Bio 201 exam 3

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low, high, high

What is the glycolytic capacity of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

function

classification based on ______________ *synarthrotic joints *amphiarthrotic joints *diarthrotic joints

tropomyosin

coiled helices that sit on active sites of actin

stimulus

contraction starts with a ________

contraction phase

cross bridge formation and filament movement

motor unit quadriceps

efferent neuron + 150 fibers Note: compare to Unitary (bulk contraction) vs Multiunit (fine contraction) Smooth muscle

smooth

elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: equivalent to cardiac muscle (1-8%); some SR contacts the sarcolemma

cardiac

elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: less than skeletal muscle (1-8% of cell volume); scant terminal cisterns

skeletal

elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: yes

within

elastic component _________ the sarcomere

rotator cuff

encapsulation of the shoulder joint is sometimes referred to as what?

special movements

eversion/inversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, opposition, retraction/protraction, depression/elevation, and lateral flexion are examples of what?

radiocarpal

example of condylar joints

carpometacarpal

example of saddle joint

hip and shoulder

examples of ball-and-socket joints

knee and elbow

examples of hinge joints

atlantoaxial and radioulnar (proximal)

examples of pivot joints

acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular

examples of plane/gliding joints

medial and lateral menisci

fibrocartilage pads between femur and tibia

glenoid labrum

fibrocartilaginous rim around the glenoid cavity (helps to add depth to shallow cavity and cavity holds only 1/3 of head of humerus

structural

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints are classified as what type of joints?

origin

fixed end

equal

iso-

temporomandibular joint

joint connecting the temporal bone to the mandible

syndemosis

joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures

suture

joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. found only in the skull.

hinge

joint that is: -convex surface fits into concave depression (elbow, knee, finger, and toe joints) -monoaxial

plane (gliding)

joint that is: -flat surface, allowing for them to slide across each other (intercarpal, inter tarsal, articular processes of vertebrae) -biaxial

ligament of the head of the femur

ligament of the head of the femur, ligament teres, round ligament of the femur, and the foveal ligament are all the same name for what?

intermingled

muscle fibers of different motor units are ___________, so the forces applied to the tendon remain roughly balanced regardless of which motor units are stimulated

actin and myosin

muscle function is achieved through the interaction between which two main proteins?

suture

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that have seams between adjacent bones (bones of the skull), interlocking of bone on connected by dense connective tissue, and connected periosteum

zero position

movement of synovial joints: -position of joint in anatomical position (joints are either deviating or returning)

eversion

movement of synovial joints: -soles turned laterally

inversion

movement of synovial joints: -soles turned medially

rotation

movement of synovial joints: -spinning bone on longitudinal axis (ex. rotation of trunk)

abductino of fingers

movement of synovial joints: -spreading fingers apart

extension of fingers

movement of synovial joints: -straightening fingers

flexion of thumb

movement of synovial joints: -straightening thumb

radial flexion

movement of synovial joints: -tilting hand towards pinky

ulnar flexion

movement of synovial joints: -titling hand towards pinkly

hyperabduction

movement of synovial joints: -type of abduction -raising harm over back or front of head

hyperadduction

movement of synovial joints: -type of adduction -crossing fingers, crossing ankles

lateral rotation

movement of synovial joints: -type of rotation -away from midline

medial rotation

movement of synovial joints: -type of rotation -towards the midline

abduction

moving a part away the midline

adduction

moving a part toward the midline

force

muscle contraction from calf muscles is an example of what?

fiber branching

muscle fiber branches, but does not divide into two

myofibrils

muscle fibers are composed of numerous ___________

myoblasts --> multinucleate cells --> skeletal muscle fibers

muscle fibers develop through the fusion of embryonic mesodermal cells called ___________. --> over time, most of the myoblasts fuse together to form larger _______________. However, a few myoblasts remain within the tissue as myosatellite cells, even in adults. --> The multinucleate cells begin differentiating into _____________________ as they enlarge and begin producing the proteins involved in muscle contraction. (List the order in which muscle forms)

intermediate filaments

non-contractile lattice-like arrangement that provides cell shape at the resting state and during contraction

gomphoses

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that have tooth in sockets of mandible and maxilla and are held by periodontal ligament

plane/gliding joint

synovial joint: *flattened surfaces moving across each other *very slight movement

condylar joint

synovial joint: *one rounded articular surface nestled into depression *rolling type motion

hinge joint

synovial joint: *single plane angular motion *open/closing of door

saddle joint

synovial joint: *concave surface with convex surface *rider in saddle

pivot joint

synovial joint: *only permits rotation

ball-and-socket joint

synovial joint: *round head fit within cup shape *rotational/rolling type motion

true

true or false? ligaments are more flat tendons are more round ligaments are slightly less dense

