Bio 2 Lab Final Exam

Mendel's First Law ( the Law of Segregation) can be represented using _____. A. Daughter cells B. Punnett Squares C. Alleles D. Chromosomes

B. Punnett Squares

The white gene normally functions to make the fly eye______ colored. A. White B. Red C. Ebony

B. Red

Two flies that are both homozygous for the fast allele of alcohol dehydrogenase are mated (neither has mated previously). They have many homozygous fast offspring and one offspring that is a heterozygote. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result? A. mutation B. migration C. genetic drift D. natural selection

A. mutation

A man who has heat vision, which is X-linked dominant, has children with a woman who lacks it and is NOT a carrier for the allele. What is the probability that one of their sons will inherit heat vision? What about the daughters?

0. Sons can only receive the Y chromosome from their father so, since their mother lacks the allele entirely, they have no chance of inheriting heat vision. The lucky daughters will all inherit heat vision.

Jo performed an experiment to see if water oxygenation affects regeneration in Elysia chlorotica. Which would be the most appropriate sources for her introduction? A. A peer-reviewed paper titled "The Effect of Water Oxygenation on Regeneration in Starfish" found in the Journal of Invertebrate Biology. B. A peer-reviewed paper titled "The Effect of Population Density on Predation of Elysia chlorotica" found in the Journal of Invertebrate Biology. C. A review paper titled "Abiotic Factors Affecting Regeneration in Invertebrates" published in the Journal of Invertebrate Biology. D. An article on Buzzfeed titled "Fifteen Crazy Things You Didn't Know About Regeneration!"

A peer-reviewed paper titled "The Effect of Water Oxygenation on Regeneration in Starfish" found in the Journal of Invertebrate Biology.

If Xc represents the "True" value, the graph below displays measurements that are _______ and ________ A.Accurate and not precise B.Precise and not accurate C.Both accurate and precise D.Neither accurate nor precise

B. Precise and not accurate

A population of beavers lives in a mountainous region. They begin building their dams at higher altitudes in the mid 2010's because they can't bear listening to the XXXtentacion and Young M.A songs that the nearby humans have begun to play so loudly. They build dams higher up on the river and trees downstream become weak and die, which leads to dramatic declines in the abundance of various woodland creatures. What is this an example of?

A trophic cascade

The variance for a sample with values 2,2,2,6,6, and 6 is ___. A. 4.8 B. 2 C. 5 D. 2.5

A. 4.8

In which of these two life history strategies would the young potentially compete for resources with the adult? A.Hemimetabolous B.Holometabolous

A. Hemimetabolous

The temperature to which crickets are exposed is the ___. A. Independent Variable B. Dependent Variable C. Hypothesis D. Most accurate measurement

A. Independent Variable

Sarah sedates two groups of frogs. She puts one in a incubator and leaves the other group on the counter. She records how long it takes for the frogs to recover completely. What is her independent variable? A. Temperature B. Her sedative C. Light D. Frog Genotype

A. Temperature

On which axis does the dependent variable belong? A.The y axis B.The x axis C.Bar graphs don't have a dependent variable

A. The y axis

Which of the following interactions is best illustrated by a food web? A. competition B. mutualism C. predation D. parasitism

A. competition

A cell in an embryo that still resembles the original cells of that embryo but will eventually form the spinal cord is ___. A. Determined only B. Differentiated only C. Determined and Differentiated D. neither determined nor differentiated

A. determined only

A measurement that is highly accurate has which of the following characteristics? A. it is very close to the 'true' value B. it is highly repeatable C.it is biologically meaningful D. both a and b

A. it is very close to the 'true' value

The taxon used to 'root' a phylogenetic tree is known as the ____. A. outgroup B. sister taxon C. most parsimonious D. most parsimonious

A. outgroup

A species interaction in which on species benefits and another species does worse than it would if it was alone is known as ___. A. predation B. mutualism C. photosynthesis D. production

A. predation

You want to test the blending model of inheritance. You decide to blend a red plant with a blue plant. What would you expect the phenotypes of the offspring to be? A. All red B. All purple C. All blue D. 75% red, 25% blue E. 25% red, 75% blue

All purple since each offspring would have the same blend of the parents' genotypes.

