Bio 160 Chapter 1 & 2

3 domains of life

1. Bacteria: small, single celled, simple 2. Archaea- similar to bacteria but with extrmeme adaptions 3. Eurkarya- larger, more complex, all extreme organisms are eurkarya.

Apply the properties of life to differentiate biotic (living) versus abiotic (nonliving) entities (application level).

1. Order (highly organized)- Ex. a toad represents highly organized structure of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. 2. Response to Stimuli- Ex. The leaves of the mimosa plant drop and fold when they are touched 3. Reproduction- Ex. asexual (cloning) or sexual (genes inherited from both parents) 4. adaption/evolution- Ex. all living things change in response to their environment. 5. Regulation- metabolic processes coordinate internal functions such as delivering oxygen to cells or eliminating waste. Goal of regulation is homeostasis 6. Energy producing- all living things require energy processing to achieve regulation and homeostasis.

properties of life

1. evolve/adapt 2. respond to stimulus 3.carbon based 4.cell based 5.inherited info (RNA/DNA) 6.reproduce more of own kind 7. homeostasis 8.produces energy 9. highly organized

an atom has an atomic number of 7, If an atom has no charge (it is not an ion) how many electrons does it have in its valence shell? How many more must it accept to be stable?

5...must expect 3 to be stable

Define the concept of a chemical element

A chemical element, or an element, is defined as a material which cannot be broken down or changed into another substance using chemical means. Elements may be thought of as the basic chemical building blocks of matter. ...

Define the term biological macromolecule

A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by the polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers).

Evaluate the quality of hypotheses

A scientific hypothesis must be testable, and; A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.

Describe the properties and the interrelationships of electrons, protons, and neutrons

All atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons. ... A proton is a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. An electron is a negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

goals of basic science vs. applied science

Basic science, such as understanding how cells work, is research aimed at understanding fundamental problems. Applied science, such as the medical field, is the application of basic scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Applied science uses and applies information obtained through basic science.

Explain the how cholesterol helps to maintain the fluid nature of the plasma membrane

Cholesterol Helps Maintain the Fluidity of Cell Membranes. While cholesterol adds firmness and integrity to the plasma membrane and prevents it from becoming overly fluid, it also helps maintain its fluidity.

Define and identify examples of inductive and deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence. Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works it's way to a theory by examining the related issues. deductive reasoning example: You also know that all apples are fruits, and a Granny Smith is an apple. Therefore, the Granny Smith has to be a fruit.inductive example- "Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald."

Compare and contrast descriptive science with hypothesis-based science

Descriptive science is a category of science that involves observing, recording, describing, and classifying phenomena. Descriptive research is sometimes contrasted with hypothesis-driven research, which is focused on testing a particular hypothesis by means of experimentation.

Hierarchical Taxonomy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Describe the relationship between protein shape and protein function

Each protein has its own precise function under the direction of its own gene. The shapes of proteins are of key importance. These are determined by the sequence of amino acids that make them up.

pH is a measure of ____ produced when a substance is placed in water

H+ ions

Identify the levels of organization among living things (factual level).

Life forms were originally classified with Hierarchical taxonomy. This was based on morphology (physical) similarities. More recently we use Photogenically trees which organize living things based on generic similarities and show evolutionary relationships.

Apply the steps of the scientific method.

Make an Observation. Scientists are naturally curious about the world. ... Form a Question. After making an interesting observation, a scientific mind itches to find out more about it. ... Form a Hypothesis. ... Conduct an Experiment. ... Analyse the Data and Draw a Conclusion.

Identify the basic structure of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth. Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for structural support inside cell walls.

List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and their biological functions

Monosacharides: glucose,galacotose, frutose. 2 monomers are linked to form diacharides (ex. sucrose= 1 glucose + 1 frutose) Disaccharides: disaccharides like sucrose are digested, they are broken down into their simple sugars and used for energy. Lactose is found in breast milk and provides nutrition for infants. ... Plants also use disaccharides to transport monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose between cells. Ploysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, celluse, chitin Starch- storage and carbohydrates for plants glycogen- storage of carbohydrates in animals celluse- most abunandent polysaccaride. provides structural support for plants chitin- structural support for animals exoskelelton

Describe the structure of nucleic acids and define the two types of nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are 2 strands of nucleotides bonded together to form double- stranded DNA. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals.

the importance of reporting scientific work in peer-reviewed journals

Peer review involves subjecting the author's scholarly work and research to the scrutiny of other experts in the same field to check its validity and evaluate its suitability for publication. A peer review helps the publisher decide whether a work should be accepted.

