Bio 2
15)Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a)the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b)zygote c)spore-producing structures d)mycelium e)hypha
A
16) Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes? a)pollen tubes b)sepals c)immature ovules d)stamens e)ovaries
A
16)Karyogamy produces a _____. a)diploid zygote b)haploid zygote c)spores d)mycelium e)hypha
A
18) Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore a)4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 b)3 → 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 c)4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 d)4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2 . e)3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2
A
2) The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. a)moisture b)light c)animals d)wind e)the development of a flower
A
20) Select the correct statement about the life cycle of a fern. a)Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies. b)In ferns, meiosis results in the formation of egg and sperm cells. c)Plant sporophytes grow from haploid spores.
A
21)Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I? a)plasmogamy b)binary fission c)karyogamy d)crossing over e)mitosis
A
23) Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of flower of stone have the best chance of finding them? 1. moist soil 2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi 3. south- or west-facing slopes 4. permanently shady places 5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes a)1, 2, and 4 b)1 and 2 c)1 only d)1, 2, and 5 . e)1, 3, 4, and 5
A
27) The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. a)hyphae ... mycelium b)mycelia ... hypha c)sporangia ... dikaryon d)mycelia ... dikaryon e)hyphae ... chytrid
A
28) A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the a)club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses. b)charophytes. c)ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. d)conifers. e)mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
A
) Where do fern antheridia develop? a)on the tip of the haploid protonema b)on the underside of the gametophyte c)on the tip of the gametophyte d)on the tip of the sporophyte . e)on the underside of the sporophyte
B
10) In club fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a)basidiospores b)basidia c)ovule d)asci e)zygotes
B
13) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? a)binary fission b)mitosis c)meiosis d)meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis e)mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis
B
13) You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of the following would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss or a club moss? a)its color b)the appearance of its spore-producing structures c)its height d)if conducting tissues are present e)if seeds are present
B
15) Carpels and stamens are a)gametes. b)modified sporophylls. c)sporophyte plants in their own right. d)gametophyte plants in their own right. e)spores.
B
16) Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have a)more-acidic water. b)less-acidic water. c)reduced oxygen content. d)reduced rates of decomposition. e)lower numbers of bacteria.
B
17) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes. a)1 and 2 b)3 and 5 c)4 only d)3, 4, and 5 . e)2 and 3
B
2) The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? a)poor sporophyte viability b)pollination failure c)failure to produce pollen d)failure to produce fertile ovules. e)poor sporophyte fertility
B
21) Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. a)Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes. b)Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. c)Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular.
B
22) Microphylls are found in which plant group? a)hornworts b)lycophytes c)liverworts d)mosses e)ferns
B
23) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? a)desmosomes - tonoplasts b)gap junctions - plasmodesmata c)centrioles - plastids d)tight junctions - plastids e) flagella - central vacuoles
B
25)When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a)fungal haustoria b)fungal enzymes c)increased oxygen levels d)soredia e)larger bacterial populations
B
26) Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. a)ingestion b)absorption c)photosynthesis d)chemosynthesis e)endocytosis
B
27) A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal a)that it is composed of only a single, long cell. b)lignified vascular tissues. c)cuticle. d)gametangia. e)a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.
B
3) In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores. a)diploid ... mitosis ... haploid b)diploid ... meiosis ... haploid c)diploid ... mitosis ... diploid d)haploid ... mitosis ... haploid . e)haploid ... meiosis ... haploid
B
3) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? a)It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage. b)It should be nutritious. c)It should contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit. d)It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark. e)It should be drab in color
B
3) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? a)Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. b)Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. c)Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example. d)The gametophyte is the dominant generation. e)They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds
B
31) You discover a new species of slime mold that has a spore and stalk consisting of many cells. Which group does it belong with? a)extracellular slime molds b)cellular slime molds c)acellular slime molds d)intracellular slime molds
B
33) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? a)female gametophyte b)female sporophyte c)male sporophyte . d)male gametophyte
B
33)Which of the following is true? a)Slime molds form colonies only for reproduction. b)Some species of slime molds form colonies. c)All species of slime mold form colonies. d)No species of slime mold form colonies.
