BIO 116 chapter 11

Exercising muscles upregulates glucose transporters independently of insulin signaling. Therefore, why is exercise a useful therapy for an individual with type II diabetes?

Exercise lowers blood glucose levels and therefore lowers insulin levels.

Stimulates egg or sperm production

FSH

A peptide hormone can enter the cell directly.

False

Aldosterone, a hormone made from cholesterol, has its receptors on the cell membrane.

False

Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell.

False

Hormonal release is constant and is not effected by sensory input.

False

Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA.

False

Why are both the kidneys and blood vessels able to respond to ADH?

They both have target cells with ADH receptors.

How is ADH transported to the target cells?

Through the blood

Why is there a higher level of thyroid hormone secreted in cases of pituitary tumors?

Thyroid hormone is secreted in response to hormonal stimulus from the anterior pituitary.

A steroid hormone enters a cell directly.

True

Antidiuretic hormone is a posterior pituitary hormone.

True

Endocrine disorders can be due to an inability of a gland to make hormones.

True

Excess or insufficient secretion of a hormone can result in the inability to maintain homeostasis.

True

Once in the interstitial fluid, the only thing a hormone can affect is a target cell.

True

The activation of intracellular proteins in the cell is the action of a peptide hormone.

True

Since the hormone can't enter the cell, what chemical serves as the second messenger for the hormone?

cAMP

Decreases blood glucose levels

insulin

Enhances synthesis of proteins

insulin

Promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose

insulin

Secreted by beta cells

insulin

Cushing's Disease A patient has hypertension, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, and an unusual accumulation of fat on the trunk and upper back. The diagnosis in the patient's chart says "Cushing's disease." The hormonal profile that you would most likely see in this patient is -----high levels of CRH, ------high levels of ACTH, and ---- high levels of cortisol.

low low high

What codes for the synthesis of proteins?

mRNA

Glucagon and insulin have antagonistic effects. Glucagon signaling results in an increase in blood glucose concentration. What do you expect is the result of insulin signaling?

A decrease in blood glucose concentration

Weston visits his doctor with a complaint of excessive weight loss. His physician also notices that his eyeballs are bulging and protruding, a condition called exophthalmos. Which of the following endocrine organs is not functioning correctly?

A gland responsible for reducing calcium levels in the blood

Prolactin has a permissive effect on oxytocin in breast tissue. If prolactin levels were high, but oxytocin receptors had been blocked by a drug, what would be the result?

Oxytocin would have less of an effect on the target cells.

Stimulates the production of milk

PRL

What Hormone Is Released in Response to Low Oxygen Levels in the Blood Due to Low Red-Blood-Cell Count?

Erythropoietin

Stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

ACTH

Causes kidneys to retain water; raises blood pressure

ADH

Which of the following describes an action of an activated G-protein?

Activation of adenylate cyclase or formation of phospholipase C

A mass in the sella turcica can put pressure on the anterior pituitary and cause problems with the function of the gland. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that have effects on organs in many different regions of the body, and damage to the anterior pituitary has the potential to cause widespread problems. Which of the following organs is correctly matched with the hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary that controls it?

Adrenal gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Beta adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs are often called beta-blockers. These drugs prevent the hormone epinephrine from binding to its G-protein-coupled receptor. In the pathway activated by epinephrine, the activated G-protein would normally activate adenylate cyclase. When the drug is in use, which step(s) is/are prevented? The activation of adenylate cyclase The activation of protein kinase A The activation of the G-protein All of these steps would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug

All of these steps would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug.

Stimulates the rate of mitosis; promotes bone growth

GH

Raises blood glucose levels

Glucagon

Secreted by alpha cells

Glucagon

Stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen

Glucagon

Stimulates the breakdown of fats

Glucagon

Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? Check all that apply.

Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What organ controls the response to stress (general adaptation syndrome)?

Hypothalamus

When is hormone receptor downregulation likely to occur?

If a hormone is secreted at higher-than-usual levels

Damage to the hypothalamus can result in widespread effects around the body. Which of the following functions is not regulated by the hypothalamus?

Increase in blood calcium levels

What hormone controls the level of glucose in the blood?

Insulin

In cases of higher-than-average insulin signaling, which of the following is likely to happen in target cells over time?

Insulin receptor downregulation

What is the purpose of the hormone-receptor complex moving into the nucleus?

It will cause transcription of the DNA.

Promotes the secretion of sex hormones from the gonads

LH

Would insulin, a hormone that is secreted in response to humoral stimulus, be affected by a pituitary tumor?

No, hormones controlled by humoral stimuli would not be affected directly by the pituitary tumor.

Stimulates contraction of uterine wall muscles; stimulates smooth muscle in milk-secreting glands

OT

Which of these glands are found in the brain? What hormone released from the endocrine gland would result in increased bone mass? Would this patient's symptoms be due to an increase or decrease in hormone secretion?

Pituitary gland Growth hormone Increase in secretion

What gland releases ACTH? What is the action of ACTH? If the ACTH stimulation test is positive for Addison's disease, what is expected to happen to blood levels of cortisol one hour after the ACTH injection?

Pituitary gland Stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex The cortisol levels will be unchanged.

What is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?

Production of proteins

Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?

Protein or amine

Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

TSH

Mastoparan is a toxin derived from wasp venom. The effect of mastoparan is to prevent the G-protein from releasing GDP. When mastoparan is in a cell, which step(s) is/are prevented?

The activation of adenylate cyclase

High blood glucose level and type I diabetes is a result of __________ secretion of the hormone.

under (hypo-)