Describe phospholipids and their role in cells

Phospholipids consist of a hydrophilic (or 'water loving') head and a hydrophobic (or 'water fearing') tail. Phospholipids like to line up and arrange themselves into two parallel layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. This layer makes up your cell membranes and is critical to a cell's ability to function.

the shared characteristics of the natural sciences, and the difference between life and physical sciences (factual level).

Physical science is concerned with the study of natural but non-living objects, while life science is the scientific study of living organisms. Shared characteristics of the natural sciences include the study related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes.

Explain the role of fats in storing energy

Protein, carbohydrates and fats are the three essential nutrients that provide the body with caloric energy. ... Any calories that are not immediately metabolized for energy are stored in the body as fat for future use

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid.

Describe the pattern by which electrons typically fill electron shells

Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons.

Describe the difference between a weak acid and a strong acid

Strong acids are fully ionised but weak acids are only partly ionised in solution. At the same concentration, strong acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than weak acids.

Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in extracellular materials of animals and plants

The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses.

biology

The study of life

Describe the molecular structure of water including the polarity of each O-H bond

The water molecule forms an angle with an oxygen atom at the vertex and hydrogen atoms at the tips. Because oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the side of the molecule with the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge.

Describe the four levels of protein organization

There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. primary structure, is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. secondary structure, refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone. The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called its tertiary structure. some proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits. When these subunits come together, they give the protein its quaternary structure.

phylogenetic tree

Tree shows the separation of living organisms into 3 domains. The closer the organism's branches are, the more genetically similar those organisms are.

Identify T/F about phospholipids

True- they are a primary component of cell membranes, their tails are hydrophobic but their heads are hydrophilic False- they are the energy storage form of lipids

Taxonomy and Phylogeny are both ways to classify life forms. Identify T/F

True: Phylogeny is based on genetics, where taxonomy is based on morphology Phylogeny has forced scientisrs to revise some taxonomic designations The taxonomic levels in order are kingdom, phylum, order, class,family, genus, species. False: In taxonomy, organisms in the same family are more closely related than organisms in the phylum

When searching for the possibility of life on another planet, scientist look for the presence of water. Why? Discuss at least three properties of water that make it ideal for supporting life as we know

Water is very important to the environment. One aspect is that it can stabilize the temperature. It can do this because the bonds between the hydrogens are very strong. This makes it take a lot of energy to change their relative motion. When it is warmer the molecules move faster and when it is colder the molecules move slower. Because of it taking a lot of energy to change the motion, the temperature does not take drastically and this stabilizes the temperature. Another aspect is water is a great solute. Water has the highest energy power and can dissolve almost anything "like dissolves like". Anything that is hydrophillic can dissolve in water. The opposite charges attract which makes those dissolve in water as well. Another property is that ice can float. Ice floats because when the water cools down and slows down. the hydrogen bonds push apart. This makes it less dense than the freely moving water molecules and allows it to float. this is important for life forms who live in ice covered ecosystems because it gives them protection and they can live under the ice layer in the water. Stabilizing the temperature is important because it makes a steady state in which we can live in. Water also has a high surface tension. It can do this because, again the hydrogen bonds are very strong and it takes another charge atom to break them apart. For example, if you had water, then put a piece of paper on it, it would float. Then if you put a pin on it, it would still float because of the charges and high surface tension. Then if you drop some soap, those hydrogen bonds will break apart and the surface tneson breaks.

Discuss the relationship between amino acids and proteins

When connected together by a series of peptide bonds, amino acids form a polypeptide, another word for protein. The polypeptide will then fold into a specific conformation depending on the interactions (dashed lines) between its amino acid side chains.

a nucleotide is

a monomer of nucleic acids

In the scientific method, what comes after a scientist has conducted an experiment?

analyze the results to see if data supports hypothesis.

isotopes

atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses

what is the difference between basic and applied science?

basic science explores a topic for pursuit of general knowledge, applied science is directed by inquiry for specific, immediate application.

Why is carbon important to the formation of biomolecules

carbon can form covalent bonds with four different atoms

Understand and be able to describe how a buffer such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer acts to resist a change in pH

carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffering- maintaining a blood pH of about 7.4 is critical for humans. buffering helps maintian the pH of human blood invloves: bicarbonate--> carbonic acid---> water + carbonic dioxide. Left to right (more to less acidic). Excess bicarbonate ions will combine with free hydrogen ions and become more acidic.

what type of biological molecule is used by plants for structural support

cellulose

Describe the synthesis of macromolecules

dehydration synthesis- monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the site of bond formation. Product is then H20 and monomers linked by covalent bond. Hydrolysis- monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other.

In the carbolic buffering system of blood, how is acidity reduced?

excess HCO3 binds free H+ ions, pushing the reaction to the right

the four major types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

List examples of different branches or sub-disciplines in biology

genetics. cellular biology. biochemistry - studying the chemistry of living things. ... microbiology - studying microscopic organisms such as bacteria. animal biology or zoology.

unsatturated fatty acid

have at least one double bond and "kinked" and are generally healthier than FA's

dotted lines in molecule diagram often represent

hydrogen bonds which are responsible for the cohesion of water and responsible for the stability of waters temp.

Ethanl is a charged molecule. Thus, ethanol is

hydrophilic and polar

a suggested, testable explanation for an observation is a

hypothesis

Describe the properties the following types of molecular atomic/molecular bonds: ionic bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds- the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. non polar covenant- form when electronegativity differs by less than 0.5. Nonpolar covalent bonds result from an equal sharing of electrons. Polar covenant bonds- form when the electronegativity differs by more than 0.5 and less than 2.0, Polar covalent bonds result from an equal sharing of electrons. Hydrogen bonds- a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Electronegativity

ionic- differ by more than 2.0 polar covalent- <.5 - 2.0 Non polar covenant- <.5

why is oxygen slightly negative in H20 bond

it is more electronegative than the hydrogens

Define the basic structure of a steroid and some functions of steroids

made of 4 linked carbon rings. Often used as hormones- signaling molecules (ex. estrogen or testosterone).

.Explain the relationship between monomers, dimers, and polymers

monomer: simplest form of a carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, or protein. examples: carbohydrate- glucose nucleic acid- nucleotide protein- amino acid lipid: a saturated or unsaturated fat molecule dimer: a pairing of 2 monomers of the same type: examples: carbohydrate- sucrose lipid- phospholipid polymer: a set of many monomers of the same type bonded together: examples: carbohydrate- cellulose nucleic acid- DNA

In a dehydration reaction..

monomers can be liked into polymers

the classification of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

will ethanol dissolve benezene, which is a naturally occuring, non-polar hydrocarbon?

no. bc like dissolves like

Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer

pH- a scale that measures acids & bases. Means "potential hydrogen". Lots of hydrogen ions released= Acids. Less hydrogen ions released and usually more hydrocide OH- released= Bases Acids are generally defined as producing hydrogen ions H+ Bases are generally defined as producing hydroxide ions OH Buffering systems- help organisms obtain optimal pH. Buffer is a solution that resits change in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ or OH- ions,

If lithium (L) looses an electron to fluorine (F) it will take on a

positive charge

in order to extract DNA out of a cell you need to

release it from the nucleus

Describe the functions proteins perform in cells and organisms

roteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Define isotopes

same element with different number of neutrons

Ceviche is made by baking seafood in large amounts of acid such as lime juice. We know that the acid is breaking down the ______ of the proteins if the seafood by disrupting hydrogen bonds between the amino acids

three- dimensional structure

animal cells store energy in the lipid form of

triglycerides

RNA is directly used to

turn the genetic code into functioning proteins

Discuss the inter-related processes between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions and the resultant relationships between monomers and polymers

two important reactions called dehydration and hydrolysis. Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.

Describe how the hydrogen-bonding ability of water molecules leads to the following properties of water that are important to life (application level): o Water is a solvent for many other substances o Water stabilizes temperature o Water has high surface tension o Ice floats o Water is a good lubricant

water as a solvent- water can dissolve more substances and in higher amounts than any other solvent on earth. he presence of hydrogen bonding between molecules of a substance indicates that the molecules are polar. This means the molecules will be soluble in a polar solvent such as water. water stabilizes temperature- because of the strenghth of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, it takes a lot of energy to change their relative motion. Change in molecular movement= change in temperature. Water has high surface temperature (cohesion)- individual water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds. This gives the surface of water a lot of strength= surface tension. Related to this, water is also a adhesive (attraction between water and other substances). These two properties are important to biological systems such as the ability of trees to pull water up to thier leaves Ice floats- As water molecules cool, they slow down. As water freezes, the maximum number of hydrogen bonds form around each molecule. This actually pushes them apart, and the lattice structure of the ice makes it less dense than the frequenly flowing molecules of liquid wate. Ice's lower density enables it to float on water. Water as a lubricnat- Water is generally not very good at separating two surfaces that are in contact but it disperses too easily. However, it is quite fluid in movement so if you have a large enough amount of water, it can be a good lubricant

Ice floats, which is unusual. What special property of water causes this phenomenon?

water's high number of hydrogen bonds, which push apart on freezing