Bio 1B Ch. 40 Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

A defect in the HoxA-3 would most likely result in: A. defects of the thyroid. B. defects of the limbs. C. an enlarged heart. D. defects of the lungs. E. abnormal positioning of the kidneys.

A

A simplified form of the Fick diffusion equation is J = DA (C1-C2) where J is the rate of diffusion, D is a constant, A is the area across which diffusion is occurring, and C1 and C2 are the concentrations of the substance on either side of the membrane. Given this, which of the following would INCREASE the rate of diffusion of a solute? A. An increase in C1 while holding C2 constant B. An equivalent decrease in both C1 and C2 C. An equivalent increase in both C1 and C2 D. A decrease in D E. A decrease in A

A

An organ must contain at least: A. two different tissue types. B. two different cell types. C. all four of the tissue types. D. connective tissue. E. two different muscle types.

A

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder which destroys the microvilli of the small intestine. Vitamin B12 can be absorbed by passive diffusion across the microvilli of the small intestine. Consider a patient who has had 10% of their microvilli destroyed. If the concentration of vitamin B is 0.6 pg/ml inside the lumen of the small intestine and 0.3 pg/ml on the inside of an epithelial cell, how is the diffusion rate of vitamin B altered in this patient? A. It is reduced by 10%. B. It is reduced by .003%. C. It is increased by 10%. D. It is reduced by .3%. E. It is increased by .3%.

A

If ATP production was regulated by positive feedback, then high levels of ATP in muscle cells would: A. stimulate more ATP production. B. inhibit more ATP production. C. not alter ATP production. D. stimulate ATP degradation. E. All of the answers for this question are correct.

A

In all animals, the largest percentage of the body's fluids are located in the: A. intracellular compartment. B. extracellular compartment. C. interstitial fluid. D. plasma. E. hemolymph.

A

In homeostatic control, the _________ compensates for any deviation between the actual value and the set point. In body temperature regulation in mammals, this function is carried out by __________. A. effector; skeletal muscle B. sensor; neurons C. effector; brain D. integrator; skeletal muscle E. integrator; brain

A

The barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments in an animal or plant is the: A. plasma membrane. B. walls of capillaries. C. nuclear membrane. D. membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. E. membrane of the Golgi apparatus.

A

The concept of homeostasis originated with: A. Claude Bernard. B. Charles Darwin. C. James Watson. D. Rosalind Franklin. E. Gregor Mendel.

A

Which of the following characteristics would be true of an epithelium specialized for exchange by diffusion (e.g., a respiratory epithelium)? A. Thin with a relatively large surface area B. Thick with a relatively large surface area C. Thin with a relatively small surface area D. Thick with a relatively small surface area E. Thin with a small surface area/volume ratio

A

Which of the following tissue types is specialized to conduct electrical signals? A. Nervous B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective E. Both nervous and epithelial tissue are correct.

A

If you placed a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, you would predict that its volume would ____ while the solute concentration in its cytoplasm would ____. A. increase, increase B. increase, decrease C. decrease, increase D. decrease, decrease E. decrease, not change

B

In osmosis: A. water moves from extracellular to intracellular compartments. B. water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. C. solutes move from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration. D. solutes move from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration. E. plasma membranes must be impermeable to water.

B

In the blood clotting process, platelets arrive at the site of damage and start secreting substances to attract more platelets. More platelets arrive at the site and secrete attractants to recruit more platelets. This is an example of: A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback. C. feedforward regulation. D. paracrine signaling. E. electrical signaling.

B

Interstitial cystitis is a painful condition characterized by bladder pain and chronic inflammation of the bladder wall. Interstitial cystitis is a disease of the: A. reproductive system. B. excretory system. C. nervous system. D. digestive system. E. endocrine system.

B

Salmon are able to live in both fresh water and salt water. Salmon are therefore: A. conformers. B. regulators. C. conditioned. D. effectors.

B

Small birds must eat more frequently than large birds in order to maintain their body temperature. This is because: A. small birds are cold-blooded. B. small birds have a lower surface area to volume ratio than large birds. C. small birds have a higher surface area to volume ratio than large birds. D. large birds are cold-blooded.

B

Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener. Its structure is similar to sucrose, but with three of sucrose's hydroxyl groups replaced by chloride. How do you predict sucralose behaves in the body? A. Sucralose enters cells by diffusion. B. Sucralose is unable to bind conventional sugar transporters and is excreted. C. Sucralose binds to glucose transporters and is metabolized by normal metabolic pathways. D. Sucralose does not enter the body.

