Bio 169 final exam questions
How fast do cilia beat per minute in the lungs?
1,000 to 1,300X
How long is the trachea?
10-13 cm
Red blood cells live about how long?
120 days
How many segments are there in the lung?
18 total; 10 (right side), 8 (left side)
How many cartilages's are there in the adult trachea?
18-22
About how many cilia are found on the columnar cells found in the lungs?
200-250
About how many alveoli are found in the adult?
300 million
How many alveoli are found in the adult?
300 million
How fast can the A-V node pace the heart if the SA node fails?
40-60
How many alveoli are there in the newborn?
50 million
The S.A. node normally paces at?
60-100
Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
ADH, oxytocin
Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
B cell lymphocytes
Plasma cells are derived initially from?
B cells
The pulse originating in the S.A. node travels to the left atrium through ?
Bachman's bundle
The most potent naturally occurring stimulus for breathing is ?
CO2
Complete the following chemical reaction: CO2 + H2O -------->______________------> _________ + _______
CO2 + H2O -------->___H2CO3____------> _H+__ +__HCO3__
Which of the following is responsible for the development of egg cell follicles in the ovaries?
FSH
Which of the following hormones will be released from the pituitary gland when the hypothalamus secretes GnRH? CRH?
GnRH: FSH, LH CRH: ACTH
When blood is allowed to sit in containers that does not contain an anticoagulant mixed in, it clots!. Which of the following is responsible for the clotting of blood that comes in contact with foreign substances?
Hagemans Factor
Which of the following antibodies is found attached to lymphocyte cell walls and used as a means of communication ?
IgD
Which of the following antibodies are bound directly to the mast cell?
IgE
Which of the following is the most important antibody molecule?
IgG
Which of the following hormones is essential for the release of eggs from the ovaries during ovulation?
LH
What type blood is known as the universal donor?
O
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ?
S.A. node
Which of the following white blood cells can be considered the "Commanding General" of the Immune System and pretty much controls the actions of all other white blood cells.
T helper cells
Which of the following T cells helps control the immune system basically telling the immune system when enough is enough?
T suppressor cells
ACTH exerts is action on which of the following glands?
adrenal cortex
Which of the following are the main circulating plasma proteins?
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What is the function of the pores of Kohn found in the alveoli?
allows for equal distribution for air & surfactant
Which of the following pancreatic cells produces glucagon?
alpha
Glycoproteins are produced by the ?
anterior pituitary gland
Where does the bronchial artery arise?
aorta
What does the P wave represent on the EKG tracing?
atrial depolarization
The "ear-like" appendages found on the outer sides of the atria are known as ?
auricles
What are the two pigments that results from the breakdown of RBC's?
bilirubin, biliverdin
what are the functions of antibodies?
binds antigen, activate/fix complement
Hemostasis refers to?
blood clotting
After H2CO3 has broken down into its constituent components, what happens to the H+ ion?
bonds to hemoglobin
How is carbon dioxide transported by the blood?
bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma
What enzyme found in the RBC is a catalyst that speeds up the reaction between CO2 and H2O?
carbonic anahydrase
which of the following types of tissue is found in the main stem bronchi?
ciliated pseudostratified
What type of epithelium is found lining the trachea?
ciliated pseudostratified columna
Which of the following is the main coronary vein?
coronary sinus
Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland, what is its function?
decrease blood calcium
The primary muscle of inspiration is ?
diaphragm
Which of the following white blood cells are increased in allergic reactions, or in asthma that is caused from allergies?
eosinophil
Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Which pumps the most blood?
equal amount
Red blood cells are known as?
erythrocyte
The nasal septum is made of the which of the following bones?
ethmoid, vomer
The opening from the mouth to the oropharynx is called the?
faucies
Which of the following blood components are greatly needed for the clotting mechanism?
fibrinogen
Hemoglobin is made up of which of the following?
globin protein chains, iron
The gel layer is produced by the?
goblet cells
both FSH and LH are hormones which act on which of the following glands?
gonads, ovaries, testes
What type of cartilage is found the human trachea?
hyaline
what type of cartilage is found in the trachea?
hyaline
What is the main function of the 3 turbinate bones found in the nose?
increase surface area to humidify, warm, filter incoming air
Which of the following is the function of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae?
keep from prolapse
If a patient's left ventricle fails, blood is likely to be backed up into the ?
lungs
Which of the following WBC's would be increased in viral infections such as swine flu?
lymphocytes
Which of the following are tissue phagocytes?
macrophage
Monocytes are the largest of the blood cells. What are they?
macrophages
Which of the following white blood cells are phagocytes?
macrophages, neutrophil
What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral valve
When the diaphragm contracts, what type of pressure is created within the lungs allowing air to rush in?
negative
which of the following are Granulocytes?
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
Which of the following is true of expiration?
passive; due to elastic recoil
What nerve innervates the diaphragm allowing it to contract?
phrenic nerve
Which of the following glands secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
Which of the following best describes the carina?
place where trachea bifurcates; strongest cough reflex
When B-cells come in contact with an antigen it clones itself into a couple of types of cells. What are they?
plasma & memory cells
Which portion of the brain controls rate and depth of breathing?
pons
Blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs via the?
pulmonary artery
Which of the following vessels does not carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary artery
Which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood back from the lungs (alveoli) to the left atrium?
pulmonary vein
During ventricular systole, which of the following is true?
pulmonic & aortic valves are open
The main purpose of surfactant is to ?
reduces surface tension of alveoli; prevents collapsing
Which of the following is true concerning erythropoietin?
released by kidney; controls RBC formation
The first place in the tracheobronchial tree in which gas exchange takes place is?
respiratory bronchioles
If a person aspirates a peanut, it most likely will lodge in the?
right
Where does the coronary sinus empty?
right atrium
Below the terminal bronchioles, what type of epithelium is found lining the bronchioles?
simple cubodial
Which type cell found in the alveoli provides for the structure or wall of the alveoli?
simple squamous
Where do the coronary arteries arise?
sinus of valsalva
Which of the following accessory muscles is frequently used to aid inspiration during strenuous exercise or running, or heavy labor (work)?
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, scaline, pectoralis
Where do the collecting ducts empty?
subclavian veins
Where is the last place that ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and cartilage is found in the airways?
terminal bronchioles
Which of the following vessels is responsible for the normal shunt seen in humans? These vessels mix deoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood?
thebesian & pulmonary veins
The largest lymphatic vessel in the body is called the ?
thoracic duct
Which of the following proteins causes fibrinogen to break up into fragments which then stick together that trap blood cells and platelets?
thrombin
Which of the following is not a paired cartilage found in the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
In the extrinsic clotting mechanism, which of the following is released from damaged, or cut tissues?
tissue thromboplastin
What are the functions of hemoglobin?
transports oxygen, CO2, buffers pH
The valve located between the right ventricle and right atrium is called the ?
tricuspid valve
T-3 released from the thyroid gland is also known as ? T-4?
triodothyronine, thyroxine
On an EKG tracing, what does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarization
Which of the following is a function of the nose?
warms, filters, humidifies air, voice projection, aids in phonation
