Bio 116-FINAL!!

The vagina is

a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.

List the structures of a sperm. (Module 26.3C)

acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail

Too much of this hormone can cause you to lose potassium & retain sodium

aldosterone

The glandular tissue of the breast consists of separate lobes, each containing several secretory

alveoli

Interstitial cells produce

androgens

Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?

both the cremaster and the dartos

Which of these glands secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis?

bulbourethral gland

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands

The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the

corpora cavernosa

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum

What uterine cycle event occurs when estrogen and progesterone decrease? (Module 26.15B)

destruction of the functional layer and menstruation

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

ductus deferens

Sperm undergo functional maturation here

epididymis

Spermatozoa functionally mature within the

epididymis

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

excretes abundant protein molecules

Another term for vulva is

female external genitalia

A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in

luteinizing hormone.

The reproductive system does not include

mammary glands. gonads and external genitalia. ducts that receive and transport the gametes. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids. NONE ARE CORRECT

Name the structures of the external genitalia. (Module 26.8B)

mons pubis, clitoris, and labia

The ________ is the middle, muscular layer of the uterine wall.

myometrium

The ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus is the ________ ligament.

ovarian

The region where blood vessels enter the ovary is called the

ovarian hilum

Identify the functions of the vagina. (Module 26.13B)

passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and forms the inferior portion of the birth canal

The ________ passes through the shaft of the penis to the external urethral meatus.

penile urethra

Name the structures of the male external genitalia. (Module 26.1B)

penis, urethra, and scrotum

The ________ is the outer lining of the uterus.

perimetrium

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the

prepuce

During mensuration, _________ levels are decreasing due to a lack of pregnancy.

progesterone & estrogen

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorbing nutrients

The ________ is a pocket formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the rectum.

recto-uterine pouch

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

The juxtaglomerular secretes __________ when glomerular blood pressure decreases.

renin

When spermatogonia divide, the two daughter cells produced are a spermatogonium and a

spermatocyte

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of

spermiogenesis

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates spermatogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary.

The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.

suspensory

In a mature human spermatozoan,

the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.

The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?

urinary

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

25

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?

About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

Which of the following connections is not true relating the urinary system and other body system?

The endocrine, specifically the hypothalamus producing renin, acts on the kidneys to produce more urine.

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A)

The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.

Cite the similarities that exist between certain structures in the reproductive systems of females and males. (Module 26.13C)

The greater vestibular glands in females are similar to the bulbo-urethral glands in males and the both male penis and female clitoris contain erectile tissue.

An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C)

When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water.

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

The ________ carries fluid from the seminal gland through the prostate.

ejaculatory duct

The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.

endometrium

Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate.

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B)

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Fatty folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule are the

labia majora.

Secondary sexual characteristics

may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called

meiosis

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.

secretion

The ________ is/are in contact with the posterior side to the urinary bladder.

seminal glands

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A)

similar to blood plasma without proteins

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B)

sodium and chloride ions

The penile urethra passes through the corpus

spongiosum

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?

tip of the medullary pyramid

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the

urinary bladder

When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D)

urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases

Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the

uterine tube

The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the

uterine tube

The vulva includes all of the following except the

vagina

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.

Name the regions of the uterus. (Module 26.11C)

fundus, body, and cervix

Secondary spermatocytes each contain

23 chromosomes, each with a pair of duplicate chromatids.

What are the functions of the bulbo-urethral glands? (Module 26.5B)

Bulbo-urethral glands produce mucus that neutralizes acid in the urethra and lubricates the penis.

A person who recovers from the measles is protected for life against measles by the innate immune system.

False

At 5 months development in a male fetus, the testes have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

False At 8 months

Cortical nephrons have long loops of Henle that penetrate deep into the medulla.

False Juxtamedullary nephrons go into medulla

Innate Immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

Which of the following statements about the uterine cycle is false?

It continues during pregnancy.

________ are the organs of milk production.

Mammary glands

Define spermatogenesis. (Module 26.3A)

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm using mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis

________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium.

Spiral

On a warm day, would the cremaster muscle be contracted or relaxed? Why? (Module 26.2B)

The cremaster muscle would be relaxed so the scrotum could descend away from the body.

Define the vasa recta. (Module 24.5C)

The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop.

Distinguish between the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches. (Module 26.9A)

The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.

Lymphatic capillaries have one way valves to prevent back flow like veins

True

The ________ are fingerlike projections that capture the freshly ovulated ovum.

fimbriae

Secondary spermatocytes divide to produce ________ spermatids, each having ________ chromosomes.

four; 23

The ________ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes.

fundus

At 8 months development in a male fetus, the testes

have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the

uterus

The external urethral sphincter is under _________ control.

voluntary

The average length of the uterine cycle is

28 days

What is the proper arrangement of the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus? 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis

4, 1, 3, 2

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5,1,4,2,3

In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A)

An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid.

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)

Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B)

Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)

Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

What ovarian cycle changes would result if the LH surge did not occur? (Module 26.15A)

If the LH surge did not occur, the secondary oocyte would not complete meiosis I, ovulation would not occur, and the corpus luteum would not form.

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)

Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.

Juxtamedullary

What effect would low FSH levels have on sperm production? (Module 26.7C)

Low FSH levels would decrease the level of testosterone which decreases sperm production.

What is the role of nurse cells? (Module 26.4C)

Nurse cells create a microenvironment that supports spermatogenesis and form the blood testis barrier that isolates sperm from the blood.

How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.

Which of the following is true immediately after a spermatogonium completes cell division?

The primary spermatocyte is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C)

The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate.

Which of the following is not true of interstitial cells?

They produce inhibin.

The spermatic cord is

a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

Which of the following best describes the mesovarium?

a thickened fold of mesentery that supports and stabilizes the ovary

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.

acrosomal cap

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest?

at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

Which of the following best matches the term endometrium?

consists of a basilar layer and a functional layer

The ________ consists of the follicle cells that cling to the oocyte after ovulation.

corona radiata

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na ions.

Name the layers of the endometrium. (Module 26.12A)

deeper basal layer and superficial functional layer

The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the

epididymis

The shallow recess that surrounds the cervical protrusion into the vagina is called the

fornix

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerulus

The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.

head

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins.

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the

infundibulum

Testosterone is secreted by the

interstitial cells.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation

The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the

penis

What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A)

produce and store gametes

What is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)

produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except

producing spermatozoa

After ovulation, the ovary secretes

progesterone

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

progesterone

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries?

responding directly to GnRH

Identify the complex network of channels that is connected to the seminiferous tubules. (Module 26.2A)

rete testis

The ________ is a fleshy pouch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus.

scrotum

The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called

secondary spermatocytes

The male gonad is called a(n)

testis

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except

the release of natriuretic peptides

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters