BIO 113 Final

In a sample population of people, 36% have the recessive trait of "free" earlobes. What is the frequency of the dominant allele for attached earlobes, p?

0.4

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

100%

Based on the trend in the graph, estimate the distance the color would have diffused in a semi-solid after 20 minutes.

17 mm

During which phase of the cell cycle is cell growth most significant?

G1 phase

How do the products of glycolysis and Krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain?

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.

Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells.

True

The tape must be removed from the chamber tray prior to running the DNA samples because the tape will prevent the buffer from completely surrounding the gel.

True

A particular species of plants can have yellow or green seeds. This trait is determined by one gene. The yellow-seeded plants might be homozygous or heterozygous. We could find out which by crossing these plants with _____.

True breeding green-seeded plants

An experiment was set up using pillbugs in two different choice chambers. The control chamber had sand on both sides. The experimental chamber had sand on the left side and cornstarch on the right side. Determine the independent variable for this experiment by looking at the graph. Determine the dependent variable for this experiment by looking at the graph.

Contents of choice chamber (sand vs cornstarch) Number of pillbugs on the left side of the choice chamber.

Staining cells so their color is different from the background enhances the _________________ of the image.

Contrast

The stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is called

Cytokinesis

_____________________________ is the process by which a parental chromosome is copied and yields 2 new daughter chromosomes.

DNA replication

In the Tonicity of Red Blood Cells activity, you mixed whole blood with solutions of different concentrations in order to

Determine the tonicity of each solution

You are conducting an experiment where you use a microscope to estimate the size of a cell taken from different types of organisms. Your hypothesis is that larger organisms will contain larger cells. What is your independent variable in this experiment?

Different types of organisms

An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is

Dominant

In the Water Diffusion Over a Membrane activity, water moved across a membrane, into the thistle tube

Down its concentration gradient

In the _________ phase, you will carry out the strategy you developed for testing the hypothesis.

Experiment

How will you select and grow a resistant strain of E. coli in this experiment?

Expose a sample of E. coli to streptomycin by innoculating it onto a streptomycin positive plate. Any colonies that grow will carry a mutation for resistance.

Following a meal glucose must move from the gut lumen where there is a high glucose concentration into the intestinal cell where there is a relatively low level of glucose. This movement is called

Facilitated diffusion

A defining characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is the lack of a cell membrane in prokaryotes.

False

A high voltage rate will cause the DNA fragments to move slowly across the gel.

False

After a period of time, most of the pillbugs appeared to spend most of their time on the side of the dish with sand, not cornstarch.

False

Due to their small size, all plant and animal cells must be visualized using an electron microscope.

False

Formulating a hypothesis is the one and only thing that distinguishes a scientist from an astrologist.

False

Heavier (larger) particles move faster than lighter (smaller) particles at the same temperature.

False

Homogenization is the process that breaks down large fat globules into smaller fat globules.

False

If the hypothesis in a scientific experiment is not supported, the experiment is considered a complete failure and must be repeated until a satisfactory outcome is reached.

False

In the DNA isolation lab, DNA was isolated from blueberries.

False

In the Tonicity of Red Blood Cells activity, the items that have been contaminated with blood can be disposed of in the trash can.

False

In the pillbug experiment, it is important that measurements be taken twice: once at the beginning of the experiment, and once at the end of the experiment.

False

Organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic variation.

False

Oxygen is a product of the electron transport chain.

False

Plant and animal cells have components called cell walls.

False

You do not need to pause to record your data as you perform your experiment. You can go back and estimate the values when the experiment is complete.

False

Place the stages of the fruit fly life cycle in the correct order:

Fertilized egg first instar larvae second instar larvae third instar lavae pupa adult

Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell?

G0 phase

The allelic make up of an individual is referred to as its

Genotype

In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is formed from the oxidation of the following:

Glucose

The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

Glycolysis

In a population, 25% of individuals exhibit albinism which is a lack of production of the pigment melanin. It is caused by a recessive allele. What is the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

.5

Which organisms have centrioles?

Animals

The fluid material located outside of the nucleus is the

Cytoplasm

Cell membranes are freely permeable to water.

