Bio 122 - Homework - Chapter 12

About how long have wastewater treatment plants been in existence? A. 50 years B. 120 years C. 190 years D. 220 years E. 300 years

B. 120 years Wastewater treatment plants have been around since the late 1800s.

What is represented on the x-axis of this graph? A. The type of survivorship curve B. Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species C. The percentage of surviving individuals, using a normal (non-logarithmic) scale D. The percentage of surviving individuals, using a logarithmic scale

B. Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species

An age pyramid with a broad base that quickly slopes up to a narrow top would be indicative of ________. A. a population with a low survivorship of children B. a population with a high average age C. a developing nation D. an industrialized nation

C. a developing nation

For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span. A. 0.1 B. 0.5 C. 1 D. 10

D. 10

What type of species, if removed from the community, could lead to the collapse of the entire community? A. Flagship species B. Indicator species C. Endemic species D. Keystone species

D. Keystone species

Which organisms play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere? A. Decomposers only. B. Consumers and decomposers, but not producers. C. Consumers only. D. Producers, consumers, and decomposers. E. Producers only.

D. Producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers, consumers, and decomposers all return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during cellular respiration.

Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere? A. Breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules by decomposers B. Photosynthesis only C. Cellular respiration and the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules by decomposers D. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis E. Cellular respiration only

E. Cellular respiration only Cellular respiration results in the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Colombia will have more children than elderly members of the population.

True

What is the largest hierarchical level that global warming affects? A. biosphere B. population C. community D. organism

A. biosphere

Describe two ways (immediate and long term) in which burning a forest leads to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases.

...

How did the fish biologists determine the diet of lionfish in the regions where the lionfish have invaded? A. Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild. B. Divers spent thousands of hours watching lionfish around the coral reefs and simply recorded the types of food that the lionfish ate. C. The fish biologists used many different types of bait to fish for lionfish around coral reefs. The baits that worked best are most likely a part of the lionfish diet. D. Biologists kept lionfish in laboratories and experimented with what types of food these captive lionfish would eat.

A. Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

Which of the following processes can move carbon from the biotic reservoir to the abiotic reservoir? A. Decomposers breaking down dead organisms B. Photosynthesis by plants C. Erosion D. Animals eating plants

A. Decomposers breaking down dead organisms

In species that exhibit a Type II survivorship curve, individuals are no more likely to die at one stage of the life cycle than another. A. Supported B. Not supported C. Cannot be determined from this graph

A. Supported

Aquatic biomes are defined primarily by ________. A. their salinity B. the animals that live there C. the plants that live there D. their temperature

A. their salinity

All living things need nitrogen. How does nitrogen enter the living portion of an ecosystem? A. Elemental nitrogen taken in by plant roots B. Atmospheric N2 taken in by soil bacteria C. Elemental nitrogen taken in by plant leaves D. Atmospheric N2 taken in by photosynthesis

B. Atmospheric N2 taken in by soil bacteria

Greece had more females than males in 2000. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this? A. Females generally have a shorter life span than males. B. More females are born than males, and this difference remains throughout all age groups. C. There should be an equal number of males and females in every age group, so this is likely an error in the 2000 census for Greece. D. Males generally have a shorter life span than females.

D. Males generally have a shorter life span than females.

There have been several mass extinctions in the planet's history, such as the extinction of the dinosaurs, but the current mass extinction is different. Greater numbers of species are now going extinct faster than ever before. Also unique to the current mass extinction is the cause. What is causing the current mass extinction? A. Rising sea levels B. Climate change C. Solar flares D. Man's direct activities

D. Man's direct activities

Based upon what we are learning about the lionfish diet, what is most likely going to happen to Caribbean coral reefs invaded by lionfish? A. Lionfish diets are specific to just a few species of clams. These clams may go extinct in the coral reefs where lionfish have invaded. B. As lionfish stir up the bottom sediments searching for food, the water will be increasingly cloudy. Cloudy water will hurt the growth of algae and corals growing in the reef. C. The alga populations growing on and near the reef will be greatly reduced, increasing the growth of corals. D. There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.

D. There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.

A drought in Ethiopia results in the deaths of thousands of wild goats. What is this an example of? A. an increase in the carrying capacity B. logistic growth C. a density dependent limiting factor D. a density independent limiting factor

D. a density independent limiting factor Density independent factors are generally abiotic and have the same effect on both large and small populations.

Which of the following products of a wastewater treatment facility is often put on farm fields as a fertilizer? A. methane gas B. effluent C. grit D. biosolids E. ammonia

D. biosolids Biosolids are often put on farm fields as a fertilizer because they contain valuable materials plants need.

Most models predict that continued increases in atmospheric CO2 will cause global temperatures to _____ over the next 100 years. A. stabilize at current values B. increase by at least 20 degrees Celsius C. decrease by 2-7 degrees Celsius D. increase by 2-7 degrees Celsius

D. increase by 2-7 degrees Celsius

An ecosystem is a collection of all the ________ in a given area. A. plants and climate B. plants and animals C. abiotic factors D. living and nonliving things

D. living and nonliving things

The buildup of soil on bare rock by the decomposition of early colonizers is characteristic of ________ succession. A. ecological B. opportunistic C. secondary D. primary

D. primary

Phytoplankton is an example of a(n) ________. A. consumer B. herbivore C. decomposer D. producer

D. producer

A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The grass is a ________. A. detritivore B. heterotroph C. consumer D. producer

D. producere

Why are there no large trees in the tundra? A. there is not enough sunlight B. it is too cold C. Herds of herbivores, such as caribou, eat the branches and leaves D. the ground is frozen all year

D. the ground is frozen all year A shallow layer of frozen soil called permafrost prevents tree roots from growing.

"Ecology" is best defined as the study of ________. A. plant succession B. the relationships between parasites and their hosts C. interactions between predator and prey populations D. the interactions between living organisms and their environments

D. the interactions between living organisms and their environments

Interaction: Honeybees (1) pollinate daises (2) while feeding on their nectar and pollen.

Effect of (1): + Effect on (2): + Type of Interaction: mutualism

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Colombia will have more reproductive-age individuals than children.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Greece will have more children than elderly members of the population.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Greece will have more children than reproductive-age individuals.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Colombia will have more elderly than reproductive-age individuals.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Colombia will have more children than reproductive-age individuals.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Greece will have more elderly than reproductive-age individuals.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Assuming the current trend continues, in 30 years Greece will have more reproductive-age individuals than children.

True

Drag the labels from the left to the appropriate locations to complete this table about interspecific interactions. Use pink labels to identify the effect of the interaction on each species. Use blue labels to identify the type of interaction. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. + b. - c. herbivory d. - e. competition f. + g. + h. + i. - j. parasitism k. + l. mutualism m. + n. predation o. - p. - q. competition

Drag the terms from the left to their appropriate locations on the right to complete this concept map about ecosystem processes.

a. energy flow b. chemical cycling c. solar energy d. chemical energy e. producers f. abiotic reservoirs g. trophic levels

Drag the correct labels onto the graph showing two different patterns of population growth. Label the horizontal and vertical axes first.

a. exponential growth b. population size c. time d. carrying capacity e. logistic growth

Food availability decreases as population increases.

density-dependent factor

Policymakers banned the routine use of DDT as an insecticide in the United States, partly because of clear scientific evidence showing that DDT was a threat to wildlife. Today, scientific consensus holds that CO2 released by humanactivities promotes global warming. Why haven't U.S. policymakers banned CO2 pollution? A. CO2 pollution stems from fossil fuel use, a technology that is central to modern economies. Measures to restrict CO2 pollution could entail major economic costs and are strongly opposed by many interests. B. There are a few influential special interests who oppose a ban on CO2, and they have been able to control the policy process. C. The scientists are missing one key piece of evidence: they cannot show that there has been any increase in CO2 concentration in recent decades. D. They have banned CO2 pollution. Global warming results from pollution that has already occurred over the past 200 years.

A. CO2 pollution stems from fossil fuel use, a technology that is central to modern economies. Measures to restrict CO2 pollution could entail major economic costs and are strongly opposed by many interests.

The interior of a car gets hot quickly on a warm sunny day. Solar radiation enters through the windows. It is absorbed by the seats and other materials inside the car. Some of it is radiated as heat. Much of the heat is retained by the windows, which letlight in but don't let heat out as easily. Now apply this analogy to the global atmosphere. What is the role of CO2? A. CO2 acts like the car seats; it absorbs solar radiation and releases it as heat. B. CO2 acts like the car windows; it lets sunlight through, then traps the heat that is radiated by Earth. C. CO2 acts like the solar radiation; when it reacts with other greenhouse gases, it becomes a source of heat energy in the atmosphere. D. CO2 acts like a white-painted roof on the car, reflecting most incoming solar radiation back out into space and keeping Earth cooler.

B. CO2 acts like the car windows; it lets sunlight through, then traps the heat that is radiated by Earth.

Cuttlefish placed in a sandy environment with white rocks will camouflage their skin in a pattern called _______. A. warning coloration camouflage B. disruptive camouflage C. tide-pool camouflage D. universal camouflage

B. disruptive camouflage

Camouflage contributes to the cuttlefish's survival by enabling it to _______. A. warn potential predators that it is poisonous B. hide from predators C. mimic poisonous species D. sneak up on prey

B. hide from predators

The changes to the cuttlefish's skin are related to _______. A. reproductive strategies B. elimination of waste C. camouflage D. feeding behavior

C. camouflage

The population of Greece is expected to _______. A. expand B. stablize C. decline

C. decline

In the presence of a black-and-white striped background, a cuttlefish was observed to _______. A. turn completely black and hide in the black stripe B. turn completely white and hide in the white stripe C. move its arm to match the orientation of the stripes D. exhibit the exact striping pattern of its surroundings

C. move its arm to match the orientation of the stripes

What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem? A. A community and an ecosystem are the same thing in ecology. B. A community includes interacting populations without their surrounding environment, while an ecosystem includes the surrounding environment. C. A community includes interacting populations with their surrounding environment, while an ecosystem does not include the surrounding environment. D. A community includes abiotic factors, while an ecosystem does not.

B. A community includes interacting populations without their surrounding environment, while an ecosystem includes the surrounding environment.

Which of the following is not an example of an abiotic factor? A. Nutrients B. Bacteria C. Energy D. Temperature

B. Bacteria

How does an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases increase global temperatures? A. By reacting with each other B. By preventing some of the heat from escaping the planet's surface C. By increasing the amount of heat from the sun that reaches the planet's surface D. By decreasing the ozone layer in the atmosphere

B. By preventing some of the heat from escaping the planet's surface

Which theorem states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist? A. Resource partitioning principle B. Competitive exclusion principle C. Complex community network principle D. Dominance species principle

B. Competitive exclusion principle

Which of the following diseases has been all but eliminated from the United States because of wastewater treatment plants? A. West Nile virus B. cholera C. malaria D. yellow fever E. lyme disease

B. cholera Cholera is a waterborne disease. It has been virtually eliminated in the United States because of the advent of wastewater treatment facilities.

Where does settling of solids occur at a wastewater treatment facility? A. aeration basin B. clarifier C. bar screen D. injection well E. aquifer

B. clarifier A clarifier is a large settling tank. This is where settling of solids occurs at a wastewater treatment facility.

A scientist is studying how sea slugs respond to predators. Which hierarchical level of ecology does this represent? A. organism B. community C. biosphere D. population

B. community

A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The wolf is a(n) ________. A. detritivore B. consumer C. producer D. autotroph

B. consumer

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. Answer the following question regarding these creatures' relationships. The bird-rhino relationship is an example of... A. parasitism B. mutualism C. commensalism D. predator-prey

B. mutualism

Which hierarchical level is represented by a survey of students and their habits? A. biosphere B. population C. community D. organism

B. population

An organism gets carbon by using carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make sugar molecules. This organism is a... A. decomposer. B. producer. C. primary consumer. D. higher-level consumer. E. None of the above

B. producer. During photosynthesis, producers use carbon dioxide to make sugar molecules.

All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem? A. Elemental carbon taken in by plant roots B. Atmospheric CO2 taken in by soil bacteria C. Atmospheric CO2 taken in by photosynthesis D. Elemental carbon taken in by plant leaves

C. Atmospheric CO2 taken in by photosynthesis

Which best describes how the atmosphere's CO2 content was regulated before the Industrial Revolution? A. Inputs of CO2 to the atmosphere resulted from cellular respiration and widespread use of fossil fuels. These inputs were much greater than the uptake of CO2 by producers. B. CO2 was taken up by organisms for use in cellular respiration; a similar amount of CO2 was released by plants and other producers. C. CO2 was released by organisms as a by-product of cellular respiration; a similar amount of CO2 was absorbed by plants and other producers. D. CO2 was released by organisms as a by-product of cellular respiration; photosynthesis contributed additional CO2 to the atmosphere.

C. CO2 was released by organisms as a by-product of cellular respiration; a similar amount of CO2 was absorbed by plants and other producers.

According to this graph, species that exhibit a Type III curve typically produce large numbers of offspring. A. Supported B. Not supported C. Cannot be determined from this graph

C. Cannot be determined from this graph

Interaction: Caterpillars (1) eat passionflower leaves (2)

Effect of (1): + Effect on (2): - Type of Interaction: herbivory

Which of the following is true around the world? A. Flora and fauna are more homogenous now than in the past. B. Flora are less homogenous now than in the past while fauna are more homogenous. C. Flora are more homogenous now than in the past while fauna are less homogenous. D. Flora and fauna are less homogenous now than in the past.

A. Flora and fauna are more homogenous now than in the past.

Why is an estuary considered an intermediate biome? A. It is the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater biomes. B. It will seasonally dry up and cease to be a biome. C. It is intermediate in size, smaller than the largest biomes but larger than the smallest biomes. D. It is only a biome during high tide.

A. It is the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater biomes.

Why is photosynthesis limited to surface water in marine ecosystems? A. Visible light cannot penetrate deeply into the ocean, even when the water is clear. B. The temperature is too cold in deep oceans for plants to grow. C. Volcanic gases can seep through the ocean floor through cracks called "hydrothermal vents," which makes life impossible in the deep ocean. D. Inorganic nutrients that plants need to grow are found mostly near the surface.

A. Visible light cannot penetrate deeply into the ocean, even when the water is clear. Most sunlight is absorbed within 10 meters below the surface and almost no light reaches below 150 meters.

The population of Colombia is currently _______. A. expanding B. stable C. declining

A. expanding

What can you predict about a population if the age structure chart is shaped like a rectangle? A. This population has experienced a bottleneck B. This population has a "0" growth rate. C. This population has a low birth rate and high survivorship. D. This population has a high birth rate and a low survivorship.

B. This population has a "0" growth rate. As elderly individuals in the population die, they are replaced by an equal number of births; the result is a population with a stable size.

Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages? A. The range of the actual ages would be too large to fit on the graph. B. This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph. C. Researchers don't know the maximum life span of the organisms. D. For any graph, the x-axis and y-axis must use the same units.

B. This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.

Of the biomes listed, which is best adapted to seasonal fires? A. Tundra B. Broadleaf forests C. Chaparral D. Coniferous forests

C. Chaparral

Why do we classify lionfish populations near the eastern United States as an invasive species? What suggests that these new populations are not an expansion of the lionfish's natural range? A. Lionfish eat only a few specific types of algae that live in isolated regions of the Pacific. If lionfish spread much beyond their native Pacific home, they would have nothing to eat. B. Lionfish are native to cold waters near the tip of South America. They could not survive in the warmer waters between their native areas and the colder waters of the east coast of the United States. So, it is very unlikely that these South American populations naturally spread north. C. Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. D. Lionfish are not good swimmers and have no other mechanisms to spread their populations over great distances.

C. Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

All ecosystems need energy. What is the originating source for most of the energy that powers ecosystems on this planet? A. Geothermal energy B. Wind energy C. Solar energy D. Potential energy

C. Solar energy

Every carbon atom in the organic molecules that make up your body MUST recently have been part of... A. a decomposer. B. a higher-level consumer. C. a producer. D. a primary consumer. E. a sugar molecule made in one of your chloroplasts.

C. a producer. You are a consumer, and all your carbon comes ultimately from plants and other producers.

You accidentally flush your cell phone. Where will it most likely be found at a wastewater treatment facility? A. aquifer B. aeration basin C. grit chamber D. clarifier E. bar screen

E. bar screens Bar screens are designed to remove large items from waste water as it enters the plant. This is the most likely place your cell phone will be found.

TRUE OF FALSE: Robert Paine studied sea stars in the intertidal zone along the northern Pacific coast. When he removed sea stars from a study area, their prey, two mussel species, increased exponentially. This crowded out other species, and the overall biodiversity of the community was greatly reduced. The sea star is a keystone species in this community.

True Robert Paine actually coined the term "keystone species" to describe the effect that the sea stars had on biodiversity in this community. Since his work, researchers have identified keystone species in many other communities.

Predation becomes more intense as population size increases.

density-dependent factor

In the case of DDT, some researchers and industry leaders were concerned that chemicals other than (or in addition to) DDT could be causing egg shell thinning. Blus and his colleagues also looked for a relationship between egg shell thinning and DDE (a breakdown product of DDT), PCBs, dieldrin, and mercury. This is an example of how scientists can simultaneously test multiple predictions and/or hypotheses. Blus and his team analyzed their data using regressions. A regression is used to compare two continuous variables, for example, a person's height vs. foot length. In a regression, the slope measures how much the y value changes as a function of the x value. In this study, if the slope is very steep, that means that a small amount of chemical is causing a great change in egg shell thickness. The graph shows an adaptation of Blus's results. Notice that next to each line in the graph is a p-value. A p-value is a statistical measure of how likely it is that a relationship is due to random chance. For example, a p-value of 0.05 means that there is a probability of 0.05 (5%) that the results could be due to random chance. If there is a greater than 5% chance the results are due to chance, you cannot trust that a relationship between the variables really exists. In other words, even if you see a dramatic slope, if the p-value is greater than 0.05, you must treat the result as non-significant and conclude that there is not a relationship between the variables. Rank the chemicals according to how much they influence egg shell thickness.

1. DDT 2. dieldrin 3. mercury 4. PCBs 5. DDr

Imagine that you are walking along a gravel road in Indiana in springtime. The trees are starting to bloom, and you can hear the sound of a distant tractor. But something is missing. You used to hear warblers, blue birds, and cardinals this time of year, but now it is eerily silent. In the mid-1950s, many people in the United States experienced this silent spring and noticed fewer birds and insects around farms. One of those people was author and scientist Rachel Carson. She recognized a general decline in the biodiversity of agriculture-associated ecosystems. She reasoned that agricultural pesticides might have something to do with it. After making these observations, Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring, which suggested that one unintended side effect of agricultural pesticide use was a decline in bird populations. Her book led to further research into a connection between the chemical DDT, which was commonly found in pesticides at that time, and bird population declines. While Rachel Carson was writing Silent Spring, a picture of how DDT influences bird populations was emerging. Scientists hypothesized that DDT was causing the observed decline in fish-eating bird populations. The assumptions and connections underlying this hypothesis were complex. In this activity, you will reconstruct those connections.

1. Farmers use DDT on their crops to kill insect pests. 2. DDT enters nearby waterways via runoff. 3. Small aquatic invertebrates absorb the DDT. 4. Fish eat the DDT-contaminated invertebrates 5. Birds eat the DDT-contaminated fish. 6. Birds with DDT in their bodies lay eggs with DDT and weak shells. 7. Few baby birds hatch, and the population declines.

Controlling which of the following from early on would have benefitted the birds of Guam? A. brown tree snake B. willow flycatcher C. Zika virus D. lamprey

A. brown tree snake

Based upon what we are learning about invasive lionfish populations in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, these lionfish populations __________. A. cannot be eliminated by any means currently known B. can be controlled by introducing a new lionfish predator from the region where lionfish naturally occur C. can be eliminated by holding regular lionfish derbies encouraging people to catch as many lionfish as possible D. can be eliminated by setting traps widely in these regions

A. cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

Of the following human activities, which has contributed the most to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? A. power plants B. transportation C. forestry D. agriculture

A. power plants Power plants account for 26% of the human-generated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Of all the human activities that contribute to atmospheric carbon dioxide, power plants generate the most.

TRUE OR FALSE: Global warming is causing a rise in sea level.

True As the temperature of the oceans increase, the water expands in volume, increasing sea levels.

For species with a Type III curve, most individuals reach the maximum life span. A. Supported B. Not supported C. Cannot be determined from this graph

B. Not supported

According to the biogeochemical cycle shown below, which of the following processes can move carbon from the abiotic reservoir to the biotic reservoir? A. Animals eating plants B. Photosynthesis by plants C. Decomposers breaking down dead organisms D. Erupting volcanoes

B. Photosynthesis by plants

Which of the following options lists the ecological hierarchy in the correct order, from largest to smallest? A. ecosystem; biosphere; community; population; organism B. biosphere; ecosystem; community; population; organism C. biosphere; ecosystem; population; community; organism D. organism; population; community; ecosystem; biosphere

B. biosphere; ecosystem; community; population; organism

What does the Kanapaha Wastewater Treatment Facility use to disinfect the treated water? A. X-rays B. chlorine C. acetic acid D. ultraviolet radiation E. iodine

B. chlorine The Kanapaha Wastewater Treatment Facility uses chlorine to disinfect the treated water.

Before it was banned in the United States in 1972, the pesticide DDT was used to treat wetlands where mosquitos breed. There, algae would accumulate DDT in their tissues. Small aquatic animals such as mayfly nymphs would eat the algae. Fish would eat the mayfly nymphs and osprey would eat the fish. Which tropic level would have the highest DDT levels? A. primary consumers B. tertiary consumers C. primary producers D. secondary consumers

B. tertiary consumers This is an example of biomagnification. The DDT concentration increases exponentially with every trophic level. As the tertiary consumers, osprey are at the highest trophic level in this community and they have the highest DDT concentrations in their tissues.

What characteristics of lionfish contribute to their ability to spread and become established in new areas? A. Lionfish are specialists, consuming just a few types of shrimp, which are widespread in the Caribbean. B. Lionfish typically migrate in large schools to other reefs, where they breed together producing giant egg masses, which cling to the bottom of the coral reef. C. A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations. D. Lionfish are very good at avoiding predators by hiding in small cracks. Their color is also an excellent form of camouflage. So, lionfish can spread to new locations without being detected.

C. A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.

Which of the following is most likely to suffer the most from invasive species? A. A species found throughout the contiguous United States. B. A species found in the Great Lakes. C. A species found only on the island of Hawaii. D. A species found in Alaska.

C. A species found only on the island of Hawaii.

Which of the following invasive species is most likely to be deemed harmful by all scientists? A. Eucalyptus tree in California. B. Beavers in Britain. C. Chestnut blight in the United States. D. Tamarisk trees in Arizona

C. Chestnut blight in the United States.

What are the main causes of biodiversity loss? A. Habitat destruction, invasive species, and climate change B. Invasive species, pollution, and climate change C. Habitat destruction, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change D. Habitat destruction, overharvesting, and invasive species

C. Habitat destruction, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change

Which question was raised but not answered in the video? A. Why does the cuttlefish change its skin pattern? B. Is the cuttlefish able to grow a protective shell? C. How do cuttlefish camouflage themselves even though they are colorblind? D. What happens when a cuttlefish is placed in an unnatural environment?

C. How do cuttlefish camouflage themselves even though they are colorblind?

Which of the following is true? A. A species that is endangered in its natural habitat must be eradicated from areas where it is considered a pest. B. It is not possible for a species to be endangered in its natural habitat and considered a pest in another habitat. C. It is possible for a species to be endangered in its natural habitat and considered a pest in another habitat. D. If a species is endangered, it cannot be found outside of its natural habitat

C. It is possible for a species to be endangered in its natural habitat and considered a pest in another habitat.

At 50% of maximum life span, how does survivorship for a Type I curve compare to survivorship for a Type III curve? A. Survivorship for a Type I curve is 100 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. B. Survivorship is equal for the two curves. C. Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. D. Survivorship for a Type I curve is twice as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

C. Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

The study of the interaction of organisms with each other and their environment involves non-living factors, also called _________________, and living factors, which are referred to as __________________. A. biotic components; abiotic components B. the biosphere; communities C. abiotic components; biotic components D. the ecosystem; organisms

C. abiotic components; biotic components

Today's atmospheric CO2 concentration is _____. A. about the same as it was before 1850 B. about 35% lower than it was before 1850 C. about 35% higher than it was before 1850 D. nearly 10 times higher than it was before 1850

C. about 35% higher than it was before 1850

The distribution of terrestrial biomes on Earth depends mostly on ________. A. rainfall B. temperature C. both temperature and rainfall D. neither temperature nor rainfall; it depends on latitude and longitude

C. both temperature and rainfall

In a program called Nature's Notebook, citizen volunteers make and report observations about seasonal changes in plants and animals from year to year—such as flowering, emergence of insects, and migration of birds. This program is an example of __________. A. environmentalism B. hypothesis-driven science C. discovery science D. pseudoscience

C. discovery science The discovery approach to ecology involves making verifiable observations of organisms within their environments. Even though it involves citizen volunteers, the Nature's Notebook program fits the definition of discovery science.