B
35) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales? a)None are capable of photosynthesis. b)They are modified leaves. c)They are found on angiosperms. d)They are found on flowers. e)They are female reproductive parts.
B
38)Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. a)Ascomycota b)Glomeromycota c)Basidiomycota d)Chytridiomycota e)Zygomycota
B
40) Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? a)a chitinous cuticle b)stomata c)an unbranched sporophyte d)photosystem II . e)a dominant gametophyte
B
41) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? a)deuteromycete b)ascomycete c)basidiomycete d)zygomycete e)chytrid
B
43) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? a)Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. b)Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. c)A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. d)Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.
B
45) Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. a)do not produce flowers b)lack true leaves and roots c)have cones but no seeds d)have flagellated sperm e)produce spores
B
48) Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. a)Precambrian b)Mesozoic c)Carboniferous d)Cenozoic e)Paleozoic
B
49) In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. a)haploid ... mitosis b)haploid ... meiosis c)triploid ... fertilization d)diploid ... meiosis e)diploid ... mitosis
B
5) In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____. a)a fruit b)a sporophyte c)gametes d)spores . e)a gametophyte
B
6)Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as a)hallucinogens. b)antibiotics. c)aflatoxins. d)antibodies. e)antigens.
B
61) The seed coat's most important function is to provide a)a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. b)protection for the embryo. c)dormancy. d)the means for dispersal. e)a nutrient supply for the embryo.
B
63) Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other? a)charophytes b)ferns c)gymnosperms d)angiosperms e)mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
B
67) Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms. a)The life cycle of seed plants does not include a gametophyte generation. b)Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. c)In angiosperm life cycles, the female gametophyte is the ovule
B
69) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except a)ovules. b)ovaries. c)pollen. d)vascular tissue. e)seeds.
B
7) Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? a)They are the sites where male gametes are produced. b)They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. c)They are asexual reproductive structures. d)They are the same as sporangia. e)They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads
B
71) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? a)sperm-n b)megaspore-2n c)zygote-2n d)egg-n . e)microspore-n
B
75) The cutting and burning of tropical rain forests leads to which of the following? 1. addition of CO2 to the atmosphere 2. decreased removal of CO2 from the atmosphere 3. greenhouse effect 4. global warming 5. decreasing sea level a)2, 3, 4, and 5 b)1, 2, 3, and 4 c)1, 2, and 3 d)1 only . e)1 and 2
B
8) Hypothetically, one of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to a)emphasize embryonic survival by increasing embryo size. b)coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores. c)decrease the potential for mutation by insulating the embryo with other cells. d)promote diversity in flower shape and color. e)increase the number of fertilization events and offspring produced.
B
9) The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? a)cuticle b)stomata c)phenolics d)peroxisomes e)rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
B
3) For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. ,I%GFDQQRWJURZSURSHUO\DWWHPSHUDWXUHVDERYH& ) WKHQDVVXPLQJ the amphibians can survive, in which time or place should the chytrid infection proceed most rapidly? 1. cooler months 2. warmer months 3. lower altitudes 4. higher altitudes a)1 or 4 b)1 or 3 c)2 or 4 d)2 or 3
A
32) During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of the following would have been a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it? a)increased numbers of stomata, to maximize ability to absorb low levels of atmospheric CO2 b)increased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 c)decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of low levels of atmospheric CO2 d)decreased numbers of stomata, to retain CO2 produced by the chloroplasts
A
32) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube? a)male gametophyte b)female sporophyte c)female gametophyte . d)male sporophyte
A
32)Which of the following is true? a)Slime molds colonized land before plants and animals. b)Slime molds colonized land before animals, but after plants. c)Slime molds colonized land before plants, but after animals. d)Slime molds colonized land after plants and animals.
A
35) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia a)3, 2, 4, 1 b)3, 1, 4, 2 c)3, 4, 2, 1 d)2, 4, 3, 1 . e)2, 3, 4, 1
A
35)Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? a)unicellular or multicellular b)diploid or haploid c)prokaryotic or eukaryotic d)autotroph or heterotroph
A
36) The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds' a)DNA sequences. b)choice of habitats. c)nutritional modes. d)reproductive methods. e)physical appearance.