True

When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short (tt) pea plants the offspring

were all short

In the pillbug experiment, once you have recorded the data in the notebook, you must

Calculate average values, then plot the values on a graph

The ocular (eyepiece) lens magnifies the image

10-fold

The probability of obtaining a dominant phenotype from self-fertilization of a heterozygous individual is

3/4

If a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed on agar and after 15 minutes the diameter of the area over which the dye has spread is 15 mm, the average diffusion rate is

60 mm/hr

During the fourth generation, dark moths made up about 27% of the moths that were captured from forest B. About how many total moths were recaptured from forest B during the fourth generation?

730

If you cross two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be the dominant color yellow?

75%

In gel electrophoresis, how are the DNA samples added to the wells?

A micropipet is used

Using the correct base pairing rules for DNA replication, what would be the complementary strand for the strand TACCGATGC?

ATGGCTACG

Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?

ATP, heat, carbon dioxide, and water

Under what environmental conditions do yeast carry out fermentation?

Absence of oxygen

Which statement about mitosis and cytokinesis is TRUE?

At the end of cytokinesis there are two daughter cells with a normal complement of diploid genetic material.

Refer to the Punnett square below as you fill in the blanks in the following sentences.

B b b Bb bb b Bb bb

In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypotonic environment?

B: the big one

Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?

DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.

In which phase of the cell cycle are cells that are no longer dividing?

G0 phase

A student placed single Elodea leaves on 3 different slides. To each slide, he added a drop of salt solution of a different concentration. He observed each slide under a microscope after waiting for 2 minutes for osmosis to take place. His results can be seen in the table below. Salt Concentration Location of chloroplasts in cell 0% (distilled water) near cell wall 5% squished in center of cell 10% squished in center of cell If the student wanted to more accurately determine the concentration of salt inside an Elodea leaf cell, which of the following experiments should he perform?

He should test several salt concentrations between 0% and 5%.

A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait is called _______ for that particular trait.

Homozygous

Which of the following is not a role played by NADH in cellular respiration?

It oxidizes pyruvate.

Which of the following molecules is produced in the oxidation of NADH during fermentation?

Lactate

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

Metaphase

Which of the following approaches would best be utilized to directly view an animal cell?

Microscopic

Which of the following is NOT a feature used to classify organisms?

Nutritional

Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane is called

Osmosis

The "P" in P generation refers to

Parental

What structures are found within prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

Imagine that you wish to compare two different diets that will be fed to tadpoles raised in a lab. One diet is a meat-based fish food, and the other is the traditional diet of boiled lettuce. You want to see if the meat-based diet will be associated with an increase in the average weight of the tadpoles. In your experiment you keep all other factors, such as tadpole density per pan, temperature, pH, and the amount of food the same. The only difference between your control and experimental groups is the type of food the tadpoles receive. Which is a good hypothesis for this tadpole experiment?

Tadpoles will be larger if fed a meat-based diet.

When running a DNA sample on a gel using gel electrophoresis, the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positively charged electrode. A student accidentally reversed the electrodes when he plugged them into the power supply, so that the positive electrode was plugged into the negative hole in the power supply and vice versa. What results would he be likely to see when he looked at his gel?

The gel would appear empty because the DNA would have run off the top of the gel towards the positive electrode.

In Drosophila, white eyes is caused by a recessive allele (r) located on the X chromosome. The dominant allele (R) produces red eyes. Suppose a white-eyed female mates with a red-eyed male. Knowing this, complete the sentences with the correct terms.

The genotype of the male is best represented as RY. The genotype of the female is best represented as rr. Among the male F₁ offspring, the predicted proportion with white eyes is 100%. Among the female F₁ offspring, the predicted proportion with white eyes is 0%. Among all F₂ offspring, the predicted proportion with white eyes is 50%.

A student was interested in determining whether the detergent listed in the DNA extraction procedure was actually necessary. He set up two parallel DNA extractions: one contained 3mL of detergent and one did not. He measured the weight of DNA he was able to spool out of the tube at the end of the experiment by drying the DNA on a piece of filter paper. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

The presence or absence of detergent.