true

true or false? most of our muscles remain under some slight level of tension (force production) to keep our posture/positioning

true

true or false? multi unit SM allows for finer physiological control in different systems

true

true or false? the advantage of AP in cardiac muscle lasting 200 ms is that sustained contraction ensures efficient ejection of blood

true

true or false? the elbow joint has many reinforcing ligaments and accessory structures

false

true or false? the structure of a muscle fiber/cell is associated with smooth or cardiac muscle

false

true or false? we do not tend to adjust our bodily positions that are mechanically advantageous (easiest)

protonation

turning hand downward/posteriorly

supination

turning hand palm faces upward/anteriorly

biaxial joint

two degrees of freedom or two axes of rotation

syndesmosis

type of amphiarthrotic fibrous joint where ligaments attach bones (i.e. membrane between tibia and fibula)

angular movement

type of movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end toward its fixed end

synchondrosis

type of synarthrotic cartilaginous joint that bands of hyaline cartilage unite bone, growth plate (temporary), and between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilage)

symphysis

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint where pads of fibrocartilage unite bones (i.e. intervertebral discs)

acetabular labrum

type the structure in pink

synarthrotic joint

what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is gomphoses under?

synarthrotic joint

what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is sutures under?

amphiarthrotic joint

what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is syndesmosomes under?

A band

"Anisotropic" --> Dark Band --> overlapping thick/thin filaments

I band

"Isotropic" --> Light Band --> thin filaments

MAP

"muscle action potential"

gomphosis

"peg in socket" fibrous joint. periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

bursae and tendon sheaths

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

bursae and tendon sheaths

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone

hinge

(movement) depression and elevation of mandible

gliding

(movement) side-to-side (lateral excursion) gliding of teeth

excitability

(responsiveness); ability to receive and respond to stimuli

diarthrotic

*classification based on function *free mobility

synarthrotic

*classification based on function *immobile

amphiarthrotic

*classification based on function *slight mobility

fibrous

*classification based on structure *dense connective tissues connect bones *between bones in close contact

cartilaginous

*classification based on structure *hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

synovial

*classification based on structure (most complex) *joint capsule *synovial fluid *reinforcing ligaments and cartilage

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

*femur to tibia *limit anterior/posterior movements

skeletal muscle structure

*organization of muscle by connective tissue *fascicles, fibers, fibrils and filaments *sarcomere *structure of myofilaments

skeletal muscle function

*sliding filament theory *overview of excitation-contraction coupling *length-tension relationship *effects of stimulus frequency

medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

*stabilized the knee in standing position

T-tubules (transverse tubules)

- Invagination of sarcolemma - Delivery of action potentials deep into fiber

sarcolemma

- Plasma membrane of a muscle cell - Surrounds the sarcoplasm - Characteristic membrane potential: • Differential charge on either side of the cell • Extracellular cellular fluid is more POSITIVE • Intracellular fluid is more NEGATIVE • A sudden change in membrane potential leads to contraction - Movement of ions across membrane (electrical impulse), known as an ACTION POTENTIAL - Important that all parts of the muscle cell contract at the same time

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

- Surround myofibrils - Specialized regions of SR next to t- tubules called terminal cisternae - Calcium reservoir

range of motion

-degrees that a joint can move -determined by structure of articular surfaces, stretching of ligaments and being double-jointed, and action of muscles and tendons

nuclear; resume

1. Satellite cells can either enter the muscle fiber and add to the __________ population, or 2. __________ being a satellite cell for future events

fat pads

Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *adipose covered by synovial membrane *protect articular cartilage *packing material

toe region; linear region; collagen failure; ultimate failure

1.) _____________: taking the slack out of the collagen fibers 2.) _____________: progressive increase in stiffness 3.) ______________: microtears (one by one) 4.) ________________

calcium ions; calmodulin; kinase; myosin ATPases; cross bridges

1.) ____________________ enter the cytosol from the ECF via voltage-gated or non-voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or from the scant SR. 2.) Ca2+ binds to and activates ____________. 3.) Activatedcalmodulin activates the myosin light chain ___________ enzymes. 4.) Theactivatedkinaseenzymes catalyze transfer of phosphate to myosin, activating the ___________________. 5.) Activated myosin forms _____________________ with actin of the thin filaments. Shortening begins.

parallel

100% force in the Fy direction

705.6

72 kg = body mass _______ N = 72 x 9.8

meniscus (menisci)

Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *fibrocartilage: additional layer between articulating bones *subdivide cavity, channel fluid, alter shape of articulating surface

flexion

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. pectoralis major)

abduction

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. deltoid middle fibers)

adduction

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. teres major is an antagonist of the deltoid)

extension

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. the latissimus doors is an antagonist of the pectoralis major)

vagus nerve

AKA cranial nerve X; (parasympathetic) decreases heart rate

bursa

Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *pockets of synovial fluid surrounded by membrane *reduce friction at site of tendon and ligament attachment

depolarizes

Action Potential _____________ SmM cell

cardiac

metabolism: aerobic

myofilaments

Amount of tension muscle can generate is dependent upon degree of overlap of __________

myosin heads; aerobic glycolysis and B-oxidation

Anaerobic Glycolysis also is fairly fast in generating ATP for the ________________, but it cannot be sustained for long periods (~90 sec) so... if muscular contraction for longer periods is required, then we kick into...

glucose; pyruvate; anaerobic; aerobic

Anaerobic energy system (anaerobic glycolysis): ____________ --> Glucose-6-phosphate --> Fructose-6-phosphate --> Phosphofructokinase --> Fructose-1,6-diphosphate --> ___________ pyruvate has a choice here: stay ____________ or go _________

hydrogen; lactic acid

Anaerobic energy system: Why you can't sustain anaerobic glycolysis. ___________ increases the acidity of the cellular environment, ultimately leading to pyruvate producing lactate, or ______________

skeletal

metabolism: aerobic and anaerobic

different

Are E-C Coupling events the same or different between muscle tissues?

smooth

metabolism: mainly aerobic

extrinsic

Autonomic Nervous system is an intrinsic or extrinsic conduction system?

pre-synaptic

Axon terminal of motor neuron

spinal cord; neuromuscular junctions

Axons of motor neurons extend from the __________________ to the muscle. At the muscle, each axon divides into a number of axon terminals that form _________________________ with muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle.

TnI (troponin-inhibitory)

Binds actin

TnC (troponin-calcium)

Binds calcium

TnT (troponin-tropomyosin)

Binds to tropomyosin

creatine phosphokinase

CPK

one central nucleus; 25-35; mitochondria; 65-75; sarcoplasmic reticulum

Cardiac muscle cells Additional features: • Each cell / fiber contains ________________________ (at most, 2 nuclei) • ____-____% of cardiac cell volume is occupied by large ________________ that afford resistance to fatigue • ____-____% of cardiac cell volume is occupied by contractile elements (actin and myosin) and supporting protein structures (which will be discussed in the skeletal muscle section) • ________________________ is simpler than in skeletal muscle

aerobic

Cardiac muscle cells / fibers are exclusively ____________

mitochondria

Cardiac muscle has more _________ than skeletal muscle (cannot function without oxygen)

intrinsic

Cluster of self-excitable cells (pacemaker cells) called the "SA Node" is an intrinsic or extrinsic conduction system?

excitation-contraction (E-C)

Coupling of electrical and mechanical events that generate muscle contraction

joint capsule

Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *fibrous outer layer: dense connective tissue *synovial membrane: inner surface, areolar connective tissue and incomplete epithelium

articular cartilage

Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *hyaline cartilage on articulating surface of synovial joints *watery matrix

synovial fluid

Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *within joint cavity *viscous (similar to interstitial fluid with proteoglycans) *secreted by epithelial cells of the synovial membrane *lubricant, shock absorber, nutrient distributor

asynchronous motor unit summation

During a sustained contraction, motor units are activated on a rotating basis, so some of them are resting and recovering while others are actively contracting. In this "relay team" approach, called _________________________, each motor unit can recover somewhat before it is stimulated again. As a result, when your muscle contract for sustained periods, they produce slightly less than maximal tension.

skeletal

Effect of nervous system stimulation: excitation

cardiac and smooth

Effect of nervous system stimulation: excitation or inhibition

cardiac skeleton

Endomysium connects cardiac muscle to _______________, giving cells something to pull against

gross anatomy

Epi-, Myo-, Endocardium Cardiac muscle cell / fiber arrangement

unipennate

Fcosθ force in the Fy direction

biochemicals; satellite

Examples of _____________ that act on ___________ cells Fibroblast growth factor Insulin-like growth factor Hepatocyte (scatter) growth factor Interleukin-6 Platelet-derived growth factor

neuromuscular junction; Ach receptor; T- tubules; calcium

Excitation-Contraction (E-C): Coupling of electrical and mechanical events that generate muscle contraction: Step 1: Action potential arrives _______________ (NMJ) Step 2: Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft • ___________________: ligand gated Na+ channel • influx of Na+ • generation of skeletal muscle action potential Step 3: Skeletal muscle action potential travels down _____________ and into SR Step 4: _________ release from SR

neuromuscular junction

Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 1) Events at the _______________________ • neural action potential • release and role of acetylcholine • binding of ACh to (and role of) acetylcholine receptors

muscle fiber

Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 2) Events occurring on & within the ____________________ • generation and spread of muscle action potential • role of T-tubules and the triad • calcium release from SR and its role in the sarcomere

sarcomere (cross-bridge cycling)

Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 3) Events within the ____________________ • Binding of actin & myosin • "Power Stroke" (release of ADP & Pi) • Release of myosin from actin • Re-cocking of myosin head

axon terminal; synaptic cleft; muscle action potential (MAP); sarcolemma; Transverse (T) tubules; sarcoplasm; troponin C; tropomyosin; power stroke

Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle: • Action Potential arrives at _________________ • Vesicles filled with ACh fuse with pre-synaptic membrane ACh is released into the _______________ • ACh binds to ACh receptors opening ligand-gated Na+ ions which creates a _____________________ • The MAP travels down the ___________________ • MAP travels down the ______________ • MAP triggers voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the terminal cisternae to change shape which creates an opening in the channels to the _____________. Ca2+ is released. • Calcium binds to _______________ located on the actin filament • Troponin moves ______________ exposing the myosin binding site on actin • Myosin heads swivel upward binding actin and cycling through the "___________"

force

F

141.12 N

F x FA = R x RA ?? X 0.1 m = 705.6 N x 0.02 m What is F?

184 N

F x FA = R x RA ?? x 1.3m = 800N x 0.3m

force arm

FA

f-actin

Filamentous actin, made up of two strands of G-actin (globular) monomers

sinoatrial (SA) node; atrioventricular (AV) node; atrioventricular (AV) bundle; interventricular septum; purkinje fibers

Fill in the blanks for the following process of the intrinsic cardiac conduction system and action potential succession for one heartbeat. 1. The _________________ (pacemaker) generates impulses. 2 The impulses travel to the _______________________. 3 The _______________________ connects the atria to the ventricles. 4 The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the _______________________. 5 The _________________ depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles.

incomplete (unfused) tetanus

Frequency summation to a plateau

complete (fused) tetanus

Frequency summation to a plateau where individual twitches indistinguishable

neuromuscular junction; depolarization; repolarization

Generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber: Step 1: An end plate potential is generated at the __________________ Step 2: ________________: Generating and propagating an action potential. Step 3: ________________: Restoring the sarcolemma to its initial polarized state (negative inside, positive outside).

hypercalcemia; increases

High Ca2+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ depolarization)

hyperkalemia; irregular

High K+ - _____________ - in blood (induces ____________ heart rate)

817 N

Holding a 10 kg (22 lbs) weight ?? x 0.03 m = 98 N x 0.25 m What is F?

4083 N

Holding a 25 kg (55 lbs) weight ?? X 0.03m = 490 N x 0.25 m What is F?

tetanus

If the neural signal is received more and more frequently, then the twitches become "fused" and summation is now termed as what?

ions

Imbalances in _______ are generally the result of problems / diseases elsewhere in the body and not attributed to normal fluctuations in physiology

removed; oppose

In eccentric contractions, support is ______ when contraction begins. When the eccentric contraction ends, the unopposed load stretched the muscle until either the muscle tears, a tendon breaks, or the elastic recoil of the skeletal muscle is sufficient to ______ the load

sarcoplasm

In the ATP-CP System, the events are occurring in the ___________ of skeletal muscle

myoblasts

In the skeletal muscle, large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of many ________ (mesodermal cells)

wave summation

Increased tension with successive stimuli: previous contraction has not fully relaxed

cytosolic calcium

Increase in _________________________ triggers muscle contraction - binding of Calcium to TnC - expose myosin binding site of actin - filaments slide past each other

endomysium

Intercellular space between cells also has an ______________ that is similar to areolar connective tissue

H band

Pale area in center of A band --> bare zone

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Source of Ca2+ for contraction 1.) ___ Sarcoplasmic reticulum only 2.) ___ Sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

smooth

Presence of gap junctions: yes; in unitary muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Ca2+ binds to troponin 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ Yes Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

B; A

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Contracts as a unit 1.) ___ Yes, gap junctions create a functional syncytium 2.) ___ No, motor units must be stimulated individually Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Gap junctions between cells 1.) ___ no 2.) ___ yes Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

B; A

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Pacemaker cells present 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ No Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Sarcoplasmic reticulum 1.) ___ Elaborate; has terminal cisterns 2.) ___ Less elaborate; no terminal cisterns Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

skeletal

Presence of pacemaker(s): no

B; A

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Structure 1.) ___ striated, short, branched, one or two nuclei per cell 2.) ___ striated, long, cylindrical, multinucleate Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Supply of ATP 1.) ___ Aerobic and anaerobic (fewer mitochondria) 2.) ___ Aerobic only (more mitochondria) Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: T tubules 1.) ___ Abundant 2.) ___ Fewer, wider Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

