BIO 181 Exam 1

Pick three structures of the eye and explain how they evolved

500 million years ago, the eye began with a single light spot (like the one found in single-celled organisms). The light spot is linked to the organisms flagellum to find light and food. The flat worm had a cupped version of this eye spot (rather than flat) which enabled it to sense direction of incoming light. Over the years, the light cups grew deeper and deeper in some organisms while the opening at the front grew smaller. The result was a pinhole effect which dramatically increased resolution and decreased distortion. Only a thin beam of light was able to go into the eye. The nautilus (octopus ancestor) uses the pinhole for improved resolution and directional sensing. The pinhole allows for simple images. The lens is thought to have evolved through transparent cells covering the opening to prevent infection, allowing the inside of the eye to fill with fluid that optimizes light sensitivity and processing. Crystalline proteins forming at the surface created a structure that proved useful in focusing light at a single point on the retina. The lens is the key to the eye's adaptability, because it can change its curvature to adapt to near and far vision. The pinhole lens eventually evolved into the human eye. The iris evolved to control the amount of light entering the eye. A tough, white outer layer (sclera) evolved to maintain the structure of the eye. Tear glands secrete a protective film. The expansion of the visual cortex in the brain helped the eye to be able to process sharper and more colorful images. Human retina is inverted with light detecting cells facing away from the eye opening. This results in a blind spot where the optic nerve must reach the photosensitive layer in the back. Cephalopods have a front facing retina which allows them to see without a blind spot. Anableps (four-eyed fish) have eyes divided in two sections for looking above and under the water. Cats have evolved with a reflective layer, maximizing the amount of light the eye can detect, giving them great night vision.

Starting with the individual and making a generalized conclusion is the way _________ reasoning works.

Inductive

This person independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection; jointly published with Darwin; and prompted Darwin to publish On the Origins of Species.

Alfred Russel Wallace

______ is when a population of an entire species changes on a genetic level without a split.

Anagenesis

Who was a swiss botanist who developed the idea of "Nature's War," whereby different organisms compete for limited resources, an idea that influenced Darwin?

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle

The three domains of life are.....

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Blue-footed boobies selecting mates after an elaborate courtship display is an example of _____ isolation.

Behavioral

Who is/are the "father(s) of taxonomy"?

Carolus Linnaeus

What is the basic fundamental unit of life?

Cell

The proper order of hierarchical organization of living systems.

Cellular, Organism, Population, Ecosystem, Biosphere

This person is best known for coining "origin of species", which states that all species have descended over time from common ancestors.

Charles Darwin

_______________ proposed that organisms with favorable characteristics would survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those with unfavorable characteristics

Charles Darwin

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects how Darwin came up with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection?

Darwin's ideas built upon previous ideas and discoveries (i.e., he was "standing on the shoulders of giants," Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes).

Using general principles to make specific predictions; starting from the top and working your way down is the way __________ reasoning works

Deductive

Two distinctly different beak sizes occur in a single population of black-bellied seed crackers (a finch species that lives in Cameroon, West Africa). What type of selection is this?

Distruptive

This was the first person to say that life on Earth could be descended from a common ancestor.

Erasmus Darwin

______________ coined the term "descent with modification" to explain homologies, similar structures with different functions, found in what he saw as related species.

Erasmus Darwin

The Hardy-Weinberg equation tells us if a population is .....

Evolving

It is easy to define life

False

True or False: Individuals evolve and are the smallest unit of evolution.

False

True or false: Archaeologists on the coast of South America discovered a fossil previously discovered on the coast of Africa. This type of evidence for evolution is known as analogous characters.

False

Polydactyl (many digits) on some Amish people's hands is an example of _____.

Founder effect

______ is the raw material of natural selection.

Genetic Variation

____________________, a zoologist, that stated that living things do change through time, but he rejected the idea that one species could evolve into another species.

George Buffon

French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology".

Georges Cuvier

__________________ stated that Earth is only 6000 years old and that only catastrophic events had changed its geological structure.

Georges Cuvier

The idea that most speciation is slow and uniform is known as:

Gradualism

___________ is known as the founder of the modern science of genetics.

Gregor Mendel

___________ was an English philosopher and scientist who coined the term "survival of the fittest," which was included in On the Origin of Species starting with the fifth edition.

Herbert Spencer

__________ is maintaining a stable environment in cells.

Homeostasis

Both bat wings and cat legs have similar bone structure. This is believed to be a result of the cat and the bat having an ancestor in common. Which type of evidence for macroevolution is the bone structure in cat legs and bat wings?

Homologous characters

During artificial selection, selection pressure is exerted by.....

Humans

Who postulated the notion of, "uniformatism"?

Hutton and Lyell

Male anole lizards attract females by displaying a red color on their expanded throats. What type of selection is this?

Intersexual

This person is best known for his incorrect notion called, "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics".

Jean Baptiste-Lamark

English naturalist and botanist who contributed significantly to progress in taxonomy. This person developed a classification system for animals and plants based on anatomy and physiology.

John Ray

Who was an English agriculturalist who observed that natural events could produce results similar to those of selective breeding? For example, a severe winter would kill off the weak and unhealthy animals, thereby taking away their chance to reproduce.

John Sebright

______ is defined as evolutionary changes within species.

Microevolution

Which of the following takes a LONG time and results in few phenotypic changes?

Natural selection

Which of the following is most likely to cause a population to evolve? a. Non-random mating b. No natural selection c. No mutations d. No gene flow

Non-random mating

______ reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent formation of a zygote.

Prezygotic

What is interbreeding depression?

Reduction in the mean fitness of a population due to the presence of recessive deleterious alleles.