What would you predict would happen to the fermentation rate if you used yeast suspension that had not been swirled/mixed each time before it was dispensed into test tubes?

The reaction rate would be very low

The chloroplast is

The site of photosynthesis

If you don't center the middle of the viewing field, what may happen when you change to a higher objective lens?

The specimen may no longer be in the field of view.

A student was testing whether PTC tasting ability correlated with amount of coffee consumed. She tested determined the lowest concentration of PTC that an individual could taste and rated it on a scale from 1-14. Then, she surveyed each individual about the number of cups of coffee that they consume a week. Her data can be seen below. Which of the statements below best describes the relationship between PTC tasting and number of cups of coffee consumed?

There does not appear to be a relationship between PTC tasting and coffee consumption.

Diffusion continues to occur until there is an equal concentration of particles on both sides of a semi-permeable membrane.

True

Diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high to low concentration.

True

Small particles in a fluid

exhibit random innate motion.

The concentration of the particles diffusing into the cell

increases over time until there is an equal concentration of particles inside the cell and outside.

When using the higher magnification lenses (40x and 100x) only the __________________________ focus knob should be used to adjust the specimen image.

fine

The endoplasmic reticulum

functions in internal transport of macromolecules.

Check all that apply: Tonicity of a solution

is related to solute content is related to the pH of the solution gives information about potential changes in cell volume when cells are placed in that solution is closely related to the temperature of the solution is related to membrane permeability to solutes

When graphing your data, it is important that you

place the independent variable on the X-axis

Which dye would you predict to move the fastest (and thus go furthest in a given time period) through agar?

potassium permanganate (molecular weight = 158)

There are two, two-sided dishes in the pillbug experiment. In one dish, you should have placed sand in both sides. In the other dish, you should have placed ______ in one side and ______ in the other.

sand, cornstarch

Which variables affect the rate of diffusion? Check all that apply.

solubility of molecules size of molecules concentration gradient polarity of molecules pH

Before you begin a scientific experiment, you should:

state a hypothesis report on the results record the data

What information did the movement of the bubble over a specified distance in the calibrated volumeter provide? (Check all that apply)

the amount of potassium hydroxide used the rate of cellular respiration the volume of oxygen used the volume of carbon dioxide used the amount of time for the reaction to complete

When comparing the diffusion rate of a substance in different media, (Check all that apply)

the diffusion rate is greater in the liquid than in the solid. the more solid the medium, the faster the diffusion rate. the diffusion through a gas will be faster than through a liquid.

If oxygen is more concentrated outside a cell than inside

the oxygen will tend to diffuse into the cell.

Homogenization is a process that suspends and disperses the DNA throughout the filtrate.

True

To produce the highest quality image it is important to optimize magnification, contrast, and resolution.

True

In the Tonicity of Red Blood Cells activity, the only way to tell if the cells were crenated was to

View them through the microscope

Onion root tips are often used to study mitosis because they grow very rapidly, which means that many cells are dividing. The very tip of the onion root ends in a structure called the root cap. The other end of the root attaches to the onion. A scientist is interested in determining whether an onion root tip grows from the base of the root or from the tip near the root cap. She wants to determine the mitotic index for different distances from the root cap. The mitotic index can be calculated by dividing the number of cells in one of the phases of mitosis by the total number of cells observed. What is the mitotic index for the region that is 1mm from the root cap? Distance from root cap (in mm) Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 0 70 24 4 1 1 1 92 7 1 0 0 2 97 2 1

0.08

Please match the objective lens with its appropriate magnification power. 1. Low power objective 2. oil immersion objective 3. High power objective 4. Scanning power objective

10x 100x 40x 4x

A student set up an experiment looking at the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. She attached membranes that were permeable to water, but not to sucrose, to the broad end of three thistle tubes. She filled each thistle tube with a different concentration of sucrose solution: 10%, 20% and 30%. The tubes were then placed in beakers containing distilled water. She expected that water would move into each of the thistle tubes at a different rate depending on the concentration of sucrose contained in the tube. She measured the height of water in each thistle tube for 30 minutes. Her results can be seen in the graph below. Rate can be calculated as the change in something over time. Which of the choices below is the best estimate of the rate of change in height of Line A between 0 and 5 minutes?

