Bio 201 chapter 7

Match each letter with the correct bone type (based on shape).

A - long bone B - short bone C - flat bone D - irregular bone

On this diagram showing fine details of compact bone structure, match each arrow with the correct structure.

A - osteon B - trabeculae C - central canal D - periosteum E - perforating canal

Where is the sacrum located?

At the end of the vertebral column in the pelvis.

Where is the coccyx located?

At the end of the vertebral column, also called the tailbone

After bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone?

Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts

The middle portion of a long bone, between the epiphyses, is called the ____

Diaphysis

True or false: Most bones of the skeleton are intramembranous bones.

False

What are the two characteristics of the hyoid bone?

It provides attachment for muscles that move the tongue. It is located between the lower jaw and the larynx.

The cells that deposit new bone tissue is the ______

Osteoblasts

The ____ is the vascular connective tissue membrane that covers bones and plays an important role in bone growth and repair.

Periosteum

What is the function of osteoclasts?

To break down the calcified matrix of bones

True or false: A function of bones is to provide support for the body

True

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes deformed bones

What is the role of vitamin D in bone development?

Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the small intestine and thus helps maintain the calcium concentrations necessary to build the bone matrix

The scapula is characterized by the presence of a process called the coracoid process. Because it contains the root word corac- in its name, you can tell that this process is shaped like

a beak

Bones of the pelvic girdle belong to which skeleton?

appendicular skeleton

Because it contains the root word clav- in its name, you can tell that the clavicle is a bone shaped like a ______

bar

The root word that means wrist and is used in the name of the bones of the wrist is

carp

A major age-associated change associated with the skeletal system is the ______ of height that begins after the age of ______

decrease; 30

Based on the way they develop, most bones in the body are ____ bones

endochondral

Most bones of the body are ______ bones

endochondral

Which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate?

growth hormone

What term is used to indicate the process of blood cell formation?

hematopoiesis

What helps control the opposing processes of resorption and deposition of the bone matrix?

hormones

Which is a factor that directly influences bone development, growth, and repair?

hormones

Select three factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair

hormones nutrition physical exercise

Thyroxine stimulates ____ activity, which aids in bone development and growth

osteoblast

The ____ skeleton is made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk

axial

The short bone (not a sesamoid bone) is the bone labeled with the letter ___, the irregular bone is labeled with the letter ___, the flat bone is labeled with the letter ___

b d c

Indicate the bones that belong to the appendicular skeleton.

clavicle ulna phalanges

The anatomical name for the tailbone, located at the end of the vertebral column, is the ____

coccyx

A long bone has an expanded portion at each end called an epiphysis and a shaft called the ____

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is also called the ______

diaphysis

The femur is an example of a long bone. It has two expanded portions at each end: the proximal and distal ____

epiphysis

Osteoporosis is characterized by ______

fragile bones that fracture easily

The basic cylinder-shaped unit of a compact bone consists of a central canal and several layers of extracellular matrix called ____ which are clustered around the central canal.

lamella

The concentric layers of bone tissue around a central canal are called ____

lamellae

Which of the statements following accurately describes osteoblasts?

mesenchymal cells that have differentiated into bone-forming cells

Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?

parathyroid hormone

What is the function of red bone marrow?

produce blood cells

What is hydroxyapatite?

small crystals of calcium phosphate salts

Which of the following protects the heart, the lungs, and organs in the upper abdominal cavity?

thoracic cage

Choose all glands which secrete hormones that can affect bone growth and development

thyroid parathyroid pituitary

With age, there is an incremental decrease in height that beings after the age of ______, with a loss of about ______ each year

30; 1/16 inch

Vitamin ______ is necessary for osteoblast activity and vitamin ______ is necessary for collagen synthesis

A C

On this diagram of a long bone, match each arrow with the bone structure it identifies.

A - diaphysis B - epiphysis C - endosteum D - periosteum E - epiphyseal plate (line)

Match the letters with the indicated bone structures

A - yellow marrow B - medullary cavity C - spongy bone D - compact bone E - articular cartilage

Vitamin ____ is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium by the body and thus is vital for proper bone formation

D

Which arrow is pointing to the periosteum?

D

cells called ____ are responsible for the breakdown of the calcified extracellular matrix in bone

Osteoclasts

In ____ bone mass declines, bones easily fracture, and may spontaneously break because they no longer can support body weight

Osteoporosis

What roles do sex hormones play in bone growth?

