Bio 131 Midterm

Which of the following countries have not ratified the Paris Agreement? Saudi Arabia France Brazil China The United States India Japan Turkey

The United States

Plant cells have cell walls

The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. The cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

Leaves

The main photosynthetic organs of vascular plants. Leaves absorb light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend the plant from herbivores and pathogens

species diversity

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community. (Mammals vs reptiles, birds vs fish, different types of fishes, different types of plants)

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again Carbon, C, is stored and recycled in many different locations in the biosphere.

function of stems

The primary function of the stem is to elongate and orient the shoot to maximize photosynthesis

What is the purpose of prop roots? They help support and anchor the plant. They help transport oxygen in flooded conditions. They are the primary storage for sugars and starches. They pull the plant underground.

They help support and anchor the plant.

Emerald Ash Borer

Transported by firewood shipments. Native to Asia. Bright Green and feeds on Ash.

Types of Biomes

Tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, desert, tundra, chaparral, savanna

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms are both groups of vascular, seed-producing plants. True False

True

Paper, cotton, and linen are all primarily composed of cellulose. True False

True

There is scientific consensus on climate change True False

True

So why diversity important?

Variation within a species creates stability and increases the likelihood that a species can adapt to changing environmental pressures and sustain its survival. Individual species play critical role in our environment. For example, pollinators pollinate flowering plants.

Distinguishing Dutch Elm Disease

Vascular blockage creates characteristic, brown banding in sapwood

Eruptions and fires

Volcanic eruptions can release CO2 via melting of sedimentary rock and forest fires can also release CO2 back to the atmosphere

light-dependent reactions

Water is split to create protons Proton gradient used to generate ATP ATP is the energy currency of life Light energy takes electrons from water, used to make NADPH NADPH is one of the primary electron sources for oxidation-reduction chemistry

Why does CO2 fluctuate with time of year?

[CO2] climbs during the winter Plants dormant, photosynthesis low Respiration from decomposition generates CO2 [CO2] drops during the summer Photosynthesis levels high The Earth is "breathing" through photosynthesis and respiration with summer/winter.

Biomes

a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. The three components of any biome will include: 1. Climate 2. Flora (Plants) 3. Fauna (Animals, insects, etc)

Dutch Elm Disease

a fungal disease of elm trees that is spread by elm bark beetles

What is a species?

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. Biospecies - reproductive isolation Ecospecies - ecological niche Evolutionary species - based on lineage Genetic species - based on gene pool Morphospecies - based on phenotype (physical characteristics) Taxonomic species - determined by taxonomist

Miasma

a highly unpleasant or unhealthy smell or vapor Diseases such as cholera, chlamydia, and malaria caused by miasma (meaning "pollution" in Greek) Miasma originates from rotting vegetation, soil, and foul water. Also called night air. led to lower incidence of malaria.

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. made me and individual

Paris Agreement

an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020. Global stocktake (2023 and every 5 years after) to assess how well we are meeting goals.

Levels of ecological organization

biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, organism

Modified Leaves

bud scales, spines, petal-like, tendrils, fleshy, succulent

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes makes two of the same thing

General Circulation Models

complex mathematical models that use supercomputers to analyze and make quantitative predictions of future climate change

Ploidy

counting chromosomes Haploid (N) Diploid (2N)

Overexploitation

excessive use of species that have economic value Human harvesting of organisms at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound Examples: deforestation, pet trade/zoos, fishing industry, & hunting and poaching

Angiosperms

flowering plants Sporophyte dominant Has vascular tissue Most modern crop plants

Auxiliary hypotheses

general health and immune functioning acquired immunity (vaccination or previous infection) genetic immunity or resistance

types of biodiversity

genetic, species, ecological

Nucleus

information center of the cell contains most of the cell's genetic information In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called chromosomes Nucleus is usually the most conspicuous organelle

cap and trade system

market-based pollution control system in which the government sets an overall limit on how much of a pollutant is acceptable and issues vouchers to pollute to each company, which companies are then free to trade

thorns

modified stems have vascular tissue.

Ribosomes

protein factoriesmake proteins inside the cell at two locations: In the cytosol (called free ribosomes) On the outside of the organelle called endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (called bound ribosomes)

Ferns

seedless vascular plants Sporophyte Dominant Phase

Invasibility

the susceptibility of an area to invasion Areas with low invasibility have: High diversity High levels of competition and herbivore pressure Areas with high invasibility have: Fragmented landscapes Invasives already present Environmental variability

Germ theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes If microorganisms cause disease, should be present in diseased individuals and absent in healthy individuals.

Tuber

the thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage Ex: Potatoes

genetic diversity

the variety of genes within a given species (Different cultivars of plants, different types of house cats/dogs)

ecological diversity

the variety within an ecosystem's structure, including many communities, habitats, niches, and trophic levels Different types of habitats, communities (forests, grasslands, deserts, lakes, oceans)

proxy indicators

types of indirect evidence that serve as peroxies or substitutes for direct measurements and that shed light on past climate Ice cores Sediment Cores Tree Rings Coral reefs

Prokaryotes

unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus DNA is packed in a single chromosome No membrane bound organelles There is no nucleus inside the cell

Climate vs. Weather

weather is short term, climate is a region's average weather over a long period of time

Pneumatophores

"Cypress knees"

Climate Action Now Act

"Requires the President to develop and update annually a plan for the United States to meet its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement on climate change." House of Representatives: Passed Senate: On calendar (dead)

Ocean Processes

- ocean mixing (tropics and polar waters via ocean currents) and mixing of deep and shallow waters (upwelling/downwelling) impacts the carbon pools and processes

What makes a species invasive?

-No predators in new environment -Rapid evolution -Novel weapons Special traits: high growth rates, reproduction, etc.