A
37) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? a)ovule b)anthers c)carpel d)stigma . e)ovary
A
39) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei a)1, 4, 3, 2, 5 b)4, 1, 2, 3, 5 c)1, 4, 2, 3, 5 d)1, 2, 3, 5, 4 . e)4, 3, 2, 5, 1
A
39)What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? a)asexual structures that produce haploid spores b)sexual structures that produce diploid spores c)sexual structures that produce haploid spores d)asexual structures that produce diploid spores
A
4) In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. a)mitosis ... mitosis b)binary fission ... mitosis c)mitosis ... meiosis d)meiosis ... mitosis e)meiosis ... meiosis
A
40) Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? a)pollen b)fruits c)carpels d)triploid endosperm e)nonfertile flower parts
A
44) For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Which of the following are protists, the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids? a)nucleariids b)zygomycetes c)algae d)choanoflagellates e)diplomonads
A
45) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they a)have pollen. b)have sporophylls. c)have macrophylls. d)have spores. e)are woody.
A
46) In pine, the embryo develops within the _____. a)female gametophyte b)microsporophyll c)male gametophyte d)staminate cone . e)macrogametophyte
A
47) In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ . a)female gametophytes b)ovulate cones c)pollen grains d)female sporophytes e)male gametophytes
A
52) In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. a)micropyle b)integument c)pollen cone d)eggs . e)megaspore
A
54) In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. a)archegonia ... egg b)antheridia ... egg c)archegonia ... sperm cell d)antheridia ... sperm cell e)microsporangia ... egg cell
A
59) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte a)3, 1, 4, 2 b)3, 1, 2, 4 c)3, 4, 2, 1 d)3, 4, 1, 2 . e)3, 2, 1, 4
A
60) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seedproducing plants? a)pollen b)sporopollenin c)use of air currents as a dispersal agent d)megaphylls e)lignin present in cell walls
A
62) All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except a)chloroplasts. b)cell walls. c)mitochondria. d)haploid nuclei. e)peroxisomes.
A
65) All seed plants _____. a)are heterosporous b)are nonvascular c)produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte d)exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation e)produce flowers
A
66) Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte? a)A male gametophyte within a pollen grain b)A seed . c)The ovule
A
68) What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? a)Megaspores or microspores b)Male or female gametophytes c)Sperm or eggs
A
7) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? a)ovule b)stamen c)ovary d)fruit
A
76) Cutting down rain forests can lead to a)decreased rainfall. b)decreased temperatures. c)increased biodiversity. d)decreased atmospheric carbon dioxide. e)more than one of these
A
12) In sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a)ascospores b)antheridia c)asci d)ascogonia e)basidia
C
13)Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a)Zygomycota b)Chytridomycota c)Ascomycota d)Chordata e)Basidiomycota
C
14) Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels? a)Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation. b)Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes. c)Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte. d)Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia. e)Carpels consist of anther and stamen.
C
14)Zygosporangia are _____. a)diploid b)haploid c)heterokaryotic d)haplodiploid e)either haploid or diploid, depending on the type of fungus
C
17) Fungi produce _____ spores. a)dikaryotic b)heterokaryotic c)haploid d)diploid e)triploid
C
18) The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. a)1, 2 and 3 b)2, 3 and 5 c)1, 2 and 4 d)2 and 5 e)All of the statements are correct
C
18) Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants? a)The gametophyte generation is dominant. b)The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant. c)The flower includes sporophyte tissue. d)The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower. e)The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic.
C
19) Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? a)Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. b)The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte. c)Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. d)The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. e)The sporophyte generation is dominant.
C
21) Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a)a vascular system b)seeds c)flowers d)a life cycle that involves alternation of generations. e)a sporophyte phase
C
22)What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? a)a long tubular body shape b)the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition c)rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming d)a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients
C
24)Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? a)They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. b)They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. c)They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. d)Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. e)Their body plan is a unicellular sphere.