A; B

Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Tetanus possible 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ No Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle

slow fibers, the heart, and the liver

Lactate can be taken up by mitochondria used as energy by what three things?

bone

Ligaments attach _____ to bone

striated

Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: striations appear due to overlap between actin and myosin proteins

sarcoplasmic reticulum; extracellular

Like smooth muscle, the Ca2+ required for contraction in cardiac muscle cells/fibers comes from internal (____________________) and external (____________) sources.

parietal pericardium, pericardial space with serous fluid, and visceral pericardium

List the following in order from superficial to deep • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium • Pericardial space with serous fluid

Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle branches Purkinje Fibers

List the following in the order they are stimulated in regards to the heart's conduction system. Atrioventricular (AV) node Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial (SA) node Bundle branches

hypocalcemia; decreases

Low Ca2+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ depolarization)

hypokalemia; depresses; irregular; uncoordinated

Low K+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ rate and cause __________ and ____________ rhythms)

cardiac

Presence of pacemaker(s): yes

branched

Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: (not a tube)

interconnected

Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: communication occurs between cells (similar to smooth muscle)

fatter

Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: compared to skeletal muscle fibers

shorter

Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: compared to skeletal muscle fibers

heterogeneous

Most muscles are _______________ (~50/50%) for red and white muscle

slow-twitch

Muscle phenotype & contractile characteristics: Type I is a

fast-twitch

Muscle phenotype & contractile characteristics: Type II is a

myosin binding site of actin

Myosin head cocked, increase in calcium exposes _______________________, cross bridge formation

power stroke

Myosin head swivels towards M line and pulls actin filaments towards center of sarcomere

muscular contractile force

Myosin heads forming cross bridges that generate what?

cyclic AMP second messenger system

Norepinephrine increases heart contractility via a what?

2; 4; 2

Note: some energy must go into anaerobic glycolysis (__ ATP) to produce some at the end (__ ATP) = Net __ ATP

stimuli

Pacemakers Autonomic nervous system Hormones Ions

rigor

Period when myosin stuck to actin after ADP released. Detachment of myosin from actin requires binding of ATP to myosin head. ATPase activity of myosin head re-cocks myosin head, ADP + Pi bound

smooth

Presence of pacemaker(s): yes (in unitary muscle only)

micro anatomy

Physical attributes Distinct features

skeletal

Presence of gap junctions: no

cardiac

Presence of gap junctions: yes; at intercalated discs

cannot; increase

Problem 1: muscle fibers can/cannot divide Problem 2: once inside the muscle fiber, nuclei cannot divide to increase/decrease the total amount of sarcoplasm/organelles within the fiber

resistance

R

533.12 N

R = 72kg x 9.8 (body mass 200kg x 9.8 (gym wts) F x FA = R x RA ?? x 0.1 m = 2665.6 N x 0.02 m What is F?

resistance arm

RA

(1:13); (1:2)

Ratio of thick to thin filaments (__:__) is much lower than in skeletal muscle (__:__)

titin

Relaxation: importance of the protein, ______

NMJ

Reminder: The ______ is located at the center of each fiber.

600 N

Resistance= 150 N RA= 0.08 m FA= 0.02 m What is the force?

50 N

Resistance= 50 N RA= 0.03 m FA= 0.03 m What is the force?

relaxation

Returning the sarcomere to resting length

post-synaptic

Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber

G-zero

Satellite cells are in the _______ state until activated by external stimuli

thyroxine

Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (hormones): _______________ (from thyroid) increases heart rate; enhances effects of epinephrine

norepinephrine

Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (hormones): circulating __________ (from adrenal medulla) increases heart rate / contractility

depolarization

Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (ions): Changes in Ca2+ or K+ can alter what?

hypertrophy; neural; contractile; biochemicals

Sequence of events that induce the earliest events for ___________ voluntary _______ stimulation --> _____________ (mechanical) forces --> _____________ released and bind to receptors on satellite cells

oxygen

Skeletal muscle can go through anaerobic metabolism (pyruvate -->lactate) when what is not present?

relaxation; detachment; active transport; dephosphorylation

Smooth muscle cell / fiber ________________ requires: 1. Ca2+ ________________ from calmodulin 2. ____________________ of Ca2+ (by the Ca2+-ATPase pump) (a) into SR (b) out of cell 3. ____________________ of myosin to inactive myosin

rest, attach, power stroke

Smooth muscle cell / fiber contraction: mechanism 1.) ___________ 2.) ___________ 3.) ___________

nervous, biochemicals, mechanical stretch, and self-excitation (smooth muscle pacemaker cells)

Smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract (shorten) by what sources?

no

So pennated muscles produce less force? _____, pennated muscles can pack in more (shorter) fibers per given area, and produce more force than parallel

cardiac and smooth

Source of Ca2+ for calcium pulse: SR and from extracellular fluid

skeletal

Source of Ca2+ for calcium pulse: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

ACh; T tubule; sarcoplasmic reticulum; cross-bridge; contraction

Steps in Initiating Muscle Contraction: 1.) ______ released, binding to receptors 2.) Action potential reaches __________ 3.) ________________ releases Ca2+ 4.) Active site exposure, __________________ formation 5.) __________ begins

AChE; recaptures; covered; ends; resting length

Steps in Muscle Relaxation: 1.) ACh broken down by _______ 2.) Sarcoplasmic reticulum _____________ Ca2+ 3.) active sites ________, no cross-bridge interaction 4.) Contraction ______ 5.) Relaxation occurs, passive return to ______________

synapse; calcium

Steps of Muscle Relaxation: 1. Breakdown of ACh in _________ 2. Sequestration of ____________ into SR

triad

T-tubule + 2 terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

muscle

Tendons attach _____ to bone

sarcomeres; connective tissues; tension; relaxed; fiber; frequency

Tension: • ____________ collectively shorten to achieve a shortening of the entire muscle fiber • This produces tension on ______________________ (tendons) • An individual muscle fiber is either producing _________ ("on") or ___________ ("off") • Amount of tension produced by individual fiber varies based on: 1. Length of _______ at time of stimulation (overlap between thick and thin filaments) 2. The ___________ of stimulation

cardiac muscles

Tetanic contractions cannot occur in what?

contractile and metabolic characteristic

The 2 major types of muscle fibers are classified by their what?

action

The __________ of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses.

cross bridge formation; power (working) stroke; cross bridge detachment; cocking of the myosin head

The cross-bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. Step 1: ______________________. Energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge. Step 2: The ______________________. ADP and Pi are released and the myosin head pivots and bends, changing to its bent low-energy state. As a result it pulls the actin filament toward the M line. Step 3: ______________________. After ATP attaches to myosin, the link between myosin and actin weakens, and the myosin head detaches (the cross bridge "breaks"). Step 4: ______________________. As ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi , the myosin head returns to its prestroke high-energy, or "cocked," position.*

differences

The following are _______ of skeletal and cardiac muscles: Heart contracts as a unit (all or none) --> Skeletal muscles contract independently Influx of Ca2+ from extracellular fluid triggers Ca2+ release from SR • depolarization opens Ca2+ channels in sarcolemma (extracellular Ca2+ enters) • extracellular Ca2+ then causes SR to release its intracellular Ca2+ • skeletal muscles do not use extracellular Ca2+

similarities

The following are _______ of skeletal and cardiac muscles: • contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential • muscle action potential (depolarization) travels down T tubules • sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release Ca2+ • Ca2+ binds troponin causing initiating the filaments to slide

smooth muscle in the bronchioles of the lung

The following is an example of what muscle and where? Neurotransmitter: 1.) Acetylcholine 2.) Norepinephrine Action of SmM: 1.) Contract 2.) Relax Effect on system: 1.) Airways close 2.) Airways open

infers; determines

The length of the whole muscle during a contraction ________ the length of the sarcomere. Thus, the position of the muscle when it starts to contract ___________ the amount of actin-myosin overlap.

myoglobin

The more ____________ in a muscle, the redder it is in appearance.

axon terminal; voltage-gated Ca2+; exocytosis; sarcolemma; end plate potential

The neuromuscular junction: Step 1: Action potential arrives at ____________________ of motor neuron. Step 2: _________________________ open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal, moving down its electrochemical gradient. Step 3: Ca2+ entry causes ACh (a neurotransmitter) to be released by _______________. Step 4: ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the _____________ Step 5: ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na + into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which produces a local change in the membrane potential called the ________________________.

stimulation; motor units; starting; contraction; muscle

The production of force from a muscle is dependent on several aspects 1. _____________ frequency 2. Number of _______________ and, hence, fibers recruited by the nervous system 3. __________ position of the muscle / fiber upon stimulation 4. Type of ___________ 5. Type of _________ recruited

mitosis

The satellite cell has receptors for these biochemicals that will trigger it to enter the cell cycle and proceed to _________

4; 4

There are ___ different myosins that perform at ___ different speeds / rates in which they hydrolyze (break up) ATP for energy

knee and ankle

These generalities do not apply to what two structures because the lower limb is rotated during development? The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

first class

This lever system raises your head off your chest. (i.e. posterior neck muscles provide the effort, the Atlanta-occipital joint is the fulcrum, and the weight to be lifted is the facial skeleton)

15-100

Time to peak force development is variable (~___-____ ms); it depends on the fiber type

smooth muscle

Transmission signal: action potential from variable sources

skeletal muscle

Transmission signal: neural action potential

false

True or false? A skeletal muscle is simply a homogeneous group of fibers

true

True or false? Some muscles are populated with more red or white fibers than others

slow oxidative (SO)

Type I - Slow-Twitch • Produce low contractile force • Efficient aerobic metabolism • Highly vascularized • High myoglobin (this is the red part) • Oxidize fat • Fatigue resistant • Many mitochondria (produce energy)

SO fibers

Type I are also known as?

fast glycolytic

Type II - Fast-Twitch • Produce high contractile force • Active primarily during short-term, high-intensity activities • Rely primarily on anaerobic metabolism • Not as vascularized • Easily fatigable • Few mitochondria

FOG fibers

Type IIa are also known as?

FG fibers

Type IIx/IIb are also known as?

tetanus

Unfused vs. fused: additive effects contractile forces

1-2; 15-100; 200; 200

Unique action potential (AP) in cardiac muscle: AP in skeletal muscle lasts __-__ ms (contraction lasts ___-___ ms) AP in cardiac muscle it lasts ____ ms (contraction lasts >____ ms)

one

Unitary SmM (smooth muscle) acts as "_____" system

acetylcholinesterase

What does AChE stand for?

Z line, I band, A band, H band, and M line

What does the acronym Z.I.A.H. & M stand for?

72 N

What if we have a long force arm (10 ft)? F x FA = R x RA ?? x 3.3m = 800N x 0.3m What is F?

high, high, low

What is the amount of myoglobin in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

high, moderate, low

What is the amount of triglyceride stores in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

many, many, few

What is the capillary amount in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

moderate, moderate-high, high

What is the glycogen amount in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

high, high, low

What is the oxidative capacity of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

high, moderate, low

What is the resistance to fatigue of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

slow, fast, fast

What is the speed of contraction/twitch rate of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?

we reduce the length of the RA

Why does lifting a weight (or doing sit-ups) feel easier as we get closer to the fulcrum?

myofiber

_________ = muscle fiber = muscle cell

exercise; articular cartilage

__________ warms the synovial fluid found in joint cavity and helps it become less thick and allows the ___________________ to soak it up, making the cartilage swell and makes it a more effective cushion against compression

intercalated discs; functional syncytium

____________ are connecting junctions between cardiac cells that allow heart cells to have a coordinated contraction as a single unit (________________________) when nervous stimuli is received?

fiber type

_____________ is distinguished based on the type of myosin it expresses.

thick filaments

_________________ have heads along entire length of tail, making smooth muscle as powerful as skeletal muscle (skeletal muscle has heads at the ends only)

whole muscle type

___________________ is distinguished based on the majority of one of the myosins it expresses...but most muscles have a mixture of slow and fast

cardiac skeleton

_____________________: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue • Anchors cardiac muscle fibers • Supports great vessels round the heart and valves within the heart • Limits action potentials to specific paths because the heart muscle must contract in a specific order for the proper flow of the blood

gomphosis

a _________ is a synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament

synchondrosis

a ____________ is a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. the cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium of the sternum is synchondrosis. another example is the epiphyseal cartilage, which connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a growing long bone.

suture

a ____________ is a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue.

action potential

a change in electrical current across a cell's membrane

presynaptic cell

a neuron

motor neuron pool

a pool that consists of many motor neurons, each of which innervates a motor unit with the muscle

motor unit

a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

sarcoplasmic reticulum

a specialized organelle within muscle cells. It stores Ca2+ which is released in the presence of an action potential.

temporal summation

additive force generated from a single motor unit Examples to the right show action potentials received by the same motor unit before the completion of the twitch response

spatial summation

additive force generated from multiple motor units

N

abbreviation established fiber myonucleus

extensibility

ability to be stretched

elasticity

ability to recoil to resting length

contractility

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

protect

acromion and coracoid process of scapulae help what the shoulder joint?

smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling

action potential reaches smooth muscle cell --> influx of Ca2+ (from outside cell) & release of Ca2+ (from SR) --> Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates it --> activated calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase located near the myosin head --> kinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to the myosin head --> Myosin forms a cross bridge with actin and proceeds through power stroke

gap junctions

allow ions to pass from cell to cell; the exchange of ions allows the action potential to pass from cell to cell

inferior compartment

allows for depression/elevation of mouth

superior compartment

allows for protraction/retraction movement

enthesis

an attachment site of a tendon is known as what?