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard deviation? A. 6 B. 5 C. 25/36 D. 5/6

B. 5

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 assuming independent assortment? A. 3:1 B. 9:3:3:1 C. 1:1:1:1 D. 1:1

B. 9:3:3:1

A scientist wants to test the idea that temperature affects the rate at which crickets 'sing' (technically called stridulation). She places crickets in different temperatures and records the singing rate. The singing rate is the ___. A. Independent Variable B. Dependent Variable C. Hypothesis D. Most accurate measurement

B. Dependent Variable

Punnett squares are useful genetic tools to allow us to___________. A. Prove inheritance patterns B. Generate hypothesis for inheritance patterns C. I have no idea, but they are fun

B. Generate hypothesis for inheritance patterns

You want to perform an experiment that will test for differences in the average tweets per minute between high school students from Los Angeles and high school students from Tallahassee. Which of these would NOT reduce error? A. Choosing an even number of males and females B. Having YG measure Los Angeles having Tekashi measure Tallahassee. C. Recording at the same time of day and for the same duration each time measurements are made.

B. Having YG measure Los Angeles and having Tekashi measure Tallahassee.

If a the trait for baldness is X-linked, how do you describe the male's genotype if he possesses it? A. Homozygous B. Hemizygous C. Heterozygous D. Holozygous

B. Hemizygous

If the white (W-) eye trait is sex-linked (on the X), how do you describe the male's genotype? A. Homozygous B. Heterozygous C. Hemizygous D. Holozygous

B. Heterozygous

Organisms that feed upon plants are known as ___. A. producers B. Primary consumers C. secondary consumers D. ovipositors

B. Primary consumers

You and a colleague are testing the effect of fertilizer on blueberry weight. To split up the work, he measures the group of fertilized blueberries and you measure the control group. However, your scale is much older than his and the spring is weakened so that it no longer rests at 0. What kind of error does this introduce? A.Random B.Systematic C.Human D.None

B. Systematic

In order for evolution to occur, a trait must be ___ and _____. A. Selected for; Heritable B. Variable; Heritable C. Sexually Selected; Variable D. Prone to Mutations; Fit

B. Variable; Heritable

The Ebony gene normally functions to make the fly _______ colored. A. Ebony B. Yellow (Normal colored) C. white D. Not Sure

B. Yellow (Normal Colored)

Bird wings and insect wings are ____. A. homologous B. analogous C. both D. neither

B. analogous

Based on what you know, what kind of cross is being done here? A. autosomal monohybrid cross B. autosomal dihybrid cross C. sex-linked monohybrid cross D. sex-linked dihybrid cross

B. autosomal dihybrid cross

Which level of this food web is the most important for controlling trophic structure? A. top B. bottom C. both A and B

B. bottom

The control of transcription of DNA and translocation of mRNA is most accurately described as ___. A. control of cell fate B. control of gene expression C. control of differentiation D. control of cell fate Selected control of gene expression control of differentiation

B. control of gene expression

What kind of life cycle does a butterfly have? A.Hemimetabolous B.Holometabolous C.Histometabolous D. Not sure

B. holometabolus

A measurement that is highly precise has which of the following characteristics? A. it is very close to the 'true' value B. it is highly repeatable C.it is biologically meaningful D. both a and b

B. it is highly repeatable

The value (sum of all measurements/total number of measurements) for a sample is known as the ___. A. median B. mean C. mode D. variance

B. mean

What does the law of segregation state? A. in an organism, each locus has two alleles B. only one allele per locus is present in each gamete C. only one trait can be inherited per locus D. a and b

B. only one allele per locus is present in each gamete

Why is it important to use individuals from pure breeding lines to start crosses? A. to remove any effects of linked genes B. to ensure the individuals are homozygous C. to ensure the individuals are heterozygous D. to test the dominance relationship between the alleles

B. to ensure the individuals are homozygous

If you were to do a χ2 test on the data, what would the expected value be for the individuals with white fur and blue eyes? A. 15 B. 12.5 C. 9.375 D. 3.125

C. 9.375

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. If the offspring are half black and half white, what are the possible genotypes for the black, male mouse? A. Bb or bb B. BB only C. Bb only D. bb only

C. Bb only

Kaack and Pomory studied the regeneration of starfish in different salinity treatments. Was this a study on: A. Development B. Ecology C. Both D. Neither Explain your reasoning

C. Both. Regeneration is associated with development, but the relationship it had with salinity suggests that it is also an ecological study.