C
25) Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of flower of stone? a)true moss b)liverwort c)club moss d)hornwort . e)fern
C
30) The question is based on the following description. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a(n) a)horsetail gametophyte. b)fern sporophyte. c)lycophyte sporophyte. d)immature pine tree. e)bryophyte sporophyte
C
30) You are researching the reproduction of slime molds. Which of the following do you study? a)buds b)eggs c)spores d)seeds
C
34) If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they weren't), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? a)horsetails and bryophytes b)charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms c)ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes d)whisk ferns and epiphytes e)lycophytes and bryophytes
C
38) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators 5. endosperm a)2, 4, and 5 b)1 and 3 c)1, 2, and 3 d)1 only . e)1, 3, and 5
C
41) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. a)1, 2, and 3 b)1, 2, 4, and 5 c)1 and 5 d)1, 3, and 5 . e)1, 4, and 5
C
41) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore a)4→→→3→→→2→→→1 b)4→→→1→→→2→→→3 c)4→→→2→→→3→→→1 d)1→→→4→→→2→→→3 . e)1→→→4→→→3→→→2
C
42) Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? a)Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. b)The pine tree is a gametophyte. c)Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. d)Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. e)Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.
C
43) What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? a)leaves b)sporophylls c)lignified vascular tissue d)the waxy cuticle e)rhizoids
C
44) In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. a)antheridium b)archegonium c)sporophyte d)spore . e)gametophyte
C
46) The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. a)diploid sorus b)haploid gametophyte c)diploid sporophyte d)diploid gametophyte . e)haploid sporophyte
C
48) In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. a)meiosis ... meiosis b)meiosis ... mitosis c)mitosis ... mitosis d)mitosis ... meiosis e)binary fission ... mitosis
C
53) In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. a)immature male gametophyte b)immature female gametophyte c)immature sporophyte d)seed . e)food reserve for the immature sporophyte
C
57) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? a)sporangium b)stigma c)sporopollenin d)sporophyll . e)male gametophyte
C
6) The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. a)develops from a spore b)produces eggs and sperm c)produces spores d)is called the gametophyte . e)is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage
C
6) Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit? a)stigma b)ovule c)ovary d)micropyle . e)style
C
74) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity? a)insects b)pathogenic fungi c)human population growth d)competition with other plants e)grazing and browsing by animals
C
77) When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. a)haploid sporophyte b)triploid endosperm c)diploid sporophyte d)diploid gametophyte . e)haploid gametophyte
C
9) Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful double fertilization to occur in angiosperms? a)the pollen tube and two sperm nuclei b)the pollen tube c)two sperm nuclei d)only one sperm nucleus e)two sperm nuclei and one egg nucleus
C
1) In moss, _____ produce sperm. a)protonemata b)sporangia c)embryos d)antheridia . e)archegonia
D
1)Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to a)eliminate other fungi. b)discourage animal predators. c)promote their ingestion of foodstuffs. d)reduce competition for nutrients. e)help humanity survive.
D
10) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac a)4, 5, 2, 1, 3 b)5, 1, 4, 2, 3 c)5, 4, 3, 1, 2 d)4, 1, 2, 5, 3 . e)4, 2, 1, 5, 3
D
10) Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes? a)Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes. b)Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes. c)Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes. d)Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes. e)None of the responses provided best explain a relationship.
D
11)A nucleus within an ascus undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis, producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of _____ different genetic types. a)one b)two c)three d)four e)five
D
14) In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? a)Pterophyta b)Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum) c)Pterophyta and Bryophyta d)Bryophyta e)horsetail (Equisetum)
D
17) At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature a)microphylls. b)true leaves. c)true roots. d)sporangia. e)umbilical cells.