B

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains numerous inward folds called cristae, which greatly increase the surface area of this membrane. Because ATP is produced on the inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae enhance the ability of the mitochondria to generate ATP. What structure can be thought of as similar to these cristae? A. Spiracle B. Finger-like projections of a human's small intestine C. Bronchiole D. Cartilage

B

The release of factors by cells that influence the activity of nearby cells is referred to as: A. autocrine signaling. B. paracrine signaling. C. pheromonal signaling. D. electrical signaling. E. endocrine signaling.

B

Which major tissue type exhibits the shortening of its cells (i.e., contraction) as a major function? A. Nervous B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective

B

Which of the following is true of both neurotransmitters and hormones? A. They are both involved in paracrine signaling. B. They both interact with receptors inside or on the surface of target cells. C. They are both produced in glands. D. They both travel through the bloodstream to target cells. E. They both influence the activity of multiple organs simultaneously.

B

Why does extended hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) lead to confusion and difficulty thinking? A. Unregulated pH of body fluids causes these symptoms. B. Glucose provides energy for brain cells. C. Glucose is required for chemical reactions in the body. D. Glucose is major source of energy for non-nervous system cells.

B

Your friend has a dog Rex that she feeds every night immediately after she gets up from the dinner table. You are dog-sitting one weekend and you decide to keep Rex at your house rather than leave him alone in hers. After you eat dinner and get up to clear the table, Rex starts salivating profusely and runs to his food bowl. Rex's behavior is an example of: A. an automatic reflex. B. a conditioned response. C. an irrelevant response. D. the anticipatory response. E. permanent conditioning.

B

A lizard warming himself on a rock in the sun is an example of: A. negative feedback. B. regulating. C. conforming. D. conditioning.

C

Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? A. Bone B. Cartilage C. Neurons D. Fat E. Blood

C

In contrast to regulators, animals that are conformers: A. are able to alter their immediate external surroundings in order to maintain homeostasis. B. require large stores of ATP to maintain homeostasis. C. have a feature of their internal body composition that matches their external surroundings. D. cannot live in extremely cold environments, such as the Antarctic Ocean. E. cannot adapt to the external environment.

C

In scleroderma, patients develop a buildup of collagen in their organs. Scleroderma is a disease of what tissue type? A. Epithelial tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Connective Tissue D. Nervous tissue

C

Insulin is a peptide hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood. It is released from the pancreas as soon as you eat, even before blood glucose levels rise. This is an example of: A. positive feedback. B. negative feedback. C. feed-forward regulation. D. conditioning.

C

It's your birthday and you splurge with a big slice of chocolate cake, heavy on the icing. Shortly afterwards, your blood glucose levels rise until an endocrine mechanism (secretion of insulin) counteracts this rise and glucose levels decline. The initial change in blood glucose and insulin response that follows is an example of: A. physiological constancy. B. diffusion. C. homeostasis. D. positive feedback. E. lack of homeostasis.

C

McArdle's Disease is a rare condition caused by the inability to produce myophosphorylase, which breaks down glycogen. Symptoms include severe muscle pain during exercise. What tissue type is affected in these patients? A. Smooth muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Skeletal muscle D. Epithelial tissue

C

Spider crabs are an osmoconforming species, which likely means: A. they have the same temperature as their environment. B. they regulate their temperature within their environment. C. they have the same solute concentration as their environment. D. they regulate their solute concentration within their environment.

C

The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop any change in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffer system, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation rate changes the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pH of the blood. In this case, the muscles that control the ventilation rate are acting as the: A. homeostatic challenge. B. sensor. C. effector. D. integrator. E. set point.

C

What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in the respiratory system of insects? A. Alveoli B. Tracheoles C. Spiracles D. Epithelial tissue

C

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? A. Defense against pathogens B. Fluid transport C. Supporting the weight of body structures D. Protection from dehydration E. Regulation of body temperature

C

Which of the following lists the organization of a mammalian body from least to most complex? A. Tissue—cell—organ system—organ B. Organ system—organ—tissue—cell C. Cell—tissue—organ—organ system D. Tissue—organ—cell—organ system E. Organ—organ system—tissue—cell

C

Which of the following tissue types are attached to a basal lamina or basement membrane? A. Nervous B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective E. Cartilaginous

C

Addison's disease is a disorder of the adrenal glands which can progress to a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma. Addison's disease is a disease of which organ system? A. Circulatory system B. Respiratory system C. Integumentary system D. Endocrine system

D

Collagen is a tough, stretch-resistant protein. You would be most likely to find collagen in which tissue type? A. Nervous B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective E. Epithelial and connective tissue

D

Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited, but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your blood pressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activity decreases as blood is diverted to your muscles—all changes that prepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change is an example of: A. positive feedback control. B. negative feedback control. C. a failure of homeostasis. D. feedforward regulation. E. open loop feedback.