What type of data is analyzed using a chi-squared ( χ2 ) test? A. continuously varying measurements B. Categories C. Counts D. All of the above

C. Counts

A cell in the nervous system of a late stage fetus is ___. A. Determined only B. Differentiated only C. Determined and Differentiated D. neither determined nor differentiated

C. Determined and differentiated

The proposal that singing rate depends on temperature is the ___. A. Independent Variable B. Dependent Variable C. Hypothesis D. Most accurate measurement

C. Hypothesis

Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a researcher can take clear images of the brain. She wants to know if smoking effects the appearance of tissue in the brain. She has asked for smokers and non-smokers to participate in her study and images their brains for analysis. What kind of study is the researcher performing? A. Statistical B. Experimental C. Observational D. Not sure

C. Observational

Beyonce conducts an insect attracting experiment testing the types of hymnopterids that will be drawn to her. She expects to get bees 75% of the time and wasps 25% of the time. She runs a chi-squared test and gets a p-value of <0.0001. How should this value be interpreted with respect to the null hypothesis, and the validity of her model? A. Fail to reject the null; the model is not supported B. Fail to reject the null; the model is supported C. Reject the null; the model is not supported D. Reject the null; the model is supported

C. Reject the null: the model is not supported The expectations from the model were significantly different from the actual observations, so the model is a poor fit.

If the "blending" model of inheritance were true, which of the following statements would be accurate? A. Variation would be maintained over generations B. Offspring would be unlike parents each generation C. Variation would become rarer and rarer over generations.

C. Variation would become rare over time since offspring would resemble mixtures of parents. If two individuals are similarly mixed for the trait, then their offspring would appear the same as the parents.

What is the difference between an allele and a gene (locus)? A. they are exactly the same B. allele applies to genes on the sex chromosomes C. an allele is a particular version of a gene D. an allele is always dominant

C. an allele is a particular version of a gene

The rest of the questions are based on the following scenario: You have guinea pigs from two pure breeding lines. One line has black fur and red eyes and the other line has white fur and blue eyes. When you cross them, all the F1 guinea pigs have black fur and blue eyes. When you cross the F1s to one another, you get a total of 50 F2 offspring. There are 31 with black fur and red eyes, 15 with white fur and blue eyes, 2 with white fur and red eyes, and 2 with black fur and blue eyes. There are approximately equal numbers of males and females in each phenotypic category. Which alleles are dominant? A. black, red B. black, white C. black, blue D. white, blue

C. black, blue

Which evolutionary force is most powerful in small populations? A. mutation B. migration C. genetic drift D. natural selection

C. genetic drift

The use of DNA sequences to estimate phylogenies is based on the idea that DNA sequences in different taxa can be ___. A. convergent B. parsimonious C. homologous D. interesting

C. homologous

An insect that is holometabolous is distinguished by which of the following? A. it can fly B. it has six legs C. it has a pupal stage D. young are called nymphs

C. it has a pupal stage

Why is the use of non-coding DNA such as introns not practical for phylogenetic studies involving distantly related species? A. very few species have non-coding DNA B. very few species will have the same introns C. non-coding DNA evolved too rapidly to be useful over long time scales D. non-coding DNA evolves too slowly to be useful over long time scales

C. non-coding DNA evolved too rapidly to be useful over long time scales

What types of genes are typically activated during determination? A. genes coding for enzymes B. genes coding for stuctural proteins C. regulatory genes D. no genes

C. regulatory genes

If you do a t-test and you get p<0.04, what does the value mean? A. the two means you are comparing are different B. the populations you are comparing have different means C. the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4% D. none of the above are true

