Bio 2 Chapter 1 Guided Reading

Fill in the following illustration regarding Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

(Boxes, left to right then down.) Individual variation, overproduction of offspring, unequal reproductive success, and accumulation of favorable traits

Energy and chemicals move through ecosystems in different ways. Nutrients are constantly ____________ through the ecosystem, while energy moves through an ecosystem in ____________ direction.

Energy and chemicals move through ecosystems in different ways. Nutrients are constantly recycled through the ecosystem, while energy moves through an ecosystem in one direction.

____________ is responsible for the change that has occurred to life on earth from the beginnings of the planet until today.

Evolution is responsible for the change that has occurred to life on earth from the beginnings of the planet until today.

True or false: Systems biology uses microscopy to study how cells use energy. If false, make it a correct statement.

False. Systems biology is the study of a biological system and the modeling of it's behavior.

____________ are passed from parent to offspring and control the characteristics of the off- spring including the activities of individual cells.

Genes are passed from parent to offspring and control the characteristics of the offspring including activities of individual cells.

A corn farmer applies a pesticide to his crops each year. After several years, he notices that the pesticide seems to have less of an effect. The population of insects is now more resistant to the pesticide. Would this be an example of artificial or natural selection? Briefly explain what you think would happen to the insect population if the farmer applied a different pesticide the next year.

It would be an example of natural selection because the insects that have more resistance to the pesticide would reproduce and the ones with less resistance would die off. If the farmer used a different pesticide that the insects are not used to, more of them will be killed off.

Complete the table that compares the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem.

Producers- Plants make their own food Consumers- Eat plants and other animals Decomposers- Break down dead organisms

Briefly explain how the genetic code is analogous to the letters of the alphabet.

The genetic code is analogous to the alphabet because it contains specific letters in a specific order.

Which of the following is the highest level of taxonomic organization?

The highest level of taxonomic organization is domain.

True or false: The "nature" in natural selection refers to an organism's environment selecting for adaptive traits. If false, make it a correct statement.

True

A cell phone is not alive. List three characteristics of life that the phone does not perform

A cell phone is not alive because it does not reproduce, respond to the environment, or grow and develop.

A common misconception among students is that a hypothesis and a theory are essentially the same. Briefly explain what you would say to a student who believes that.

A common misconception among students is that a hypothesis and a theory are essentially the same thing. I would tell a student who believes it that a hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is an accepted explanation proving or disproving a hypothesis.

How many factors does a scientist want to have different between the two groups being studied?

A scientist wants to have 1 factor different between two groups being studied.

Which of the following is best described as a tentative explanation to an observation or set of observations?

A tentative explanation to an observation or set of observations is a hypothesis.

What will all members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria have in common?

All members of the domains of Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic.

Which of the following would be considered a population?

All the organisms found in a forest would be considered a population.

Match the following cell types to their characteristics. Some may be characteristics of both.

B, A and B, A, B, A, B, B

Explain what would be the likely result if all the decomposers in an ecosystem suddenly died.

Dead organisms would be everywhere and the plants would not have their chemicals to absorb. That would be really bad for the plants, so there would be less food for the consumers. Eventually everything would just die

You are a research scientist for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) interested in perform- ing a controlled experiment to determine the effects of caffeine on human blood pressure. One group of people will get caffeinated coffee and one will get decaffeinated coffee. Briefly explain why you would want that to be the only variable that differs between the two groups.

I like for the caffeine to be the only variable because otherwise I would not be able to tell what caused the results because there would not be proper data.

When did mammoths (from the genus Mammuthus) begin to evolve away from modern elephants? Use Figure 1.7E on page 9 of the text.

Mammoths began to evolve away from modern elephants 5.5 years ago

Does your car fulfill any of the characteristics of life? If so, which one(s)?

My car does not fulfill any of the characteristics of life because it is not alive.

Complete the following table that compares the four kingdoms of the domain Eukarya.

Plantae- Multicellular eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, transport system, photosynthesis, sexual and asexual reproduction Multicellular, no photosynthesis, no cell wall, eats other organisms Eukaryote, decomposers, no chlorophyll, multi and unicellular, chitin cell walls, more related to animals than plants Eukaryotic, mostly single celled, very little in common

Complete the Venn diagram that compares eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes- Simpler, Smaller, First to evolve Both- Contain DNA, Have a membrane Eukaryotes- Has a nucleus, Larger, More complex

Complete the table that compares qualitative data with quantitative data.

Qualitative- descriptive data (color, taste, texture, and smell) Quantitative- data that includes measurements (age, height, weight, length, and size)

Complete the table that compares science to technology.

Science- Study of the structure and behavior of the world by observing and experimenting; Research benefits from new technology Technology- Use of scientific knowledge for everyday life purposes; Technological advances come from scientific research

Your doctor prescribes you an antibiotic for 10 days to help you fight pneumonia. You take the antibiotic for the first three days and then stop because you are feeling better. The bacteria that remain would have

The bacteria that remain would have more resistance to the antibiotic.

The idea that new characteristics emerge as you go higher in biological levels is known as ____________

The idea that new characteristics emerge as you go higher in biological levels is known as hierarchy.

Human growth hormone (HGH) is necessary for growth during adolescence. Pituitary dwarf- ism is a condition that results from the inability of a person to produce HGH. Luckily, the human gene for HGH can be inserted into E. coli bacteria, which are able to make our HGH. The resulting HGH is used by people who are unable to make their own. What property about hereditary information makes this possible?

The knowledge of the human genome allows this to be possible, all organisms have DNA, so it makes sense that it can be altered like that.

List the three basic components of scientific inquiry.

The three basic components of scientific inquiry are making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing the hypotheses.