bio 2

living things(= biotic components of ecosystems) interact in many ways:

the most important ecosystem interaction involve energy transfer energy is usually transferred from one component to another through consumption

what two values would you need to know to figure out the human population density of your community

the number of people and the land area in which they live

what is ecology

the scientific study of of the interactions of organism with their environment (organisms)

tropic structure

the sequence by which organisms usually transfer energy through an ecosystem

biosphere

the total of all the earths ecosystems the most complex (highest) level in ecology major ecosystems on deaths are (biomes)

according to the concept of competitive exclusion

two species cannot share the same niche in a community

abiotic (nonliving) components

water energy nutrients wind temperature

aquatic biomes

water is abundant 71%

if members of a species produce a large number of offspring but provide minimal parental care, then a type ___ survivorship curve is expected. IN contrast, if members of species produce few offspring and provide them with long-standing care, then a type ___ survivorship curve is expected

3 and 1

which of the following sea creatures might be described as a pelagic animal of the aphasic zone

a deep sea squid

energy

a fundamental entity of nature generally regarded as capacity to do work

ex the cartoon cycle

a gimme of things such as photosynthesis and respiration to come in general biology

biome

a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biome, and physical environment in aquatic biomes

natural selection

adapts organism to survive and reproduce in a particular set of ecological (biotic and abiotic) factors

what human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation?

agriculture

match each organism with its trophic level ( you may choose a level more than once)

alga-producer grasshopper- primary producer zooplankton-primary producer eagle-tertiary consumer fungus-decomposer

demodex folliculorum

an ex of commensalism

2nd law of thermodynamics (energy)

as energy is used it is dissipated (lost) as heat

kelp forest trophic structure has been disturbed near shore alaska why?

base-kelp producers sea urgent primary consumers sea otters secondary consumers

why are the top predators in food chains most severely affected by pesticides such as DDT

because the pesticides become concentrated in their prey

bioacummulation

biological magnification of mercury organism can't metabolize many toxins so they remain in their bodies and accumulate this causes the toxins to become concentrated as they pass up the food chain

mutualism

both parties benefit

what is the greenhouse effect? how is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb heating energy radiating from each and reflect int back toward earth. this called the greenhouse effect. as the carbo dioxide concentration in the atmosphere necrosis, more heat is retained, causing global warming

we are on a coastal hillside on a hot, dry summer day among ever-greens shrubs that are adapted to fire, we are most likely standing in a ___ biome

chaparral

pcbs

chemicals used as coolants in electrical devices and manufacturing banned since the 1970s due to toxicity

interactions between population =

competition

10% rule

decreases on the way up pyramid each successive tropic level is 1/10 90% is lost a heat

dtd

effective insecticide against mosquitos banned in us still manufactured for export

ecologist

emphasize processes that occur above the level of the organism

energy and nutrients in ecosystem are different:

energy flows in ecosystem (1st law of thermodynamics) sunlight is high quality energy end ups as low quality energy nutrients cycle in ecosystems

the concept of trophic structure emphasize emphasizes the

feeding relationships within a community

1st law of thermodynamics (Energy)

finile amount in the universe = energy can not be created or destroyed

currently the number one cause of biodiversity loss is

habitat destruction

ecosystem have a characteristic trophic structure:

heterophs autotrophs- pant, producers, phytoplankton- drifter- light (h2o)

definition for biome

is a large geographical area of destructive plant and animal groups which are adapted to that particular environment

estuary (chesapeake bay)

is a place where fresh and salt water mix

an ecosystem

is the specific group of integrating organisms and physical chemical factories within a biome

a__ is a local grouping of interacting ecosystems with several adjacent habitats

landscape

coniferous forest

largest terrestrial biome coniferous-cone barring long winters short wet summers low diversity acidic soils

name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms loving inside a home fish tank

light, water temperature, chemical added

symbiosis

living together

local conditions such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants may limit the amount of nitrogen phosphorus or calcium available to a particular terrestrial ecosystem but the amount of carbon available to the ecosystem is seldom a problem Why?

many nutrients come from the soil, but carbon comes form the air

chaparral

mid-latitude coastal hot dry summer mild h2o 30-40cm rain year

grasslands

mostly treeless temperate tree associated with lotic regions fire-regulated herbivore gazing 25-75 cm rain/year highly episodic

tundra

northeast planet growth frozen subsoil= permafrost short- rooted plants

deciduous forest

not as tall or diverse as in trophic, distinct seasons 75-150 cm rain/year deciduas -fall out

according tho pyramid of production why is eating gran fed beef a relatively inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis

only 10% of the energy tapped by photosynthesis is turned into biomass by the plant and only 10 % of that energy us turned into the meat of a grazing animal. therefore grain fed beef provides only about 1 % of the energy captured by photosynthesis

which life history pattern is typical of invasive species?

opportunistic

place these levels of ecological study ignored from the least to the most comprehensive: ecology,ecosystem ecology, organismal ecology, population ecology

organismal ecology population ecology community ecology ecosystem ecology

what three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in arctic tundra?

permafrost, very cold winters, and high winds

the formation of goose bumps on your skin in cold weather is an example of a (an)___response, while seasonal migration is a example of a (an)___response.

physiological and behavioral

what populations of organisms are most likely to survive climate change we evolutionary adaptation?

population organisms that have high genetic variability and short spans

biotic (living) components

producers (autotrophs) consumers decomposers

which of the following describes the effects of density- dependent limiting factor?

rabbits multiply and their food supply begins to dwindle

movement corridors are

strips of clumps of habitat that connect isolated fragments

oikos + logos=

study of the home major ecosystem componets interactions between organisms and nonliving things they need to survive

over a period of many years, grass grows on a sand dune, then shrubs grow, and then eventually trees grow. This is an example of ecological

succession

parasitism

suffer

the recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in

the burning of fossil fuels and wood

according to the ecological foot print study produced by the world wildlife fund 2008

the ecological footprint of the united states is more than twice the world average

skyrocketing growth of the human population since the beginning of the industrial revolution appears to be mainly a result of the industrial revolution appears to be mainly a result of

the ecological footprint of the united states is more than twice the world average