C. the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4%

In the example with the Wolves, what kind of trophic effect do we see? A. top-down B. bottom-up C. trophic cascade D. A and C

C. trophic cascade

You are studying the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in a population of Drosophila. The allele frequency of the fast allele is 0.3 and the allele frequency of the slow allele is 0.7. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population? A. 0.21 B. 0.09 C. 0.49 D. 0.42

D. 0.42

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard error? A. 6 B. 5 C. 25/36 D. 5/6

D. 5/6

The phylogeny with the fewest branches and nodes on it is the most ____ choice. A. Complex B. Informal C. Advanced D. Parsimonious

D. Parsimonious

A succulent plant is grown in a low light situation so that it is very tall. pale, and has few leaves compared to its siblings grown in full sun. Is this an evolutionary change or not, and why? A. not evolution because no genetic changes B. evolution because phenotypic change C. not evolution because phenotypic change D. a and c

D. a and c

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. What are the possible genotypes for the white, female mouse? A. Bb or bb B. BB only C. Bb only D. bb only

D. bb only

The study of species diversity and the role of interactions among species in influencing diversity is known as ___. A. ecosystem ecology B. population ecology C. behavioral ecology D. community ecology

D. community ecology

The concept of parsimony (in the study of phylogenies) refers to which of the following? A. number of taxa in the phylogeny B. the length of the branches in the phylogeny C. the number of outgroups in the phylogeny D. how likely you think the phylogeny is to be correct

D. how likely you think the phylogeny is to be correct

Insect herbivores differ from mammalian herbivores in which of the following ways? A. insects never harm the plants they eat B. insects only eat plants that are distasteful to humans C. each insect species eats many different plant species D. insects tend to be more specialized in the plants they eat

D. insects tend to be more specialized in the plants they eat

A large sample of flies from the population in question 2 is moved to a new habitat. There are no flies existing there. There is a lot more fermenting fruit (and thus alcohol) in this environment compared to the original environment. Over 10 generations, the frequency of the fast allele increases from 0.3 to 0.6. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result? A. mutation B. migration C. genetic drift D. natural selection

D. natural selection

What is the combination of DNA data and parsimony so powerful? A. parsimony does not apply to DNA sequences so it is not powerful B. most DNA data is non-coding and cannot be used except in parsimony analyses C. DNA has only 4 possible character states D. parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there are a huge number of characters

D. parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there are a huge number of characters

The production of a new structure, following the removal of an existing structure, in an adult animal is known as ___. A. cell fate B. determination C. differentiation D. regeneration

D. regeneration

Which of the following answers are involved in the ecology of an organism? A. Predator-Prey Interactions B. Nutrient cycling C. Interspecific Competition D. None of the above E. All of the above (Besides D, of course)

E. All of the above

You want to be an apple farmer. But that's not enough, you want to be a RICH apple farmer. You read online that half of the population loves sweet apples and the other half loves sour apples. You see a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of sour (S-): sweet (S+) alleles in the field. Which cross would be best for achieving a 1:1::sour:sweet harvest? A Punnet Square may help. A. S+S+ x S-S- B. S+S- x S+S- C. S-S- x S-S- D. S-S- x S+S- E. S+S+ x S-S+

E. S+S+ x S-S+. In the field, sour apples apples dominate sweet apples, indicating that S- is dominant to S+. This cross produces two S+S- and two S+S+ genotypes. Since S-(sour) is dominant, this will produce two sour apples for every two sweet apples, which is 1:1 ratio

Fleece tells you that the planaria experiment that he ran cannot be an ecological study because he was mostly interested in development. Fleece tested the effect of natural vs. artificial light on planaria regeneration. Should you agree with Fleece? Why or why not?

Fleece may have been interested in development, but this is an example of an ecological study since Fleece is measuring how the abiotic conditions influence the biology of the planaria.

You observe two, uninhabited islands full of wombats off of the coast of Australia. Steve Island has a population of 10,000 wombats, while Irwin Island has 300. About 4% of the wombats on each island have glowing red eyes. After returning to the islands 15 years later, you notice that none of the wombats on Irwin island have glowing red eyes anymore whereas Steve Island still has wombats with the red eyes. What mechanism of evolution likely resulted in this observation?