English naturalist and anonymous author of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, an extremely popular and widely read book of its time. ________ contradicted natural theology, with a transmutation theory suggesting that everything developed from a previous version of itself.

Robert Chambers

British anatomist and zoologist who taught Charles Darwin when he was in medical school.

Robert Edmond Grant

Zoologist and comparative anatomist best known for his work on sponges and other marine invertebrates. He was important as a teacher and outspoken as a medical reformer.

Robert Edmond Grant

This person was an American naturalist who conducted research on mollusks and the distribution of similar varieties, leading him to support the hypothesis of transmutation.

Samuel Stehman Haldeman

How can the point mutation causing sickle cell be beneficial to communities in which malaria is common?

Sickle shaped cells do not live as long which makes it more difficult for the parasite that causes malaria to reproduce.

Genetic drift would probably have its greatest effect on which of the following populations? a. Small isolated population b. Large population with random mating c. Small population with a lot of gene flow d. Large population with nonrandom mating e. Large population with regular immigration from a neighboring population

Small isolated population

_____ selection is when individuals with average phenotypes are favored.

Stabilizing

The lens of the eye was capable of developing after which other structure was formed?

The cornea, a protective layer of cells that cover the opening of the eye to prevent infection.

Upon what does natural selection act?

The phenotype

Who was an English scholar who stated that habitats could only provide enough resources for so many individuals, and organisms with certain habits and adaptations were better able to obtain those resources and survive than organisms with different adaptations? _______________ stipulated that the human population grows exponentially, but resources grow linearly.

Thomas Malthus

True or False: Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a modern example of natural selection.

True

Which of the following is a valid criticism of the Biological Species Concept? Select one: a. How does it apply to fossils? b. It does not work with stabilizing selection. c. How does it affect species maintained by NS? d. What about organisms exploiting a single niche? e. What happens with individuals eliminated from the gene pool?

a. How does it apply to fossils?

All of the following except which are prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms? a. Hybrid infertility b. Temporal isolation c. Ecological isolation d. Prevention of gamete fusion

a. Hybrid infertility

Which of the following is NOT one of the main seven characteristics of life? a. Global change b. Energy utilization c. Evolutionary Adaptations d. Growth, Development, Reproduction

a. Global Change

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven unifying themes of biology? a. Dormancy and diversity b. Evolutionary conservation c. Diversity of life arises by evolution d. Cells are information-processing systems

a. Dormancy and diversity

More than the sum of its parts, not additive; result from interaction of components; cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves, describes life as.....

an emergent property

"... groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups" is the definition of the ___ Species Concept. Select one: a. Genetic b. Biological c. Ecological d. Phylogenetic

b. Biological

Which of the seven unifying themes of biology did NOT appear on the quiz? a. Cell theory b. Molecular basis of inheritance c. Structure and function d. Diversity of life arises by evolution

b. Molecular basis of inheritance

____ mating means that the probability two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals. a. Inbreeding b. Non-random c. Assortative d. Disassortative

b. Non-random

Which of the following is NOT a postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism? a. Hybrid inviability b. Prevention of gamete fusion

b. Prevention of gamete fusion

One species of lettuce flowering early in the spring, and the other flowering in the summer, is an example of... a. Hybrid infertility b. Temporal isolation c. Ecological isolation d. Prevention of gamete fusion

b. Temporal isolation

Which of the following is NOT one of the main seven characteristics of life? a. Cells b. Water c. Sensitivity d. Homeostasis

b. Water

This person independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection; jointly published with Darwin; and prompted Darwin to publish On the Origins of Species. a. Georges Cuvier b. Thomas Malthus c. Alfred Russell Wallace d. Jean Baptiste-Lamarck

c. Alfred Russell Wallace

Individuals mate with those phenotypically like themselves for selected traits (similar). a. Random b. Inbreeding c. Assortative d. Disassortative

c. Assortative

Tiglons do not occur in the wild. Lion and tiger ranges overlap in India but they have different habitats. This is an example of... a. Hybrid infertility b. Hybrid inviability c. Ecological isolation d. Mechanical isolation

c. Ecological isolation

The oldest known bird, the archaeopteryx, is an example of which type of evidence for evolution? a. Biogeography b. Convergent evolution c. Fossil evidence d. Evolutionary transitions

c. Fossil evidence

Both birds and insects have wings which allow them to navigate their environments. However, the bone structure in bird wings greatly differs from the support structure of insect wings. This makes these sets of wings and example of what type of evidence for macroevolution? a. Divergent evolution b. Homologous characters c. Natural selection d. Analogous characters

d. Analogous characters

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven unifying themes of biology? a. Cell theory b. Nonequilibrium state c. Structure and function d. Chromosomal inheritance

d. Chromosomal inheritance

Which of the following is most likely to cause a population to evolve? a. No natural selection b. Random mating c. No mutations d. Genetic drift

d. Genetic drift

Bees may carry pollen of one species on a certain place on their bodies; if this area does not come in contact with the receptive structures of flowers of another plant, pollen is not transferred. This is an example of... a. Hybrid infertility b. Hybrid inviability c. Ecological isolation d. Mechanical isolation

d. Mechanical isolation

"... an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits" is the definition of the ___ Species Concept. a. Genetic b. Biological c. Ecological d. Phylogenetic

d. Phylogenetic

While Darwin was observing finches he noticed some had much bigger beaks while others had much smaller beaks and some had more rounded beaks while other beaks were much sharper. Which condition of natural selection is met through this observation? a. Microevolution b. Inheritance c. Competition d. Variation

d. Variation

The first step of the scientific method is

observation