They stimulate growth at the epiphyseal plate and therefore long bone growth They stimulate closure of the epiphyseal plate and therefore stop long bone growth.

Which root word means vinegar cup and is used in terms that describe depressions in bones?

acetabul-

The periosteum is located ______ and plays a role in ______

around bones; bone growth and repair

The bones of the head, neck, and trunk are part of the ____ skeleton, and bones of the limbs are part of the ____ skeleton.

axial appendicular

The skeleton can be divided into two major portions: the ____ skeleton and the ____ skeleton

axial appendicular

Place the following bones in the appropriate subdivision of the skeleton.

axial skeleton: vertebrae ribs frontal bone appendicular skeleton: femur scapula carpals

What are the four major functions of a bone, an organ of the skeletal system?

blood cell formation attachment for muscles storage of inorganic salts support and protection

Because their name contains the root word -clast, you can tell that cells called osteoclasts ______

break down bone tissue

What does the root word -blast, as in osteoblast, mean?

bud

Which of the following are found in an osteon?

central canal osteocytes

The root word _____ means to break.

clast

Which root word means bar?

clav

____ bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps, ____ bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called trabeculae

compact spongy

Match the two types of bone tissue found in a long bone with their characteristics.

compact bone: also called cortical bone made of tightly packed tissue continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps spongy bone: also called cancellous bone contains trabeculae contains many irregular spaces

The root word _____ means a knob or knuckle.

condyl

Which root word means crow's beak and is used to indicate beaklike structures?

corac

Which of the following is characterized by a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps?

cortical bone

The skull is made of two parts: the ____, or brain case, and the ____ bones.

cranium facial

What is the meaning of the root word condyl-?

crest

Which root word means sieve?

cribr

Growth hormone stimulates cell division at the ______

epiphyseal plate

What is the end of a long bone called?

epiphysis

What is a function of the skeletal system?

house blood-producing cells

The extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes collagen as well as abundant inorganic salts which are found in the form of a mineral called ______

hydroxyapatite

The muscles that help move the tongue are attached to the ____ bone. This bone does not articulate with any other bone

hyoid

What bone is located in the neck and serves as an attachment point for muscles that help move the tongue?

hyoid

Bones that develop within sheets of connective tissue are called ____ bones, while bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called ____ bones

intramembranous endochondral

Some bones develop within sheetlike layers of connective tissue, and they are called ______ bones. Other bones develop from a model of hyaline cartilage and are called ______ bones

intramembranous endochondral

Flat bones, such as bones of the skull, that develop from sheetlike layers of connective tissue, are called ______

intramembranous bones

Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone cells called ____, which break down bone

osteoclasts

Bone remodeling occurs continually as ______ reabsorb bone tissue and ______ replace the bone. The total mass of bone remains nearly constant.

osteoclasts osteoblasts

The rigidity of compact bone comes from the arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal, forming a structural unit known as a

osteon

The rigidity of compact bone comes from the arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal, forming a structural unit known as a ____

osteon

Which type(s) of bone marrow is(are) responsible for blood cell formation?

red bone marrow

The thoracic cage consists of ____ twelve pairs of and one ____

ribs sternum or breastbone

The lack of vitamin D results in soft and deforming bones. In children, this condition is called ____ and in adults, this condition is called ____

rickets osteomalacia

The large triangle-shaped bone at the distal end of the vertebral column that is actually five bones fused into one is called the ____

sacrum

What bones belong to the axial skeleton?

sacrum skull ribs vertebrae

Indicate the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

scapula tarsals patella fibula

The root word cribr- as in cribriform plate means ____

sieve

The cranium and the facial bones form the ____

skull

Sex hormones stimulate the formation of bone tissue during puberty; they also stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plate and therefore they ______ bone lengthening

stop

Indicate the bones of the appendicular skeleton

tarsals fibula scapula patella

What are vertebrae?

the bones that form the backbone

What structure is protected by the skull?

the brain

The ____ cage protects organs such as the heart and lungs.

thoracic

Which of the following is a hormone that stimulates osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate?

thyroxine

The bones that form the spinal column, or back bone, are called

vertebrae

What is the meaning of the root word acetabul- as in acetabulum?

vinegar cup

Match the vitamin with its role in bone development

vitamin A - osteoblast and osteoclast activity vitamin C - collagen synthesis vitamin D - calcium absorption