the trace element found in the human body that a lack of can cause goiters?
iodine
If you drink salty ocean water, what will happen to you?
lack of hydrating
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
lyse
Why are sex-linked conditions more common in males?
males only have one X chromosome
To be scientifically valid, what must a hypothesis be?
must be testable and falsifiable
What causes Down's Syndrome?
nondisjunction with extra chromosome 21
In what way does water move in a cell with a 20% sucrose solution and 80% water in a beaker containing 40% sucrose and 60% water?
out of the cell
Which is more electronegative: oxygen or hydrogen? Why?
oxygen
Define genotype and phenotype.
phenotype is the appearance, while genotype is the genetic makeup
What is the function of the chloroplast?
photosynthesis
How does plant cell division differ from animal cell division?
plant forms a cell plate
Most genetic disorders in humans are caused by what?
recessive alleles
When in the cell cycle is genetic material duplicated.
s-phase
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable? What does that mean?
selects what comes in and out of the cell
What is the biological species concept?
species can inbreed and produce offsprings
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
stores, modifies, and packages proteins
Which of the following is a metabolic pathway?
synthesis protein
What is transcription?
the transfer of DNA to RNA
What is unique about human neurons (nerve cells)?
they don't divide
What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
turgid
What genetic disorder/mutation involves a female who can't have children, may have mild to moderate cognitive impairment and does not have enough chromosomes?
turner's
Fatty acids that have at least one double carbon bond are said to be?
unsaturated
Differentiate between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction with regard to parental lineage.
with sexual reproduction provides variation, asexual provides a clone
How many bonds can carbon contain?
four
What organism did Mendel do most of his genetic experimentation?
garden peas
The molecular formula of most monosaccharides contain what three elements in what ratio?
CH2O; 1:2:1
What are the components of a carboxyl group?
COOH
What must all organic compounds contain?
Carbon
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Cellular Respiration
Who is credited with the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
Type AB blood is what type of inheritance?
Codominance
What connects the following: two robins, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest, two squirrels and bacteria? They are all in a _____?
Community
What is found in the nucleus of a cell?
DNA
What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
What did DDT cause?
biological magnification
What is a theory?
broad in scope, with lots of evidence
What are the four most common elements in living organisms?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)
Which of the following statements is false?
cell division only occurs in eukaryotic cells?
What causes water molecules to stick together?
cohesion
A carrier for a genetic disorder that does not express the disorder is probably what type of inheritance?
heterozygous
By what mechanism do oxygen molecules cross the cell membrane?
diffusion
Define osmosis.
diffusion of water
How does the fluid mosaic model of the cell describe the plasma membrane?
diverse proteins in the phospholipd bilayers
What do linked genes show?
do not follow the laws of independent assortment