Genetic drift. Loss of alleles to random chance impact small populations more than large populations

Dr. McMeme wants to study the inheritance inheritance of key traits in Harambe's bloodline. He has 3 hypotheses for the mode of inheritance for his kindness. He calculates chi-square values of 3.91 for the Hypothesis A, 7.02 for the Hypothesis B, and 8.69 for the Hypothesis C. Assume the degrees of freedom are the same for each. Which of these hypotheses is most likely to be correct?

Hypothesis A. Its expectations have the least difference from the observed.

How can you reduce error in an experiment?

Increasing sample size. Performing the same methods of measurements with the same tools.

What does a chi-square analysis allow us to do?

It allows us to test hypothesis by testing whether the differences between the observed values and values expected under the hypothesis are significant.

A plant species native to arid environment possesses oils within its leaves that cause it to burn hotter during fires. This higher temperature may destroy other nearby plants. Is this an example of ecology? Why?

It is an example of ecology because this is an example of interspecific competition. In fact, the species in question relies on an abiotic trigger to be competitive.

What characteristics do a model organisms have? Name two examples that are not planaria or bean beetles.

Model organisms are usually organisms that are relatively easy to work with and whose life history and physiology are well-understood. They are used to explore broad topics in biology. Examples include rats, mice, fruit flies, guppy, zebrafish, E. coli, etc.

What is the ultimate source of genetic variation within a species?

Mutation. Other mechanisms can only promote, maintain or remove genetic variation

List three different examples of development.

Regeneration, Embryonic development, Metamorphosis, Growth, Cell differentiation, etc.

A student wants to look for possible modes of inheritance of the golden body color in pigeons. She crosses a purebred golden female with a purebred wild type male. She records the phenotype for each offspring and finds that 2 of her hypotheses, autosomal dominant and sex-linked recessive, have chi-square values that have p-values below .05. What should she do next in her analysis to determine which hypothesis is correct?

She should make additional crosses to be correct. the crosses must be able to distinguish between the modes of inheritance

What are two types of error that we discussed earlier in the semester?

Systematic error and random error

What is the difference between an insect that has a holometabolous life cycle and an insect that has a hemimetabolous life cycle? Explain differences in niches, if there are any.

The hemimetabolous insects appear as miniature versions of their adults forms and occupy similar niches. Holometabolous insects have larval stages that do not resemble their adult forms and occupy different niches from the adults.

A phylogeny is being created for swordfish, lizards, dolphins, and moose. The phylogeneticists notice that dolphins and swordfish both share a fusiform body plan, eat the same food, occupy a similar niche, and live in the ocean. What conclusions should the creators come to about these similar traits (What are these similar traits categorized as)? Should a modified phylogeny be built with these traits?

The traits are analogous and should not be used to build the phylogeny since dolphins and swordfish do not share their ancestry more than dolphins and moose or dolphins and lizards.

I compared the rate of regeneration between two groups of planaria. One group, after bisection, was placed in an acidic solution. My t-test yielded a p-value of .08 for the growth between the populations. The worms from the saline solution grew 2mm larger than the acidic solution on average. What do we conclude from this information?

There is no significant difference in regeneration between the groups as the p-value is greater than .05.

Fenty compared the leg length of super jumping lizards from two different labs. She hypothesized that leg length differed between the labs. Her t-test yielded a p-value of .03. How do you interpret this properly?

We reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the labs. This p-value supports, but does NOT "prove" her hypothesis.

In a previous experiment planaria regeneration was scored between groups that had extracts added to their water that were formed formed from blended planaria heads or blended planaria tails. It was found that planaria treated with head extract regenerated less rapidly than planaria treated with tail extract. What is a valid conclusion from this experiment? A. a head is necessary for regeneration B. The head section regenerates more rapidly than the tail section C. Only tails regeneration D. cells controlling regeneration are produced in the tail E. cells controlling regeneration are produced in the head

d. cells controlling regeneration are produced in the tail