Modified Stems

1) Rhizome- Horizontal underground stem 2) Tuber- Thickened end of rhizome 3) Bulb- Shortened, fattened underground stem with overlapping leaves 4) Thorn - Sharp stem with no leaves 5) Stolon- Horizontal above-ground stems growing along surface, making new plants

modified roots

1) Storage roots Store sugars and starches 2) Pneumatophores carry air to underground parts 3) Epiphyte roots Anchor roots of epiphyte plants on host stems 4) Contractile roots Help to pull bulb underground 5) Prop roots serve as support develop from stem above ground

impact of invasive species

1. Ecological Decrease fitness, abundance, and growth of native species Direct predation Changes in ecological function 2. Economic Forestry, agriculture, tourism >$137 billion for the US annually 3. Social Health concerns (spread of Lyme disease) Aesthetics

What happens when a species is introduced?

1. Some are introduced and find the environment inhospitable and simply die out (extinction) 2. Some survive and simply join the native biota with no measurable harm (naturalized) 3. Some become invasive when they find the environment hospitable

Why are foreign species introduced?

100 years ago, species introductions were celebrated To "enrich" the flora and fauna (i.e. starlings) To establish an industry (i.e. ornamental plants) As agents of bio-control Accidentally (i.e. zebra mussels) Introduced species now make up 10-30% of all species in the USA

conserving energy

2. Recycling of matter Diversity is required for the acquisition and recycling of energy for the system to work Photosynthesis: O2 produced Respiration: O2 released

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Food Webs

A complex diagram representing the many energy pathways in an ecosystem

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Taxonomic Classification

A hierarchical system where groups are classified according to their similarities Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Individual

invasive species

A nonnative organism (e.g. plant, animal, or microbe) that adversely economically, ecologically , or socially affect the habitats they invade

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits (naked seeds) Examples include conifers, cycads, Ginko, and gnetophytes

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells controls passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste in every living cell

storage root

A specialized type of root which store large quantities of carbohydrates and water Carrot, Beet

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms Ex: Cotton

tendrils

A twisting, threadlike structure that grabs supporting structure

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. (specific to general) Observation: Darwin observes natural variation, such as the beak size of finches Hypothesis: Darwin hypothesizes that environmental pressures naturally select for variation in beak size, leading to theory of evolution.

What is likely to be a difference between a tropical rainforest biome and a desert biome? A. The precipitation levels B. The plant species that grow there. C. The animal species that live there. D. The soil type that is present.

A, B, C, AND D

What are examples of pressures that are likely to lead to significant levels of extinction? A. Invasive species B. Habitat loss C. Overexploitation D. Climate change E. Embarrassing memories from middle school

A, B, C, D

What is a species? A. A group of organisms capable of reproducing with one another. B. A group of organisms with similar genetic information. C. A group of organisms with similar physical characteristics. D. Whatever taxonomists say is a species.

A, B, C, D

Brassica oleracea includes which of the following vegetables? A. Broccoli B. Cauliflower C. Cabbage D. Spinach E. Kale F. Carrots G. Kohlrabi H. Collared Greens

A, B, C, E, G, H

What are Milankovitch cycles? A. Changes in the eccentricity (circularity of Earth's orbit), axial tilt, and precession (essentially distance to the sun in a given Earth season) which influence temperature. B. A kind of excitation state in chemical bonds that can create isotopes. C. Population cycles described by a shortage of resources reducing the population, which results in an abundance of resources for the remaining population, thereby creating population growth until the next resource shortage event. D. Mechanical processes used in the refinement of oil. E. A protocol for removing ice cores from the Antarctic.

A. Changes in the eccentricity (circularity of Earth's orbit), axial tilt, and precession (essentially distance to the sun in a given Earth season) which influence temperature.

Which of the following is a proxy indicator for climate change? A. Ice cores B. Prop roots C. Pneumatophores D. Rhizomes E. Igneous rock

A. Ice cores

Which of the following is present in bacteria, archaea, plant, and animal cells? A. Plasma membrane B. Cell walls C. Vacuoles D. Nucleus E. Chloroplast

A. Plasma membrane

Which of the following is a modified stem? A. Thorn B. Prickle C. Spine D. Tendril E. Pneumatophore

A. Thorn

What is a potato? A. A modified stem. Specifically, the thickened end of a rhizome. B. A modified root. Specifically, a storage root. C. A modified leaf. Specifically, a fleshy leaf. D. A modified flower. Specifically, a flower lacking petals, pistil, and stamen.

A. A modified stem. Specifically, the thickened end of a rhizome.

What observations indicate that the climate is changing? A. All other options B. The global annual average temperature is increasing C. The Arctic area covered by ice is shrinking D. The sea level is rising

A. All other options

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between bryophytes and ferns? A. Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue containing lignin, while ferns do. B. Bryophytes contain chlorophyll a, while ferns contain only chlorophyll C. Bryophytes reproduce with seeds, while ferns reproduce by spores. D. Bryophytes first appeared in the Carboniferous period, while ferns appeared earlier, in the Devonian period.

A. Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue containing lignin, while ferns do.

What is a function of the cell membrane? A. Controls the flow of water, ions, and more complex molecules into and out of the cell. B. Produces carbohydrates through photosynthesis. C. Digests complex cells, breaking them down into more fundamental components to be repurposed into new compounds. D. Uses information provided by DNA to create protein complexes. E. Produces energy and carbon dioxide by breaking down carbohydrates through respiration.

A. Controls the flow of water, ions, and more complex molecules into and out of the cell.

How can you determine Dutch Elm Disease (DED) from other Elm diseases? A. DED created characteristic brown banding in sapwood. B.DED only affects European elm varieties. C. DED symptoms only appear during winter, while other diseases are usually seen in spring or summer. D. DED only occurs in the Netherlands.

A. DED created characteristic brown banding in sapwood.

Plants are... A. Eukaryotes B. Omnyotes C. Phytotes D. Prokaryotes

A. Eukaryotes

What is miasma? A. Foul smelling air, such as from rotting vegetation or sewage water that was believed to cause disease. B. A viscous, radioactive fluid. C. The primary villain in the next Avengers movie. D. The semifluid liquid that fills the cells of all living things.

A. Foul smelling air, such as from rotting vegetation or sewage water that was believed to cause disease.

What is an example of a controlling species? A. Grey wolves, which kept grazing populations down, reducing erosion. B. Bees, which are known to boss other bees around. C. Ants, which defunded their arts programs in favor of engineering. D. Flamingos, which kick any birds trying to stand on both legs at the same time.

A. Grey wolves, which kept grazing populations down, reducing erosion.

What is the biggest driver of loss of biodiversity and extinction? A. Habitat loss B. Invasive species C. Climate change D. Over-exploitation

A. Habitat loss

How do models support the role of humans in climate change? A. If we only input natural forces into the model, it does not predict the observed warming. B. Natural forces result in too much warming - the human contribution is needed to lower to match observed warming. C. They don't. The models are inaccurate, so climate scientists try to ignore them.

A. If we only input natural forces into the model, it does not predict the observed warming.

Climate change is a politicized topic in the United States. Which of the following statements on climate sentiment based on political affiliation is true (according to the CBS News Poll results presented in class)? A. In general, those who identify as Republican are less likely to believe that climate change is caused by humans or that there is scientific consensus on the issue than those who identify as Democrats or Independents. B. In general, those who identify as Democrats are less likely to believe that climate change is caused by humans or that there is scientific consensus on the issue than those who identify as Republicans or Independents. C. Greater than 20% of the population believe that climate change is not happening at all. D. Most people (greater than 50%) do not believe that climate change is a serious issue.

A. In general, those who identify as Republican are less likely to believe that climate change is caused by humans or that there is scientific consensus on the issue than those who identify as Democrats or Independents.

How was multiflora rose introduced to the US? A. Intentionally as a "living fence" to contain livestock. B. The date and means of invasion are unknown. C. Accidentally, probably on a cargo freighter. D. Intentionally as an economically important source of pulp for paper.

A. Intentionally as a "living fence" to contain livestock.

What are the two largest sources of anthropogenic (man-made) carbon? A. Land-use changes B. Livestock C. Fertilizers D. Campfires and bonfires E. Burning fossil fuels

A. Land use changes , E. Burning fossil fuels

Which of the following are present in all cellular life? Select all correct responses. A. Ribosomes B. Cytosol C. Mitochondria D. Chromosome(s) E. Chloroplasts F. Cell wall G. Vacuoles H. Organelles I. Plasma membrane

A. Ribosomes B. Cytosol D. Chromosome(s) I. Plasma membrane

What is the primary difference between an ecosystem and a biome? A. Scale - biomes are much larger and generally contain several different ecosystems B. There is no difference. C. Biomes consider abiotic and biotic factors. Ecosystems only consider biotic factors. D. Biomes only consider abiotic factors like climate. Ecosystems consider both abiotic and biotic factors.

A. Scale - biomes are much larger and generally contain several different ecosystems

What is a difference between roots and stems? A. Stems have lenticels, roots do not. B. Stems are located above ground, and roots are located below ground. C. Stems photosynthesize, and roots do not. D. Roots transport water, and stems do not.,

A. Stems have lenticels, roots do not.

What are some effects predicted due to climate change? A. The sea level will rise B. The global annual surface temperature will increase C. The area covered by ice in the Arctic will shrink. D. The pH of the ocean will decrease.

A. The sea level will rise B. The global annual surface temperature will increase C. The area covered by ice in the Arctic will shrink. D. The pH of the ocean will decrease.

What do pneumatophores do? A. They provide oxygen to roots in saturated conditions. B. They perform most of the photosynthesis in plants. C. They pump oils throughout the plant. D. Their large barbs defend the plant from herbivores like deer.

A. They provide oxygen to roots in saturated conditions.

What will happen to global ocean food production due to climate change? A. We aren't certain. It is believed that it will decrease, but the confidence is low. B. All of the fish will die and there will be no food from the ocean by 2100. C. Fish will breed more frequently due to increased temperatures, resulting in much higher production.

A. We aren't certain. It is believed that it will decrease, but the confidence is low.

roots

Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground. Stores carbohydrates primary root (or taproot) is the first root to emerge The primary root branches to form lateral roots (or branch roots), which improve anchorage and water absorption

Issues with scientific method

Affirming the consequent fallacy - false hypotheses can make true predictions Auxiliary hypotheses - assumptions (known or unknown) that, if incorrect, appear to invalidate true hypotheses No single method used

Population

All of the individuals of one species that live in an area at a particular time.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment predation, competition

Photosynthesis

Allows carbon dioxide and water to react in chloroplasts of plants and photosynthetic organisms to get fixed into carbohydrates. Largest process that sequesters (fixes/stores) CO2 from the atmosphere 6CO2 + 6H2O ------>C6H12O6 + 6O2

Olive oil production leaves leftover olive pulp. What is this "waste" product used to create? Olive-colored crayons. Animal feed. Fertilizer. Sculpting material similar to clay.

Animal feed. and Fertilizer.

Which of the following indicators of climate change have been observed? A. A growing hole in the ozone B. A long-term trend of Arctic ice area shrinking C. Decreased atmospheric CO2 levels compared to 1850 D. A particularly cold winter in 2017 in Ohio

B. A long-term trend of Arctic ice area shrinking

Plants are... A. Prokaryotes B. Eukaryotes C. Phytotes D. Archaea E. Fungi

B. Eukaryotes

What is the main site of evaporation on the plant? A. Roots B. Leaves C. Stems D. Flowers E. Fruits

B. Leaves

What is a difference between plant cells and animal cells? A. Plant cells contain a nucleus. Animal cells do not. B. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. Animal cells do not. C. Animal cells contain mitochondria. Plant cells do not. D. Animal cells are much larger than plant cells E. Animal cells contain cell walls. Plant cells do not.

B. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. Animal cells do not.

What process removes CO2 from the atmosphere? A. Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Combustion D. Pyrolysis E. Transcription

B. Respiration

Which of the following is true of chromosomes? A. They perform photosynthesis. B. The contain DNA. C. They perform respiration. D. Cell membranes are made of chromosomes. E. They are not found in bacteria.

B. The contain DNA.

Light energy is used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to create what chemical products? A. Nitrate and Ammonia B. ATP and NADPH C. FADH D. Sugars

B. ATP and NADPH

How do we infer what the climate was like in the past? A. Consult Psychics for $19.99/hr. B. Analyze tree rings C. Analyze ice cores D. Analyze terrestrial and ocean sediments

B. Analyze tree rings C. Analyze ice cores D. Analyze terrestrial and ocean sediments

The average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has increased from about 350 ppm in 1995 to over 400 ppm today. What is the main source of this increase? A. Respiration from oceanic organisms B. Anthropogenic sources (primarily burning fossil fuels and land-use sources) C. Decaying organisms D. Microbial respiration E. Respiration from plants

B. Anthropogenic sources (primarily burning fossil fuels and land-use sources)

Which land plant group is the "oldest"? A. Algae B. Bryophytes C. Angiosperms D. Ferns E. Gymnosperms

B. Bryophytes

What are Milankovitch cycles? A. Population cycles described by a shortage of resources reducing the population, which results in an abundance of resources for the remaining population, thereby creating population growth until the next resource shortage event. B. Changes in the eccentricity (circularity of Earth's orbit), axial tilt, and precession (essentially distance to the sun in a given Earth season) which influence temperature. C. Mechanical processes used in the refinement of oil. D. A kind of excitation state in chemical bonds that can create isotopes.

B. Changes in the eccentricity (circularity of Earth's orbit), axial tilt, and precession (essentially distance to the sun in a given Earth season) which influence temperature.

What is radiative forcing? A. The influence on Earth's climate due to changes in the orbit and orientation of the Earth relative to the sun. B. Changes to the Earth's heat energy due to the difference between heat energy absorbed through sunlight and heat energy radiated out to space. C. A measure of volcanic activity over time. D. A technique used to kill microbes.

B. Changes to the Earth's heat energy due to the difference between heat energy absorbed through sunlight and heat energy radiated out to space.

What are representative concentration pathways (RCPs)? A. A system for tracking which congress people are likely to propose climate legislation. B. Models for differing levels of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation scenarios used by the IPCC to assess potential climate impacts. C. A policy for mitigating acid rain D. Migratory patterns for fish used to determine the future productivity of the ocean.

B. Models for differing levels of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation scenarios used by the IPCC to assess potential climate impacts.

What are differences between animal cells and plant cells? Select all correct responses. A. Animal cells contain mitochondria. Plant cells do not. B. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. Animal cells do not. C. Plant cells contain cell walls. Animal cells do not. D. Animal cells have proteins embedded in their plasma membrane. Plant cells do not. E. Animal cells have several smaller vacuoles or lack vacuoles. Plant cells have a large, central vacuole. F. Animal cells are much larger than plant cells

B. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. Animal cells do not. C. Plant cells contain cell walls. Animal cells do not. E. Animal cells have several smaller vacuoles or lack vacuoles. Plant cells have a large, central vacuole.

What guarantees that science is true and accurate? A. The rigorous training required to earn a PhD B. Science is not guaranteed to be true or accurate - it is merely our best explanation for the current body of evidence. C. The scientific method D. The peer-review process

B. Science is not guaranteed to be true or accurate - it is merely our best explanation for the current body of evidence.

What is the main site of evaporation in plants? A. The flowers B. The leaves C. The stem D. The roots

B. The leaves

Carbon dioxide has a much lower warming potential than some other gases, such as methane or N2O. Why then do we focus so much on CO2? A. Because we are fools - we should be talking about the other gases as they have a much larger effect on the climate. B. The relatively long lifetime and high quantities result in a significant influence from CO2. C. The general public is too simple-minded to think about more than one gas at a time.

B. The relatively long lifetime and high quantities result in a significant influence from CO2.

Why do different climate models make different predictions? Select all that apply. A. They are coded in different programming languages. B. They make different assumptions about the strength of feedback loops. C. They make different assumptions about future anthropogenic emissions D. They are lies, and the climate scientists can make up whatever they want. E. They incorporate different inputs (early models were less complex than today's models).

B. They make different assumptions about the strength of feedback loops. C. They make different assumptions about future anthropogenic emissions E. They incorporate different inputs (early models were less complex than today's models). B, C, E

Which of the following is not an example of a modified leaf? A. Prickle B. Thorn C. Tendril D. Spine E. Bud scale

B. Thorn

Since climate in the distant past cannot be measured directly, climatic conditions are estimated indirectly using proxy indicators. Ice cores are one such proxy indicator. What information is typically gathered from ice core samples? A. What the population of humans was at the time that the ice formed. B. When volcanic eruptions or similar disturbances occurred based on dust and soot accumulation C. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere via tiny bubbles in the ice D. The warmth of the air, based on oxygen or deuterium isotopic enrichment of the ice water

B. When volcanic eruptions or similar disturbances occurred based on dust and soot accumulation C. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere via tiny bubbles in the ice D. The warmth of the air, based on oxygen or deuterium isotopic enrichment of the ice water B, C, and D

Which of the following are modified stems? A. all of the options listed B. rhizomes C. pneumatophores D. tendrils

B. rhizomes

Ecological Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Biosynthetic factory

Wood chips are digested in acid in the paper making process. What is the purpose of this step? Breaks down lignin and separates plant fibers. Bleaches the paper white. Any animals or insects present will leave. Dries the pulp.

Breaks down lignin and separates plant fibers.

What is Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)? A. A shrub with deep, tunneling roots. B. The drill used to take ice cores from the Antarctic. C. An invasive beetle that kills ash trees. D. A tool for measuring carbon from ash samples. E. The earliest discovered Bryophyte.

C. An invasive beetle that kills ash trees.

What were the first land plants? A. Ferns B. Angiosperms C. Bryophytes D. Gymnosperms E. Gnetophytes

C. Bryophytes

Which of the following is not a vascular plant? A. Angiosperms B. Gymnosperms C. Bryophytes D. Ferns E. Gnetophytes

C. Bryophytes

What is radiative forcing? A. A measure of volcanic activity over time. B. The influence on Earth's climate due to changes in the orbit and orientation of the Earth relative to the sun. C. Changes to the Earth's heat energy due to the difference between heat energy absorbed through sunlight and heat energy radiated out to space. D. A technique used to kill microbes.

C. Changes to the Earth's heat energy due to the difference between heat energy absorbed through sunlight and heat energy radiated out to space.

Where does photosynthesis happen? A. Vacuole B. Golgi Apparatus C. Chloroplasts D. Nucleus E. Mitochondria

C. Chloroplasts

How do climate models support the conclusion that climate change is driven by anthropogenic (human-made) factors? A. These models do not support climate change, as evidenced by the very cold winter days that we have had in recent years. B. Climate models explain previous observations well but cannot be used to make future predictions or support humanity's role in climate change. C. Climate models including anthropogenic effects closely match observations, while models only including natural forces are unable to replicate observed warming. D. The models are created by humans. If humans can create something so sophisticated, they must be able to influence the global carbon budget. E. Al Gore would never lie to us, and he supports climate models, so they must be correct

C. Climate models including anthropogenic effects closely match observations, while models only including natural forces are unable to replicate observed warming.

What do the light-independent (Calvin cycle) photosynthesis reactions do? A. Absorb light energy, which is used to generate ATP and NADPH. B. Synthesize proteins by transcribing DNA. C. Create carbohydrates (sugars) by capturing atmospheric CO 2 via the enzyme RuBisCO. D. Break carbohydrates (sugars) apart via respiration. E. Assemble lipids into a lipid bilayer, creating membranes that later form organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

C. Create carbohydrates (sugars) by capturing atmospheric CO 2 via the enzyme RuBisCO.

How can you determine Dutch Elm Disease (DED) from other Elm diseases? A. Listen to see if the wind blowing through the leaves has a Dutch accent. B. DED only affects European elm varieties. C. DED created characteristic brown banding in sapwood. D. DED only occurs in the Netherlands. E. DED symptoms only appear during winter, while other diseases are usually seen in spring or summer.

C. DED created characteristic brown banding in sapwood.

What is one way that Gingko differs from Eastern White pine and Norway Spruce? A. Gingko is an angiosperm. The other two are gymnosperms. B. Gingko is a shrub. The other two are trees. C. Gingko has fan-like leaves. The other two have needles. D. Gingko is a gymnosperm. The other two are angiosperms. E. Gingko's dominant life phase is gametophyte, while sporophyte is the dominant life stage for the other two.

C. Gingko has fan-like leaves. The other two have needles.

Which of the following isn't a storage root? A. Carrot B. Sugar Beet C. Potato D. Parsnip E. Radish

C. Potato

What is the international climate agreement that the United States entered under President Obama and that President Trump has announced the United States will leave? A. The Mumbai Mandate B. The Camp David Accords C. The Paris Agreement D. The Kyoto Protocol E. The Amazon Defense and Restoration Act

C. The Paris Agreement

What is an emerald ash borer? A. A shrub with deep, tunneling roots. B. A tool for measuring carbon from ash samples. C. An invasive beetle that kills ash trees. D. A special instrument for digging holes in agriculture.

C. An invasive beetle that kills ash trees.

Which plant group appeared most recently in the geological record? A. Bryophytes B. Ferns C. Angiosperms D. Gymnosperms E. Algae

C. Angiosperms

What is the cause of climate change? A. Human activity B. Natural patterns C. Both humans and nature D. None. Climate change is not happening.

C. Both humans and nature

Jack is a spry young boy of ten that loves to garden. He grows leafy greens, but one year, fails to harvest before the plant flowers. Smitten with the flowers, he decides to select plants that flower earlier, create bigger blooms, and have fancy colors. Seventy years later, stooped with age, Jack unveils his new plant - barely recognizable from the leafy green of his childhood garden he introduces the world to his beautiful, ornamental flowering plant. Which of the following statements is most likely true? A. Because of Jack's efforts, he was able to create a brand new species! B. Jack never married because of his extreme obsession with gardening and flower breeding. C. Despite the significant change in phenotype, both the leafy green and the showy flower are still the same species.

C. Despite the significant change in phenotype, both the leafy green and the showy flower are still the same species.

Which of the following is not commonly made from cellulose? A. Linen B. Paper C. Leather D. Bath towels E. Cotton T-shirts

C. Leather

Stems contain... A. Megastems B. Phyllostems C. Meristems D. Stemophytes

C. Meristems

What are the roles of the stem? A. Anchor the plant B. Combat frost-heave C. Orient the plant toward light D. Absorb moisture E. Allow the plant to elongate F. Transport sugars

C. Orient the plant toward light E. Allow the plant to elongate F. Transport sugars

Which of the following is not typically a role of roots? A. Provide anchoring for the plant B. Absorb and transport water C. Perform photosynthesis D. Absorb and transport nutrients

C. Perform photosynthesis

Which of the trophic levels listed has the lowest energy? A. Secondary consumer B. Primary consumer C. Quaternary consumer D. Producer E. Tertiary consumer

C. Quaternary consumer

What effect do volcanic eruptions have on the climate? A. When the ash falls to the Earth's surface, it essentially acts as a blanket, warming the Earth. B. The hot lava produced radiates intense heat, warming the atmosphere significantly. C. The ash acts like a giant cloud, reflecting radiation back to space, cooling the Earth.

C. The ash acts like a giant cloud, reflecting radiation back to space, cooling the Earth.

What are some observations made over the past 50 years that indicate that the climate is changing? A. The total number of insects, birds, and reptiles is increasing. B. Biodiversity of plants has increased as climate change provides new, niche opportunities for plants to fill. C. The global mean sea level is increasing. D. The pH of the oceans has increased steadily in the last 100 years. E. The total arctic area covered by sea ice in July-September is decreasing. F. The global annual average temperature is increasing.

C. The global mean sea level is increasing. E. The total arctic area covered by sea ice in July-September is decreasing. F. The global annual average temperature is increasing.

Why can't Milankovitch cycles explain current climate change? A. This is a trick question. Milankovitch cycles are the primary cause of current, observed climate change. B. Milankovitch cycles are incapable of producing climate change at the level observed. C. We are not in the warming part of the cycle. D. Previous climate cycles are unpredictable, so it is impossible to tell what is causing any climate change, past or present.

C. We are not in the warming part of the cycle.

You observe a lily and note that the flower has 3 petals and 3 sepals. The leaves also have parallel venation. What is the lily? A. a haploid B. an octoploid C. a monocot D. a dicot E. a tricot

C. a monocot

Most crop plants are A. ferns. B. bryophytes. C. angiosperms. D. gymnosperms. E. algae.

C. angiosperms.

Respiration

CO2 is released back into atmosphere by breaking down organic matter (and/or carbohydrates) -both consumers (animals) & producers (plants) and microbes perform cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2--------->6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Who came up with the binomial naming convention? Carlton Banks Carl Rove Carl Malone Carl Linnaeus Carl Marx

Carl Linnaeus

Stems

Carry substances between roots and leaves; provide support for plant; holds leaves up to sunlight Nodes - the points at which leaves are attached Internodes - the stem segments between nodes Apical bud - top-most bud (source of elongation) Axillary bud - can form new leaves, lateral branching, thorns, or flowers

positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

Which country's CO2 emission levels has increased the most over the past two decades? India The United States Brazil China Canada Indonesia

China

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name Genus and specific epithet-------> species

threats to biodiversity

Climate change Habitat Loss Overexploitation Invasive Species

decidious forest

Climate: Temperate, Semi-humid Growing Season: Medium Soil Quality: Good Biodiversity: High Plants: Beech, Maple, Oak, Ferns, Mosses Animals: Insects, Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals (mice, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoons, foxes, deer, black bears).

What is a prop root? A. A specialized root that transfers oxygen in saturated conditions. B. A specialized root for growing in the canopy of trees. C. A root for storing carbohydrates over winter. D. Above ground roots that provides added support and anchoring to the plant. E. Roots that pull the plant underground and combat frost- heave.

D. Above ground roots that provides added support and anchoring to the plant.

Why are there so many different climate models? A. They make different assumptions about future anthropogenic emissions. B. They incorporate different inputs (early models were less complex than today's models). C. They make different assumptions about the strength of feedback loops. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

D. All of the above.

What can ice cores tell us about climate within the last 500 thousand years? A. Temperature based on isotopic ratios B. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere C. When major volcanic eruptions occurred D. All of the options listed

D. All of the options listed

What are most crop plants? A. Bryophytes B. Gymnosperms C. Ferns D. Angiosperms E. Gnetophytes

D. Angiosperms

What are examples of storage roots? A. Ginger, turmeric, lotus B. Onions, garlic, and chives C. Potatoes, yams (these are different from sweet potatoes), and taros D. Beets, carrots, and parsnips

D. Beets, carrots, and parsnips

Which method produces the best science? A. Deductive reasoning B. A prior reasoning C. Inductive reasoning D. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are necessary

D. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are necessary

What country produces the most carbon dioxide annually? A. The United States B. Brazil C. Germany D. China E. India

D. China

Science often utilizes models to predict how systems are likely to change in the future or to better understand how changing inputs can alter the output. How do climate models support the conclusion that climate change is caused by humans? A. Climate models explain previous observations well, but cannot be used to make future predictions or support humanity's role in climate change. B. The models are created by humans. If humans can create something so sophisticated, they must be able to influence the global carbon budget. C. These models do not support climate change, as evidenced by the very cold winter days that we have had in recent years. D. Climate models including anthropogenic effects closely match observations, while models only including natural forces are unable to replicate observed warming.

D. Climate models including anthropogenic effects closely match observations, while models only including natural forces are unable to replicate observed warming.

The fact that broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, and cabbage are all from the same species, Brassica oleracea, is an example of... A. Species Diversity B. Ecological Diversity C. Geographical Diversity D. Genetic Diversity E. Thermodynamic Diversity

D. Genetic Diversity

Why are mitochondria important to the discussion of climate change and the carbon cycle? A. Mitochondria perform photosynthesis, taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. B. This is a trick question. Mitochondria play no role in the carbon cycle. C. Mitochondria control gas flow into and out of the leaf. D. Mitochondria produce carbon dioxide through respiration.

D. Mitochondria produce carbon dioxide through respiration.

Why are mitochondria important to the discussion of climate change? A. The high surface area of mitochondrial critae are a main sink for carbon dioxide. B. They aren't important. This is a trick question. C. Mitochondrial DNA is the only possible source of mutations that can allow plants to adapt to climate change. D. Mitochondria produce carbon dioxide through respiration.

D. Mitochondria produce carbon dioxide through respiration.

Which of the following greenhouse gases has the highest global warming potential (the ability of the molecule to absorb heat energy in the atmosphere)? A. Methane B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrous oxide D. Perfluorocarbons

D. Perfluorocarbons Carbon dioxide has the lowest global warming potential of the gases listed, but is considered the biggest driver and gas of greatest concern because it is emitted at much higher concentrations and has a relatively long lifetime.

What is the stick-like part of the leaf that attaches to the stem (This is also the celery "stalk" that we eat)? A. Sporangia B. Leaf blade C. Internode D. Petiole

D. Petiole

What gives the plant cell rigidity? A. Rigidity of the cell wall, like the walls of a house. B. Extreme societal and familial pressure to succeed academically, which transforms the cell into a hard, mineral structure like a diamond. C. Surface tension of water holding the cells together, like spiderwebs clinging to each other. D. Pressure exerted by the cell onto the cell wall, like the inner tube of a bike pressing on the bike tire.

D. Pressure exerted by the cell onto the cell wall, like the inner tube of a bike pressing on the bike tire.

Which of the following processes is primarily driving the warming observed in the last 100 years? A. Hydrothermal vents B. Milankovitch cycles C. Volcanic activity D. Radiative forcing E. Solar flares

D. Radiative forcing

What are proxy indicators? A. Direct evidence that is not statistically relevant B. Direct evidence that was originally collected for some other purpose C. Indirect evidence that is deemed untrustworthy or unreliable D. Sources of indirect evidence

D. Sources of indirect evidence

The light independent processes of photosynthesis use carbon dioxide to make what? A. ATP B. Proteins C. NADPH D. Sugars

D. Sugars

What was the climate bill that passed the house earlier this year (the first in a decade), but did not pass the senate (it was not voted on)? A. The Green New Deal - designed to provide social equity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions B. The American Clean Energy and Security Act - designed to implement a cap and trade bill to reduce greenhouse gas emissions C. The Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act - a cap-and-trade bill that also set standards for vehicle emissions and coal-fired power plants D. The Climate Action Now Act - designed to keep the United States in the Paris Agreement

D. The Climate Action Now Act - designed to keep the United States in the Paris Agreement

Into what climate agreement did President Obama enter the United States during his presidency? A. The Doha Amendment B. The Bali Action Plan C. The Kyoto Protocol D. The Paris Agreement

D. The Paris Agreement

Why does CO2 concentration fluctuate throughout the year? A. The intense summer sunlight destroys carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but is too weak in the winter. B. More people drive their cars in the winter, resulting in a winter spike of carbon dioxide. C. More people live in the Northern Hemisphere, so the increased electricity use for heating homes and offices results in a winter spike of carbon dioxide. D. The planet is "breathing" through photosynthesis (in the summer) and respiration (in the winter) with the Northern hemisphere, since there is more landmass (and thus plant mass) in the Northern hemisphere.

D. The planet is "breathing" through photosynthesis (in the summer) and respiration (in the winter) with the Northern hemisphere, since there is more landmass (and thus plant mass) in the Northern hemisphere.

Which of the following are modified stems? A. Tendrils, succulents, and whorls B. Pneumatophores, epiphytes, and aerenchyma C. Scales, prickles, and spines D. Thorns, stolons, and rhizomes

D. Thorns, stolons, and rhizomes

Which of the following is not found in all cellular life? A. Ribosome B. Plasma membrane C. Cytosol D. Vacuole E. Chromosome

D. Vacuole

What legislation specifically aimed at addressing climate change has been signed into law in the United States within the last 15 years? A. American Clean Energy and Security Act (2009) B. Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (2009) C. Climate Action Now Act (2019) D. While some bills have passed the house, there have been no climate change specific bills signed into law. E. The Green New Deal (2019)

D. While some bills have passed the house, there have been no climate change specific bills signed into law.

Eukaryotic cells

DNA in multiple chromosomes within a nucleus A eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments—the organelles (little organs) Cytoplasm/Cytosol in the region between the plasma membrane and organelles Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger

Decomposition

Decomposers (microbes, fungi, earthworms etc.) break down large quantities of organic plant and animal material. Through this process C enters the soil organic matter.

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

Different models based on different mitigation scenarios RCP2.6 = stringent mitigation (dramatic reduction in emissions) RCP4.5 and RCP 6.0 = intermediate mitigation RCP8.5 = Very high GHG emissions Baseline scenarios = no additional effort to limit GHG emissions (RCP6.0 to RCP 8.5)

Which of the following is expected to drive extinction throughout this century? A. Invasive species B. Climate change C. Habitat loss D. Overexploitation E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the organismal characteristics listed increase the likelihood that a species will become invasive? A. No predators in the new environment. B. The species is capable of rapid evolution and adaptation. C. The species possesses novel weapons, such as defense chemicals. D. The species has a high growth rate and reproduces prodigiously. E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

Where does respiration happen in plant cells? A. Vacuole B. Golgi Apparatus C. Chloroplasts D. Nucleus E. Mitochondria

E. Mitochondria

What gives plant cells rigidity? A. Rigidity of the cell wall, like the walls of a house. B. Extreme societal and familial pressure to succeed academically, which transforms the cell into a hard, mineral structure like a diamond. C. Surface tension of water holding the cells together, like spiderwebs clinging to each other. D. The plant creates large crystals inside of the cell that act like concrete blocks or bricks. E. Pressure exerted by the cell onto the cell wall, like the inner tube of a bike pressing on the bike tire.

E. Pressure exerted by the cell onto the cell wall, like the inner tube of a bike pressing on the bike tire.

What is the largest source of carbon dioxide from the options listed? A. Solar B. Natural Gas C. Oil D. Cement E. Coal

E. Coal

The fact that poblanos, jalapenos, bell peppers, anaheim peppers, and cayenne peppers are all from the same species, Capsicum annuum, is an example of... A. Species diversity B. Societal diversity C. Ecological diversity D. Personal diversity E. Genetic diversity F. Global diversity

E. Genetic diversity

What are the three main types of diversity? A. Physical, Metaphysical, Psychological B. Personal, Societal, Global C. Geothermal, Aeronautical, Herbaceous D. Geographical, Taxonomical, Biological E. Genetic, Species, Ecological

E. Genetic, Species, Ecological

What is a difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? A. Group of answer choices B. Gymnosperms do not have vascular tissue. C. Angiosperms do not produce seeds. D. Gymnosperms do not produce pollen. E. Gymnosperm seeds are "naked" meaning that they are not enclosed in an ovary. F. The gametophyte is the dominant life stage of angiosperms.

E. Gymnosperm seeds are "naked" meaning that they are not enclosed in an ovary.

What process reduces the ploidy by half (i.e. produces haploid cells from diploid cells)? A. Mitosis B. Nucleation C. Fertilization D. Plasmodesmata E. Meiosis

E. Meiosis

What do bryophytes and ferns have in common? A. Both are vascular plants. B. The gametophyte is the dominant life stage. C. The sporophyte is the dominant life stage. D. Both have fiddlehead frond-type leaves. E. Neither make flowers or seeds.

E. Neither make flowers or seeds.

What climate legislation has been signed into law in the United States within the last 15 years? A. The American Clean Energy and Security Act (2009) B. The Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (2009) C. The Climate Action Now Act (2019). D. The Green New Deal (2019). E. None. While two bills have passed the House, none have been signed into law.

