BIO 183 Final Exam
What are reasons for mitotic cell division?
Fetal growth, tumor formation, regular tissue generation, and tissue repair after injury
secondary active transport
Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the following phases
G1, S, and G2
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from low to high?
GRBW
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
What does the oxygen trees make come from?
Photosystem 2
What is the recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function and that can be composed of any combination of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary structures?
domain
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
Gap junctions
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4 bonds
At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has a total of _____ sister chromatids
40
What's the cell cycle?
A series of events that will eventually produce two daughter cells.
Starch (polysaccharide)
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
Cellulose (polysaccharide)
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells? a.It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen b.It leads to the production of lactic acid c.It allows the production of approximately 18 ATPs per glucose d.It takes place in mitochondria e.It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
A, B, and E
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between...
-5 and -1000 millivolts
WHat is the time difference between pH levels?
100x
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...
18-fold
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?
2
In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose..
2 electrons and 1 proton
What is required for NAD+ to be reduced to NADH
2 electrons and 1 proton
How many checkpoints does a typical eukaryotic cell cycle have?
3
What type of cell walls do Gram positive bacterium have?
A cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Chitin (polysaccharide)
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
What is the plasma membrane?
A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
What structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?
A lysosome
Which molecule most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
A nucleotide
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is...
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not and Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
primary active transport
Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP? a.ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d.The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria
All are correct
Which of the following is/are true about tumors a.Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy b.Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors c.Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels d.Cancer often originates from a single mutation e.Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases.
All but D
Statement: According to an analysis by the North American Mycological Association, " Improper food handling or preparation, rather than misidentification, has been implicated in almost all cases where illness from wild mushrooms was traced to commercial establishments such as restaurants." From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following? a. Since this statement was made by the reputable National Mycological Association, there is no need for any additional information. b. The time (date) when this statement was made. c. The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?)) d. The medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation? written publication?) e. The name of the author of this statement
All but a
Glycogen (polysaccharide)
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
What factor would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?
Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction
The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called
Chaperones
how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?
Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. and The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.
What molecules are steroid molecules derived from?
Cholesterol
The proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle are called...
Cohesins
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
Facilitated diffusion
True or False: A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
False
True or False: Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle
False
True or False: The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight. Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell.
False
True or False: an uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
What bonds link 2 strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen Bonds
What type of bonds are found between water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that...
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
What structures allow cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrin proteins
What is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?
It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA and It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body
Which of the following is true about a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle...
It would have 12 linear chromosomes
What process would have a higher production in a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor)?
Lactate production,
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball.
Less
How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
Lowering the activation energy to start the reaction
What are endocytosed solid particles broken down into? (In Eukaryotes)
Lysosomes
Is bacteria and oxygen required for 5-10 percent alcohol?
No
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it is anaerobic
What is a carboxyl group?
O=C-OH
Growth factors are typically...
Paracine signals
What type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone)
Phosphodiester Bonds
What factor contributes significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonnaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids
RNA nucleotide
Ribose Sugar, Bases GCAU, and Phosphate Group
DNA polymerase is mostly expressed and active during the....
S phase of the cell cycle
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What allows the activation of ATP synthase?
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
primary structure
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
What is denaturing?
The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking
secondary structure
The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
True or False: A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor
True
True or False: Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes
True
True or False: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
True
True or False: DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
True or False: In class, on Monday, we saw that the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein has the ability to restrain the E2F transcription factor. An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation.
True
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe the size of the er of hepatocytes (= liver cells)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from...
Water
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be...
acidic
What are the properties of water?
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense as a solid
What is a proto-oncogene?
gene that regulates cell division and can mutate to become cancerous
What is lactose made of?
glucose and galactose
What are monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are called...
kinetochore
Lipid
macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes. Hydrophobic
Is fructose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
monosaccharide
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
ATP is a modified...
nucleotide
What process would have a lower production in a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor)?
oxygen consumption, NADH production, CO2 production
Definition of pH
pH=-log[H+]
What are the mitosis phases?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What process would have the same production in a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor)?
pyruvate production
Amylose (polysaccharide)
simplest form of starch
What can pass through the cell membrane?
small molecules like oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water
What is hydrolysis?
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Proteins are broken down into individuals' amino acids
quatenary structure
the final stage of a protein where one polypeptide is bonding with other polypeptides
The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a ______ gene
tumor suppressor
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined together
What type of bonds are found within a water molecule?
Covalent Bonds