2mL/min

A student was interested in determining whether the detergent listed in the DNA extraction procedure was actually necessary. He set up two parallel DNA extractions. Tube A contained 3 mL of detergent. What should tube B contain instead?

3 mL of water

Mendel's monohybrid cross of tall parents with the genotype Tt resulted in a tall to short ratio of

3:1

In a species of rodent, white coat color is recessive to the dominant brown color. In a population of 100 individuals, 16 are white and 84 are brown. Of the 84 brown ones, how many are expected to be heterozygous (2pq)?

48

A student had been studying Mendel and his crosses using peas. The student wanted to test whether people preferred the flavor of green peas or yellow peas. She cooked peas of both colors and fed them to her classmates, then recorded whether each individual preferred the taste of the green peas or of the yellow peas. Her data can be seen in the graph below. What percentage of her classmates preferred yellow peas?

5

If a female was a carrier for sex-linked color blindness, what percentage of her male children would also be color blind?

50%

Dark and light moths were released into either a clean forest or a polluted forest. They were recaptured every generation for five generations. The results can be seen in the graph below. How many moths were originally introduced into each forest?

750

A student is designing an experiment about cell size in organisms of different sizes. Her hypothesis is that larger organisms will have larger cells. She collects cheek cells from 5 different students in her class and estimates their size under the microscope. Her results can be seen below. Student Height (in cm) Cheek Cell Size (in μm) A 167 76 B 172 82 C 190 97 D 158 98 E 179 88 What is the average size of the cheek cells observed in her experiment?

88.2μm

In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a isotonic environment?

A

In the absence of oxygen, what cellular respiration pathways can occur after glycolysis? (Check all that apply)

Alcoholic Fermentation CAM Cycle Krebs Cycle Lactate Fermentation Oxidative phosphorylation Rubisco Fermentation

Which of these will affect the rate of diffusion?

All of these options

Alternate forms of the same gene are called _____.

Alleles

Let's say you innoculate 4 agar plates, each containing a different antibiotic (A, B, C, and D), and a swab of a lesion taken from a patient. After incubating the plates, you observe that plate A has only a few colonies, while the others all have many colonies. How do you interpret the results?

Bacteria in the patient's sample are susceptible to antibiotic A but not B, C, and D

How does an antibiotic act as a selective agent in promoting bacterial resistance?

Bacteria with a random mutation that allows resistance to that antibiotic are able to survive exposure and reproduce, passing the resistance mutation on to subsequent generations of bacteria

If you wanted to present the average number of pillbugs in the left-hand side of the control chamber compared to the left-hand side of the experimental choice chambers over the duration of the entire experiment, what type of graph would be the best choice to display your data?

Bar graph

In the Tonicity of Red Blood Cells activity, why were you unable to read the lab manual through the tubes containing hypertonic or isotonic solution?

Because the cells in those solutions remained intact, causing the solutions to be opaque.

Microorganisms, such as protozoa, algae, and bacteria, can best be viewed using a

Brightfield microscope

In the Tonicity in Elodea Cells activity, after placing elodea cells in distilled water, what did you observe? Check all that apply.

Cell membranes pressed tightly against the cell walls Many of the cells had burst many of the cells had become crenated

Which of the following is located outside of the cell membrane and provides structural support to plant and prokaryotic cells?

Cell wall

Identify the statements that are true of cells.

Cells routinely form from non-living molecules.

The specialized structure that stores pigments, water, inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure is the

Central vacuole

Which of the following is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

Centrioles

A student is designing an experiment about cell size in organisms of different sizes. Her hypothesis is that larger organisms will have larger cells. She collects cheek cells from 5 different students in her class and estimates their size under the microscope. Her results can be seen below. Student Height (in cm) Cheek Cell Size (in μm) A 167 76 B 172 82 C 190 97 D 158 98 E 179 88 What conclusion should she draw from this data?

Cheek cell size varies randomly between humans of different heights.

When viewing Elodea under a microscope, what is the most likely identity of green, round structures inside of the cell?