E. None. While two bills have passed the House, none have been signed into law.

What process removes the most CO2 from the atmosphere? A. Sedimentation in the ocean B. Formation of fossil fuels C. Fossilization D. Mineralization from microbial decay E. Photosynthesis

E. Photosynthesis

What is the difference between plant cells and animal cells? A. Plant cells do not contain ribosomes. B. Animal cells contain both a rough endoplasmic reticulum and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C. Plant cells contain golgi apparatus. D. Animal cells do not contain mitochondria. E. Plant cells contain a cell wall.

E. Plant cells contain a cell wall.

Specific pollinators evolving to pollinate certain flowers is an example of the value of what kind of diversity? A. Ecological diversity B. Societal diversity C Global diversity D. Genetic diversity E. Species diversity F. Personal diversity

E. Species diversity

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web Apex predators are highest trophic level, plants are basal trophic level Everything relies on plants!!!

What ecosystem do we live in?

Eastern Deciduous Temperate Forest

Which of the following is a modified leaf? A. Stolon B. Rhizome C. Tuber D. Pneumatophore E. Epiphyte F. Tendril

F. Tendril

Which of the countries listed below has the highest per capita CO2 emissions? A. Great Britain B. Australia C. Brazil D. Russia E. China F. The United States

F. The United States

Which of the countries listed has not ratified the Paris Agreement? A. Russia B. Canada C. South Africa D. Mexico E. Australia F. The United States G. Japan

F. The United States

All non-native species are invasive. True False

False

The scientific method is an approach that guarantees flawless, unbiased acquisition of knowledge. True False

False

Plant cell walls are rigid, like the walls of a house. True False

False Cell walls are like a bicycle tire. By themselves, they are floppy and malleable. It is pressure exerted from the cell onto the cell wall that gives the cell rigidity and shape, just as the inflated inner tube of a bicycle makes the bicycle tire rigid.

What is the largest source of man-made carbon? Fossil fuels Land use change Cement Livestock

Fossil fuels

'Clean Energy Jobs & American Power Act'

GHG emissions reduced to 20% by 2020 (by cap-and-trade) New emissions standards for vehicles, coal-fired power plants, etc. Senate bill (Kerry, Lieberman, Graham) House of Representatives: X Senate: On calendar (dead)

Bryophytes

Gametophyte is the dominant life stage. Sporophytes are unbranched. Do not have vascular* tissue (incapable of producing lignin). Reproduce through spores Do not have flowers or seeds

Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Grows 3-7 ft tall, dense growth (up to 50 stems) with long, purple flowers One plant can produce 1 million seeds Introduction: Popular garden plant Management: Small stands - hand-pulling or digging, herbicides Large populations - Herbicides (possibly insects - currently researching)

Multiflora Rose

Grows up to 15 ft tall, large canes with curved thorns (actually prickles) An individual plant can produce 500,000 seeds Introduction: "Living fence", erosion control Management: Mow or cut stems several times yearly, hand-pull small shrubs

Dutch Elm Disease - What are we doing?

Identify and remove diseased trees early! Insecticides to kill bark beetles Apply to stem in late fall to kill over-wintering adults Break root grafts with vibrating plow or trenching machine Inject elm with fungicide Natural resistance: European and Asiatic elms are less susceptible than elms native to US.

Ecosystem

Interaction of abiotic and biotic factors Includes both the organisms (community) and physical environment

American Clean Energy and Security Act

June 2009 House passed Cap-and-trade program Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) Senate: On calendar (dead)

Plant Physiology

Key components Leaves Stems Roots

Emerald Ash Borer - What are we doing?

Limit firewood movement Inspect trees regularly, contact state agricultural agencies (such as forestry service) if signs or symptoms detected Take care when purchasing ash trees from nurseries Introduction of parasitoid wasps to control EAB spread.

Oil bodies

Lipid (fat) containing organelles Typically found in seeds

Lenticels

Loosely arranged (torn) epidermal cells Helps gas (carbon dioxide and water vapor) diffusion into stem Always present in Stems, not roots

Vacuoles

Maitenrcnce/Storage Compartments 1. Food vacuoles: store food for cells 2. Contractile vacuoles: pump excess water out of cells 3. Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, store organic compounds and water, shape cell

deductive method

Method developed by Descartes that stated a conclusion can be reached using prior known facts( general to specific) Hypothesis: Einstein develops theory of relativity Observation: Light is bent by gravitational forces as it moves past the sun, supporting the theory of relativity.

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment. temperature, soil quality, moisture

What is the largest source of carbon release into the atmosphere? Burning fossil fuels Land use changes Microbial respiration Plant respiration Oceanic respiration

Oceanic respiration

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell These organelles are the sites of cellular respiration whereby energy (ATP) is released from organic molecules

Which trophic level has the most energy? A. Producers B. Primary consumers C. Secondary consumers D. Tertiary consumers

Producers

Energy balance over the long term

Reflected solar

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Oikos=Home, Logos=Knowledge

Golgi apparatus:

Shipping and receiving center Modifies products made in the ER Manufactures certain macromolecules Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles (transport "carriers") to go in and out of the cell

Green New Deal

Simple resolution to "advise" on future policy. Goals Net-zero GHG emissions Invest in infrastructure and industry Create millions of high-wage jobs Promote justice and equality House of Representatives: Passed Senate: 0-57 against

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis contain the green pigment chlorophyll which captures the light energy

How can you tell a stem from a root?

Stems always have apical (at the tip) and axillary meristems. They are also called buds Roots don't have these apical or axillary buds

1. Acquiring Energy

Sun------->Life Life is solar powered.... All plants and animals derive energy from our sun

What does a plant need?

Take up water and nutrients (roots) Minimize water loss from evaporation (leaves) Transport water through plant (roots, stems, leaves) Counter gravity and grow toward light (stems, roots) Protect from UV radiation (leaves) Take up O2 and CO2 (leaves) Capture light energy (leaves) Move pollen without water (flowers)