A community in ecology is defined as ________. A. a group of organisms, all from the same species, and their surrounding environment B. organisms from multiple species interacting in the same place, and their surrounding environment C. organisms from multiple species interacting in the same place D. the global ecosystem

C. organisms from multiple species interacting in the same place

The responsible management (use and conservation) of the earth's resources indefinitely is called ________. A. landscape ecology B. the maximum sustainable yield C. sustainable development D. an environmental conservation trust

C. sustainable development

Imagine following a single carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a possible path for the carbon atom to take? A. The atmosphere; a plant; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere. B. The atmosphere; a decomposer; then back to the atmosphere. C. The atmosphere; a plant; an herbivore; another plant; then back to the atmosphere. D. The atmosphere; a decomposer; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere. E. The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere

E. The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere Carbon moves from the atmosphere into a producer (such as a plant), up the food chain, and then back to the atmosphere during cellular respiration.

Interaction: Unicellular algae (1) live inside cells of corals (2)

Effect of (1): + Effect on (2): + Type of Interaction: mutualism

Interaction: Fleas (1) feed on the blood of cats (2)

Effect of (1): + Effect on (2): - Type of Interaction: parasitism

Interaction: Black rat snakes (1) eat rats (2)

Effect of (1): + Effect on (2): - Type of Interaction: predation

Interaction: House sparrows (1) house finches (2) require similar food and nest sites

Effect of (1): - Effect on (2): - Type of Interaction: competition

Interaction: Weeds (1) grow among tomato plants (2)

Effect of (1): - Effect on (2): - Type of Interaction: competition

Based on the hypothesis that DDT was causing a decline in fish-eating bird populations in the United States, a group of scientists predicted that the amount of DDT in bird eggs was correlated with the thickness of the egg shells. For their experiment, they planned to visit a number of fish-eating bird populations and take 1 egg from 70 nests. In the laboratory, they would open the eggs to measure the concentration of chemicals such as DDT. They would also measure the thickness of the egg shells. The researchers had to decide which species of birds they would use in their study. Choosing the proper study organisms is very important because the species must be appropriate for the experiment, and practical to work with. Imagine that it is 1960, and the scientists have asked you to help them select the species of bird for use in their research. They have narrowed their options down to 6 species. Drag a check mark to species that would be good to use in the study; there may be more than one. Drag an X to species that would not be good for the study.

Osprey Brown Pelican Osprey and brown pelicans were both good candidates for testing the prediction that DDT in eggs was correlated with egg shell thickness. These species were not endangered, and they ate fish that could be contaminated with DDT from agriculture. Furthermore, these species were available within the United States, so they would be easier and less costly to work with. A team of researchers led by Lawrence Blus chose to use brown pelicans to test their prediction. They took 1 egg from 70 different brown pelican nests in California, South Carolina, and Florida. Then they compared the chemical composition of the eggs to the egg shell thickness.

TRUE OR FALSE: In an ecological pyramid, there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers.

True Each time chemical energy is passed from one trophic level to another, most of the energy is lost as heat. This means that each level of trophic structure can support fewer organisms than the last.

TRUE OR FALSE: Savannah is a biome that is home to large herds of migratory herbivores.

True Freshwater biomes are a valuable resource, not just for the species they support but also because we depend on them for clean drinking water, irrigation, and flood control.

TRUE OR FALSE: In 1963, there were only a few hundred bald eagle pairs in the lower 48 states. Today, there are over 10,000 breeding pairs and the bald eagle has been removed from the Endangered and Threatened Species lists.

True According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the two main factors that led to the recovery of bald eagle populations were the banning of the pesticide DDT and habitat protection afforded by the Endangered Species Act. The bald eagle was removed from these lists in 2007.

Space limitations cause birth rate to decline as population size increases.

density-dependent factor

An oil spill's effect on population does not depend on population size.

density-independent factor