Chloroplasts

You are conducting an experiment where you use a microscope to estimate the size of a cell taken from different types of organisms. Your hypothesis is that larger organisms will contain larger cells. What is your dependent variable in this experiment?

The size of a cell

Two students set up experiments looking at diffusion of starch, glucose, and iodine across a selectively permeable membrane. The first student put starch and glucose inside the dialysis tubing and water and iodine outside the dialysis tubing in the beaker. After 30 minutes, she observed that the iodine diffused into the dialysis tubing, where it reacted with the starch and turned a dark blue-black color. The second student thought he set the experiment up the same way, but he did not observe a color change. What is the most likely mistake that he made when setting up the experiment?

He forgot to add starch inside the dialysis tube.

A student set up respirometers to measure fermentation of two different carbohydrates by yeast. He measured the height of the bubble (in mm) in each respirometer every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. His data can be seen in the table below. Time (minutes) Tube A Tube B 0 4 4 5 4 4 10 4 4 15 4 4 20 4 4 Which of the errors listed below could have caused him to get this result?

He forgot to add the yeast

A student is designing an experiment about cell size in organisms of different sizes. Her hypothesis is that larger organisms will have larger cells. She collects cheek cells from 5 different students in her class and estimates their size under the microscope. Her results can be seen below. Student Height (in cm) Cheek Cell Size (in μm) A 167 76 B 172 82 C 190 97 D 158 98 E 179 88 What is the independent variable in her experiment?

Height of human students.

A _______ solution has a lower concentration of water than the cell placed in it.

Hypertonic

A/An ___________ should be based on background knowledge and observations.

Hypothesis

In order to prevent the DNA from breaking, the glass rod should be spun

In one direction

Match the organelle with its function.

Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information:Nucleus Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins: Endoplasmic reticulum Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle: Golgi apparatus Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis: Lysosomes "Power plants" of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism: Mitochondria Sites of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts Regulates water levels in plant cells: Vacuole

Classify the following descriptions of stages of the cell cycle into interphase and mitosis.

Interphase: G1, S, G2 Mitosis: Cytokinesis, Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Last prophase, Prophase

A _______ solution has the same concentration of water as the cell placed in it.

Isotonic

Even though a population in true Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist, how can using the equation be useful?

It can be used to detect changes in gene frequencies in a population over time

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin?

It disrupts protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria

Which is incorrect about fermentation?

It generates oxygen.

What is TNF alpha?

It is a protein that helps the body fight infectious diseases. It is a lipid that helps the body resist some types of cancer. All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following apply to the development of streptomycin resistance in E. coli?

It is an example of directional selection

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

Lack a true nucleus

Which of the following does NOT occur during yeast fermentation?

Lactate is produced

10 pillbugs were placed into two different choice chambers. The control chamber contained sand on both sides. The experimental chamber contained sand on the left side and cornstarch on the right side. Previous experiments have shown that pillbugs prefer cornstarch to sand. The graph below shows the data from this experiment. Which line on the graph shows the data for the experimental chamber?

Line A

A student set up an experiment looking at the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. She attached membranes that were permeable to water, but not to sucrose, to the broad end of one thistle tube. She filled the thistle tube with 10% sucrose solution and placed it in a beaker containing distilled water. She measured the height of water in each thistle tube for 30 minutes, but after 15 minutes, the membrane fell off the end of her thistle tube. Which line on the graph would be the most likely result of this error?

Line C

Suppose a male with genotype AA and a female with genotype aa mate and produce offspring. Fill in the Punnett square below to illustrate the possible genotypes of the offspring for the A gene. (Put alleles inherited from the mother on the top of the Punnett square and alleles inherited from the father along the left side of the Punnett square. Labels may be used more than once or not at all.)

Maternal P A a a A AA Aa t a Aa aa e r n a l

Which of the following is characteristic of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Mating within the population is random Allele frequencies change from generation to generation

Which statement is NOT true about mitosis?

Mitosis uses a diploid (2n) parent cell to form daughter cells containing a haploid number(n) of chromosomes.

Which of the following is the source of new, novel alleles in a population?