D
19) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a)ovules that are not contained within ovaries b)carpels that contain microsporangia c)free-living gametophytes d)double internal fertilization e)complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent
D
2)All fungi share which of the following characteristics? a)flagellated b)act as decomposers c)symbiotic d)heterotrophic e)pathogenic
D
20) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? a)predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls b)continental drift and mode of spore dispersal c)periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape d)colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells e)presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition
D
22) The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. a)presence or absence of alternation of generations b)production of microspores versus megaspores c)dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation d)presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule e)presence or absence of vascular structures
D
27) In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. a)endosperm b)fruit c)cotyledon d)seed coat . e)sporophyte
D
28) The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. a)embryo sacs b)megaspores c)endosperm d)pollen grains e)male sporophytes
D
29) A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres? a)terpenes b)waxes c)lignins d)sporopollenins e)phenolics
D
30) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit? a)male gametophyte b)male sporophyte c)female gametophyte . d)female sporophyte
D
31) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? a)male sporophyte b)male gametophyte c)female gametophyte . d)female sporophyte
D
34)Stemonitis is a slime mold. Which of the following is it most closely related to? a)a plant b)a fungus c)a slug d)an amoeba
D
36) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful? a)endosperm b)seeds c)flowers d)spores . e)sperm that lack flagella
D
37) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? a)liverworts b)mosses c)hornworts d)pterophytes e)charophytes
D
38) You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant? a)whether or not it has chlorophyll a b)whether or not it has seeds c)whether or not it has true leaves d)whether it has microphylls or megaphylls e)its height
D
42)Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? a)soredia and gills b)zoospores and mycelia c)conidia and basidiocarps d)haustoria and arbuscules e)sporangia and hyphae
D
44) Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow a)in well-drained soils. b)along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea. c)close to the ground. d)in dense, single-species stands. e)in relative isolation from other members of the same species
D
45)Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds? a)Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds? b)Cellular slime molds have fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. c)In plasmodial slime molds, the haploid condition is the dominant part of the life cycle. d)Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. e)Cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen in cellular slime molds.
D
5) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? a)wind pollination b)dominant gametophytes c)sperm cells without flagella d)fruits enclosing seeds e)embryos enclosed within seed coats
D
50) Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). a)integuments b)four c)two d)one . e)three
D
55) Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? a)a different type of sporopollenin b)ability to be dispersed c)an internal reservoir of liquid water d)integument(s) . e)waxy cuticle
D
56) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a a)moss sporophyte. b)moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia. c)fern sporophyte. d)fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia. e)hermaphroditic fern gametophyte
D
58) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence a)2→→→1→→→3 b)2→→→3→→→1 c)3→→→2→→→1 d)3→→→1→→→2 . e)1→→→2→→→3
D
70) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? a)pollen b)integuments c)ovules d)alternation of generations e)dependent gametophytes
D
8) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4. gametangia a)1, 4, 3, 2 b)3, 1, 2, 4 c)4, 3, 1, 2 d)3, 4, 1, 2 . e)3, 4, 2, 1
D
1) Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____. a)ginkgoes b)gnetophytes c)gymnosperms d)cycads e)angiosperms
E
11) All of the following are common to both charophytes and vascular land plants except a)chlorophyll a. b)chlorophyll b. c)sporopollenin. d)cellulose. e)lignin.
E
11) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? a)by attracting insects to the pollen inside b)by producing triploid cells via double fertilization c)by nourishing the plants that make them d)by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat . e)by facilitating dispersal of seeds
E
12) Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of a)two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells. b)one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells. c)two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. d)one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell. e)one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
E
15) If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention? a)spores b)seta c)persitome d)sporangium e)foot
E
19) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen a)due to common ancestry. b)by inheritance of acquired traits. c)by natural means, and is a homology. d)by serial endosymbioses. e)by convergent evolution.
