BIO 112 Midterm

The type of bond that would form from the transfer of an electron from one atom to another is a(n) ________ bond.

ionic

A water molecule is polar because of

its hydrogen bonds

The pH of pure water is ________ because ________.

7.0; water contains an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions.

How does a strong acid differ from a weak acid?

A weak acid dissociates only partially in water.

Chlorophyll is to the light reactions as ________ is to the Calvin cycle.

RuBP

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? a. algae b. fungi c. animals d. invertebrates e. vertebrates

algae

A gene in DNA is the code for assembling a sequence of

amino acids

An ionic bond forms when

an atom gives away or takes in an electron.

An atom with a neutral charge has

an equal number of protons and electrons

All atoms of the same element have the same

atomic number (or number or protons)

A polypeptide forms a beta pleated sheet or an alpha helix as its primary structure. (T/F)

false

Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water

has surface tension

If a material mixes readily with water, it is defined as

hydrophillic

Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from

the H+ gradient

Chemical bonds involve

the giving, taking, or sharing of electrons

How are lipids different from other categories of biological molecules?

they do not combine with water

What makes saturated triglycerides considerably less healthy than unsaturated ones?

they possess no double bonds between carbon atoms, which makes them more tightly packed together

The innermost compartment of a chloroplast formed by the interconnected thylakoids is the

thylakoid space

The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of these three additional ATP molecules?

to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP

The reactivity of an atom depends on the number of

valence electrons

How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required for a plant to make one molecule of glucose?

6

The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as

ATP and NADPH

ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?

ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.

What elements are found in glucose?

C - carbon, O - oxygen, H - hydrogen

The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are

CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration

Deoxyribose is a sugar found in

DNA

Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound?

Glucose phosphate

The Calvin cycle produces

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?

H+ and electrons

Cola has a pH of 3.5. This means that it has an excess of _______ ions and would be called a(n) ________. H+; acid OH-; acid H+; base OH-; base H+; neutral solution

H+; acid

Replacement electrons for the reaction center of photosystem II are derived from

H2O

The electron arrangement for argon, which has 18 electrons, is a. 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell. b. 8 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 2 in the outer electron shell. c. 6 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 6 in the outer electron shell.

a. 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell.

The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle releases ________, which return to the light reactions. a. ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP b. CO2 and H2O; glucose and O2 c. ATP and CO2; glucose and O2 d. glucose and O2; CO2 and H2O e. ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH

a. ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP

Which of the following is an inorganic molecule? a. CaCO3 b.C6H12O6 c. C256H381N65O79S6 d. C18H34O2 e. CH4

a. CaCO3

The light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of this circuit flow? a. H2O > PSII > electron tansport chain > PSI > electron transport train > NADPH b. H2O >PSII > chlorophyll b > PSI > chlorophyll a > NADPH c. NADPH > PSII > electron transport chain > PSI > electron transport chain > NADP+ d. NADP+ > PSII > electron transport chain > PSI > electron transport chain > NADPH e. PSI > electron transport chain > PSII > electron transport chain > NADPH

a. H2O > PSII > electron tansport chain > PSI > electron transport train > NADPH

The _______ from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from ______. a. NADPH; ATP b. NADP+; ATP c. RuBP; ATP d. NADPH; RuBP e. rubisco; RuBP

a. NADPH; ATP

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in a. Two monosaccharides b. a polypeptide c. three monosaccharides d. two glycerol units e. the formation of a polysaccharide

a. Two monosaccharides

Of the following examples, which best demonstrates the property of water cohesion? a. Water can move up a 100-foot pine tree, from the roots to the leaves. b. A rock skipping across the surface of a lake. c. Water requires a great deal of heat to reach the point of vaporizing. d. A can of soda bursts when it is placed in the freezer. e. A large body of fresh water takes a long time to warm up after the winter season.

a. Water can move up a 100-foot pine tree, from the roots to the leaves.

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________. a. capture solar eneegry; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy b. can occur only in the light; can occur only in the dark c. recquire the presence of ATP; makes ATP d. can only function if the stomata are open; can only occur if the stomata are closed e. uses products manufactured in the dark reactions; creates products used in the dark recations

a. capture solar eneegry; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

The pH scale is a mathematical indicator of the a. concentration of H+ present in a solution. b. concentration of OH- present in a solution. c. total amount of all ions in a solution. d. ability of a solution to buffer. e. ability to dissolve in water.

a. concentration of H+ present in a solution.