Mutation

All of the following are the end products of glycolysis except

NAD+

Which of the following mechanisms of change in gene frequencies is responsible for the antibiotic resistance of E. coli in this experiment?

Natural selection

Where would the DNA be located within a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus

The most common phenotype or allele for a gene in a population is referred to as

The wild type

What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

There are no changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next.

Onion root tips are often used to study mitosis because they grow very rapidly, which means that many cells are dividing. The very tip of the onion root ends in a structure called the root cap. The other end of the root attaches to the onion. A scientist is interested in determining whether an onion root tip grows from the base of the root or from the tip near the root cap. She counts the number of cells that are in one of the phases of mitosis at different distances from the root cap. What is the dependent variable in her experiment?

Number of cells in one of the phases of mitosis.

Diffusion of nutrients across a cell membrane can be called a form of

Passive transport

Classify the following stages of the cell cycle into meiosis or mitosis.

Phone

Which function is associated with chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis

Correctly identify the parts of an animal cell in the figure below

Picture on phone

Label the image below to assess your understanding of prokaryotic cell structure.

Picture on phone

Match each cellular component with the correct cell type: prokaryote, eukaryote, or both.

Picture on phone

You set up a version of the pillbug experiment using two choice chambers. The first choice chamber contains sand on both sides. The second choice chamber contains flour on one side and baking soda on the other side. Your data from this experiment can be seen in the graph below. What would be the best conclusion to make based on this data?

Pillbugs do not have a preference for flour compared to baking soda.

According to the results of the pillbug experiment

Pillbugs tend to prefer cornstarch over sand

Bacteria from three different cultures were plated on plates containing ampicillin, an antibiotic. The results can be seen below. In which of the cultures were 100% of the bacteria susceptible to the antibiotic?

Plate A

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bacteria Animal Plant

During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

Prophase I of meiosis I

In terms of size, rank the following biological materials from the smallest to largest.

Protien virus staphylococcus (bacteria) amoeba

During this phase of the cell cycle, the chromosomes are replicated.

S phase

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

S phase

In the pillbug experiment, the substance used as the control was

Sand

When returning the scope for storage, which objective lens should be placed over the stage?

Scanning 4x

A student set up an experiment looking at the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. She attached membranes that were permeable to water, but not to sucrose, to the broad end of one thistle tube. She thought that she filled the thistle tube with 10% sucrose and the beaker with distilled water. When she measured the height of water in the thistle tube, she saw the results shown in this graph. Which of the errors listed below did she probably make when setting up this experiment?

She put 10% sucrose inside the thistle tube and 10% sucrose outside the tube (in the beaker).

How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?

Small fragments travel farther than large fragments.

Chambers A and B are placed next to each other, but are separated by a film similar to a cell membrane. Chamber A contains 80% carbon dioxide and Chamber B contains 20% carbon dioxide. Which of the following will occur?

Some carbon dioxide will move from chamber A to chamber B.

Respirometers were set up that contained yeast and 2% glucose solution. Each respirometer was placed at a different temperature. The height of the bubble contained in the respirometer was measured every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Temperature

Two agar plates, one containing the antibiotic streptomycin and one without antibiotics, are innoculated with E. coli. After incubation, the streptomycin negative plate has many bacterial colonies, while the streptomycin positive plate has only a few colonies. Samples of the colonies from the positive plate are placed on another positive plate, and after incubation many colonies grow. In this experiment, what is the selective agent?

The antibiotic streptomycin

In lab, imagine that you are given a section of the aquatic plant, Elodea, to observe. As part of your observation, you prepare a wet mount of Elodea, and add a 20% NaCl solution to your slide. What should you expect to see when you observe this slide through the microscope?

The cell will shrink, but the cell wall will be unchanged.

A student set up an experiment looking at the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. She attached membranes that were permeable to water, but not to sucrose, to the broad end of three thistle tubes. She filled each thistle tube with a different concentration of sucrose solution: 10%, 20% and 30%. The tubes were then placed in beakers containing distilled water. She expected that water would move into each of the thistle tubes at a different rate depending on the concentration of sucrose contained in the tube. She measured the height of water in each thistle tube for 30 minutes. Her results can be seen in the graph below. Which of the statements below most accurately describes the trend seen in Line A?