E
20) Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? a)ovaries b)anthers c)stamens d)carpels . e)petals
E
23) In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. a)ovulate cone b)anther c)style d)ovary . e)stigma
E
24) A stamen consists of _____. a)ovary and sepal b)stigma and anther c)stigma and style d)stigma and filament e)anther and filament
E
4) In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? 1. micropyle 2. style 3. ovary 4. stigma a)1→→→4→→→2→→→3 b)3→→→2→→→4→→→1 c)1→→→3→→→4→→→2 d)4→→→3→→→2→→→1 . e)4→→→2→→→3→→→1
E
40)Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? a)autotrophic mode of nutrition b)cell walls of cellulose c)nucleotide sequences of several genes d)heterotrophic mode of nutrition e)presence of flagella
E
42) During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. a)early angiosperms b)gymnosperms c)giant mosses d)gymnosperms and early angiosperms . e)ferns and other seedless plants
E
43)A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? a)breezes distributing spores b)mycelial flagella c)karyogamy d)alternation of generations e)cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
E
5) Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship? a)Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. b)Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants c)Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. d)Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. e)All of the above.
E
51) Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? a)It functions as a triploid food reserve. b)It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore. c)It functions as a diploid food reserve. d)It is the remnant of the pollen tube. e)It functions as a haploid food reserve
E
64) The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. a)sporophylls b)cones c)ovules d)heterospory . e)pollen
E
7) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and a)A. mosses. b)B. cyanobacteria. c)C. green algae. d)A and B e)B and C.
E
72) A fruit is most commonly a)an enlarged ovule. b)a modified root. c)a thickened style. d)a mature female gametophyte. e)a mature ovary
E
73) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? a)inside the tip of a pollen tube b)enclosed in the stigma of a flower c)in the style of a flower d)packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen e)within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
E
8) Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants' a)stem apical meristems. b)xylem. c)waxy cuticle. d)root apical meristems e)leaf mesophyll.
E
9) Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. a)yeasts b)a dikaryotic structure c)flagellated zoospores d)lichens e)saclike structures
E
12) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? a)Plantae b)Charophycea c)Bryophyta d)Pterophyta . e)Viridiplantae
A
24) Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, flower of stone should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues 3. microphylls 4. filamentous rhizoids, but not true roots 5. spores that are diploid when mature a)3, 4, and 5 b)1 and 2 c)1 and 5 d)2, 3, and 4 . e)2 and 3
E
25) In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei. a)four diploid b)microsporangia c)four haploid d)eight diploid . e)eight haploid
E
26) A carpel is composed of _____. a)ovary, ovule, and anther b)ovule, megasporocyte, and anther c)petal, sepal, and stamen d)zygote, anther, and endosperm . e)stigma, style, and ovary
E
26) Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Based on these additional observations, which of the following can be properly inferred about flower of stone? 1. It is heterosporous. 2. It is a fern. 3. The cone-like structures are sori. 4. It is a lycophyte. 5. It has separate male and female gametophytes. a)2 and 3 b)1, 2, 3, and 5 c)1 and 5 d)1, 2, and 3 . e)1, 4, and 5
E
28)Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? a)Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. b)Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. c)Plants produce spores. d)Fungi have cell walls. e)Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic
E
29) Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a)a dominant sporophyte generation b)haploid gametophytes c)pollen production d)an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue . e)double fertilization
E
29)Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? (Overview) a)Some protists are multicellular. b)The kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. c)Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. d)Some protists are as small as prokaryotes. e)The second and third answers are correct.
E
31) What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period? 1. vascular plants become more prevalent 2. megaphylls with large surface areas become more prevalent 3. atmospheric CO2 levels decline by a factor of five 4. global cooling occurs, leading to widespread glaciations a)2, 1, 3, 4 b)3, 4, 1, 2 c)2, 1, 4, 3 d)1, 2, 4, 3 . e)1, 2 ,3, 4
E
34) Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of structures protects seed plants' embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation? a)ovaries-filaments b)pollen→grains-waxy→cuticle c)ovules-waxy→cuticle d)fruits-stamens . e)integuments-sporopollenin
E
36) If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it a)must be diploid. b)has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. c)has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. d)is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female. e)belongs to a species that is homosporous
E
37) Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. a)yeasts b)a dikaryotic structure c)flagellated zoospores d)lichens e)saclike structures
E
39) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to a)flowering plants. b)charophytes. c)mosses. d)gymnosperms. e)ferns.
E
4) For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? a)by pseudopods b)by wind-blown spores c)by hyphae d)by cilia e)by flagella
E