How does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP? a. hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi b. water splits, releasing electrons that flow from the stroma to the thylakoid space and attach to the active site of ATP synthase c. electrons from the reaction site center of photosystem II are funneled to ATP synthase, which uses the energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi. d. hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space combine with electrons from the stroma at ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi e. a hydrogen ion from NADPH is used by ATP synthase to power the production of ATP from ADP + Pi , and an electron is released, splitting water

a. hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi

A saturated fat has a. no double bonds b. more than one double bond c. only one double bond d. many omega-3 fatty acids e. long protein chains

a. no double bonds

The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________. a. thylakoid membrane; stroma b. stroma; thylakoid space c. thylakoid space; thylakoid membrane d. stroma; thylakoid membrane e. thylakoid space; stroma

a. thylakoid membrane; stroma

A(n) ________ can be defined as a substance that keeps pH within established limits by taking up excess H+ or OH- in a solution.

buffer

Which of the following is a functional group present in amino acids? a. -PO4 b. -OH c. -NH2 d. -C=O e. -Cl

c. -NH2

Which of the following would be an example of the value of water's heat capacity? a. Water is able to travel up a 100-foot tree. b. Water expands as it freezes causing ice to float on the surface of a lake. c. Living organisms are able to maintain their internal body temperatures because the water in their cells resists changes in temperature. d. Small insects can walk on water. e. Water molecules stick together.

c. Living organisms are able to maintain their internal body temperatures because the water in their cells resists changes in temperature.

Which of the following statements about atoms is correct? a. An element may be composed of several types of atoms. b. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons. c. The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom governs its chemical activity. d. The positive charges of an element are carried by the electrons. e. The neutral charges of an element are carried by the protons.

c. The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom governs its chemical activity.

Which of the following best describes the structure of how water molecules form? a. Hydrogen atoms covalently bond with each other to create one stable valence shell of electrons. b. The hydrogen molecule then forms a hydrogen bond with an oxygen atom to create the water molecule. b. One oxygen atom transfers an electron to each of two hydrogen atoms, forming an ionic bond. c. The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable valence shells of electrons. The electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule. d. Hydrogen bonds are formed between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom.

c. The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable valence shells of electrons. The electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule.

Which of the following is in correct order from smallest to largest? a. peptide - amino acid - polypeptide b. amino acid - polypeptide - peptide c. amino acid - peptide - polypeptide d. protein - glycerol - amino acid e. disaccharide - polysaccharide - monosaccharide

c. amino acid - peptide - polypeptide

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins? a. the three dimensional shape of a protein is a result of its secondary structure b. denaturation restores proteins' shape and function c. proteins are used to produce DNA d. proteins are monomers and they are built from amino acid polymers e. proteins are used to produce many types of monomers

c. proteins are used to produce DNA

Which of the following terms should be categorized separately from the others? a. muscle b. antibodies c. sucrose d. enzymes e. hair

c. sucrose

The four main categories of organic macromolecules are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Select the incorrect association a. glucose - monosaccharide b. cellulose - building block for cell walls in plants c. sucrose - table sugar d. fructose - a polysaccharide e. starch - a long chain of glucose molecules

d. fructose - a polysaccharide

The number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an average atom of any given element is best estimated by a. adding the number of electrons and protons together. b. subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons. c. adding the mass number to the number of electrons. d. subtracting the number of protons from the mass number. e. adding the atomic number and atomic mass together.

d. subtracting the number of protons from the mass number.

A triglyceride is formed when three fatty acids join a glycerol by a

dehydration synthesis reaction

An atom's valence electron shell

determines its chemical reactivity

Which of the following events takes place in the Calvin cycle? a. transfer of electrons to the reaction center of photosystem I b. generation of ATP from ADP and P c. splitting of water, releasing an electron d. generation of NADPH from NADP+ e. CO2 is converted into G3P

e. CO2 is converted into G3P

Which of the following is a property of water? a. water is a good solvent b. water is cohesive c. water has a high heat capacity d. water can be found as a solid, liquid, or gas e. all of the above are properties of water.

e. all of the above are properties of water

Select the correct association a. carbohydrates - serve to insulate, protect, and store energy b. lipids - contain the codes used to construct proteins c. proteins - have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides d. nucleic acids - provide the body with energy e. carbohydrates - include glucose, sucrose, and starch

e. carbohydrates - include glucose, sucrose, and starch

ATP synthase derives energy for the generation of ATP from a. the movement of hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid space. b. the splitting of H2O, which releases electrons. c. solar energy captured by the light reactions changing the shape of the enzyme. d. electrons transferred from NADPH causing the enzyme to change shape. e. the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.

e. the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.

Which of the following would be considered a trace element in living things? a. oxygen b. carbon c. hydrogen d. nitrogen e. zinc

e. zinc

The subatomic particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom are the

neutrons and protons

Isotopes of an element differ in their

number of neutrons

The atomic structure of water satisfies the octet rule by having

oxygen share electrons with two hydrogen atoms

Glycogen is a ________ made up of many ________.

polymer; glucose molecules

The addition of electrons and hydrogen ions to a substrate is called what?

reduction