D

In SCUBA diving, breathing gas, a mixture of oxygen and other gases, is carried in a breathing tank on the diver's back. This gas must be pressurized so the diver can breath underwater; it is not sufficient to simply bring unpressurized breathing gas or normal air underwater. Based on the Fick diffusion equation, what can you conclude about the concentration of oxygen available to the diver underwater? A. The atmospheric and water pressure increases the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from unpressurized breathing gas. B. The atmospheric and water pressure does not affect the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from unpressurized breathing gas. C. The concentration of oxygen is lower in breathing gas than in normal air. D. The atmospheric and water pressure decreases the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from unpressurized breathing gas.

D

In invertebrates with open circulatory systems, hemolymph is composed of: A. plasma. B. interstitial fluid. C. plasma plus intracellular fluid. D. plasma plus interstitial fluid.

D

The readout recorded in Pavlov's experiments on learning and feedforward regulation was: A. amount of food the dogs ate. B. how quickly the dogs ate. C. how long the metronome ticked. D. amount of saliva collected.

D

Which of the following tissue types is characterized by having cells suspended within an extracellular matrix consisting of a mixture of fibrous proteins and carbohydrates? A. Nervous B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective E. Digestive

D

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis? A. Blood volume and pressure drop due to minor bleeding. This decreased pressure causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption to restore blood volume and pressure. B. Exposure to cold water causes body temperature to drop. Decreased stimulation of heat receptors causes constriction of blood vessels near the skin and better retention of heat. C. Glucose levels rise following consumption of a big dessert, triggering release of insulin which causes glucose levels to fall. D. During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors. E. Blood levels of glucose fall during sustained exercise, causing the release of glucagon which stimulates the release of glucose into the blood.

D

In negative feedback, the variable being regulated is changed in the _______ direction, while in positive feedback the variable is changed in the ________ direction. A. same, opposite B. decreasing, increasing C. negative, positive D. inhibitory, stimulatory E. opposite, same

E

The direction of water movement across a cell membrane is determined in part by: A. the presence of transporter molecules. B. the levels of ATP in the cell. C. the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell. D. the pressure gradient existing between the inside and the outside the cell E. the concentration of solutes and the pressure gradient existing between the inside and the outside the cell.

E

The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop any change in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffer system, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation rate changes the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pH of the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the: A. homeostatic challenge. B. sensor. C. effector. D. integrator. E. set point.

E

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A. Simple cuboidal; kidney tubules B. Transitional epithelium; bladder C. Stratified squamous; esophagus D. Simple columnar; intestines E. Simple squamous; nasal passages

E

Which of the following is not one of the four tissue types? A. Muscle B. Nervous C. Epithelial D. Connective E. Squamal

E

Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control. True or False

False

Homeostasis refers to the property of maintaining particular physiological variables such as body temperature and solute concentrations absolutely constant. True or False

False

In osmosis, water moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area with lower solute concentration. True or False

False

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. True or False

True

When body temperature drops below normal, a person starts shivering uncontrollably. This is an example of negative feedback. True or False

True

Epithelial cell shapes and arrangements include: (check all that apply) _____ columnar. _____ stratified. _____ symmetric. _____ rod shaped. _____ transitional.

__X__ columnar. __X__ stratified. _____ symmetric. _____ rod shaped. __X__ transitional.

Hox genes are known to be important for: (check all that apply) _____ spatial patterning. _____ apoptosis. _____ cell metabolism. _____ cell-cell adhesion.

__X__ spatial patterning. __X__ apoptosis. _____ cell metabolism. __X__ cell-cell adhesion.

Which organs have a surface area to volume ratio that is specially optimized to absorb oxygen? (Check all that apply) _____ Moth antennae _____ Intestines _____ Fish gills _____ Neurons _____ Frog skin

_____ Moth antennae _____ Intestines __X__ Fish gills _____ Neurons __X__ Frog skin

Choose all of the homeostatic variables that provide energy in animals. _____ Water _____ Fat _____ ATP _____ Ca2+ _____ Glucose

_____ Water __X__ Fat __X__ ATP _____ Ca2+ __X__ Glucose