The height of the liquid in the thistle tube increases rapidly between 0 and 5 minutes, then the rate begins to slow.

In the set-up shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker.

You are conducting an experiment where you use a microscope to estimate the size of a cell taken from different types of organisms. Your hypothesis is that larger organisms will contain larger cells. What would be an important variable to hold constant in this experiment?

The magnification the cell is viewed under.

Yeast are able to ferment a variety of sugar during cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct. A respirometer can be used to determine how much carbon dioxide is produced and thus measure rates of respiration. Respirometers were set up that contained yeast and either a solution containing a carbohydrate or distilled water. The height of the bubble contained in the respirometer was measured every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. The results can be seen in the graph below. Which of the respirometers is the most likely to contain distilled water + yeast? Which of the respirometers contains the carbohydrate that is fermented most efficiently by the yeast?

Tube E Tube A

A student setup an experiment where she added 4 different concentrations of salt solution to 4 test tubes containing red blood cells. She then observed a page of her lab notebook through the tubes to see if the contents of the tube were opaque (cloudy) or transparent (clear). She knew that intact red blood cells should appear opaque, while lysed (ruptured) red blood cells would appear clear. Her results can be seen in the table below. Tube Appearance A Cloudy B Clear C Clear D Cloudy Which of the conclusions below can be made from these results?

Tubes B and C contain a solution that is hypotonic to the red blood cells.

Rank the list of steps in the correct order that you would use to generate a high quality image with the microscope.

Turn light knob to adjust the contrast of the specimen. Align the ocular lens with your eyes. Use the coarse focus knob and fine focus knob to focus on the specimen. Use the stage adjustment knob to navigate on the specimen, and find structures of interest. Rotate the nosepiece to change the objective lenses in order to increase the magnification.

When determining the scope of an experiment, you need to consider (check all that apply)

What results to report The factor that will vary

In the Tonicity of Red Blood Cells activity, if the solution became opaque after adding blood cells, you could assume

You could determine that the cells remained intact, but you could not determine whether the solution was isotonic or hypertonic without looking at the cells under the microscope

Natural selection occurs when ______________________

a new genetic variation occurs that allows individuals to have a reproductive and survival advantage

During the time that the particles are diffusing into the cell

a point is eventually reached where equal numbers are passing into and out of the cell.

The main products of lactate fermentation are (Check all that apply)

alcohol FADH CO CO2 lactic acid NAD+ NADH pyruvate

In the analysis phase, you will need to

analyze your data and place it on a graph

In the gel electrophoresis experiment, you determined the _____________________ of 3 different DNA samples.

genotype

When Mendel crossed two purple-flowered pea plants with each other, he obtained a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (purple-flowered pea plants to white-flowered pea plants). His results are consistent with which of the following sets of parents?

heterozygous purple pea plant and heterozygous purple pea plant

Assuming that all of the following substances are permeable across a selectively permeable membrane, which of the following molecules would you predict to move fastest across the membrane?

hydrochloric acid (mw = 36)

Ethanol is used in the DNA isolation process because

it allows the precipitate to form.

Why is cellular respiration important?

it produces ATP, which is used for cellular work

Which of these is NOT a step in aerobic respiration?

lactic acid fermentation

A student was testing whether adding detergent was a necessary step in the DNA extraction procedure. He set up two DNA extractions, tube A contained 3mL of detergent and tube B contained 3mL of water instead. He spooled the resulting DNA from each tube onto a glass rod and then placed it on pieces of filter paper to dry. His result can be seen in the graph below. What unit would he be most likely to measure the weight of the resulting DNA?

mL

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

nonrandom mating

The total magnification of an image is determined by multiplying the power of the

ocular and objective lens.

During this stage of mitosis, the nuclear envelope begins to break down and the spindle begins to form.

prophase

Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase

Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What would be the appearance of a plant with the genotype PpTt?

purple flowers, tall

The ability to distinguish fine detail or discriminate between 2 very closely spaced objects is called

resolution.