Ca2+ ATPase pump

an important active transport mechanism that returns the released Ca2+ from the cytoplasm back to the SR

fascia adherens

anchoring sites for actin filaments

glenohumeral joint

another name for shoulder joint

fulcrum

anterior portion of foot/toes is an example of what?

caveolae

are plasma membrane locations that contain Ca2+ channels; remember, Ca2+ is needed for contraction

multi unit smooth muscle

arrestor pili, airways of lungs, and pupil size are examples of what?

hands and feet

arthritis primarily affects what?

syndesmosis

at a _________, bones are connected by a ligament. one example is the distal joint between the tibia and fibula.

symphysis

at a __________, the articulating bones are connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage. the joint between the two pubic bones is an example of a symphysis.

inside; outside

at rest: the net charge differential is negative ________ the cell relative to __________ along the length of the plasma membrane. This differential is set up by Na+-K+-ATPase active transport

skeletal muscle

attached to bones and skin *striated: found in skeletal muscle fibers (long cells) *voluntary: can be consciously controlled *contract rapidly (in milliseconds); types --> slow (fatigue resistant) vs. fast (powerful) *main location for metabolism and energy utilization

lateral/external

away from midline of anterior surface

BM

basement membrane

flexion

bending a joint so parts come closer together

extension

bending a joint so parts come farther apart

annular ligament

binds head of radius to ulna

hormones

biochemical: can have an activation or inhibitory impact on smooth muscle including: -- oxytocin -- CCK (small intestine hormone) -- gastrin (stomach hormone)

gases

biochemical: excess carbon dioxide and nitric oxide

inflammatory markers

biochemical: histamine

excess H+ ions

biochemical: low pH of system

M line

bisects H band

Z line

bisects I band

resistance

body weight (mass) is an example of what?

tendon

bone or ligament-bone interface

synchondroses

bones unite by hyaline cartilage; i.e. epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) and joint between first rib and sternum

varicosities; neurotransmitters; diffuse junction

bulbous swellings of nerve fibers (____________) store and release biochemicals (_____________) into a wide space (synaptic cleft) known as a what?

fuel

cardiac and skeletal tissues can use other ______ sources • Cardiac is more adaptable to other fuels, including lactic acid, but must have oxygen

spiral

cardiac muscle tissue forms concentric layers that wrap around the atria or _________ within the walls of the ventricles

cardiac

cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: no

smooth

cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: not in unitary muscle; yes in multi unit muscle

skeletal

cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: yes

neuron

cells specialized for intercellular communication

myocardium

circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells

structure

classification based on ______________ *fibrous joints *cartilaginous joints *synovial joints

sprains

common joint injuries: -ligaments are stretched or town -heal slowly because they are poorly vascularized -surgery if it's completely torn

cartilaginous injuries

common joint injuries: -remain torn due to avascularization

gap junctions

connect adjacent smooth muscle fibers to communicate signals from the nervous system to contract as a unit

smooth

connective tissue components: endomysium

cardiac

connective tissue components: endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of heart

skeletal

connective tissue components: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

endocardium

contains: • areolar tissue • endothelium

myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)

contains: • cardiac muscle cells • connective tissues

parietal pericardium

contains: • dense fibrous layer • areolar tissue • mesothelium

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

contains: • mesothelium • areolar tissue

isometric

contracting (same length; increased tension

isotonic

contracting (same tension; decreased length

articular disc

divides inferior & superior synovial compartments; where the temporal and mandibular condyle meet

presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, and synaptic cleft

each synapse contains what?

-; +

eccentric = higher __ velocity and more force concentric = lower __ velocity and less force + velocity = positive (shortening) direction - velocity = opposite (lengthening) direction

motor eye unit

efferent neuron + 10 fibers Note: compare to Unitary (bulk contraction) vs Multiunit (fine contraction) Smooth muscle

mechanical stretch

expansion of a hollow space because of increased volume (blood flow) or the introduction of a solid (digestive matter) has a local stretch affect on the smooth muscle cells in that area; the stretch-relaxation response Examples: • Increased blood flow with exercise • Food bolus in intestines • Walls of the bladder

heart contractions (Frank-Starling Law), jumping, and digestion

extensibility and elasticity are exceptionally important for dynamic actions such as what?

hyperextension

extension beyond the normal range of motion

T-tubule

extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate within deeper portions of the fiber

spinal cord; spinal nerves; sympathetic trunk

extrinsic stimulus: Cardioacceleratory center (in the medulla oblongata region of the brain): sends signals through the _____________ to ________________ and then to the _________________ to increase both rate and force; stimulates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries

vagus nerve

extrinsic stimulus: Cardioinhibitory center (in the medulla oblongata region of the brain): parasympathetic signals sent via the _________________ (Cranial Nerve X) directly onto the SA and AV nodes to decrease heart rate

cardiac centers; medulla oblongata; brainstem

extrinsic stimulus: Heartbeat modified by autonomic nervous system via __________________ in the _______________________ located in the ______________

thin filaments

f-actin filaments (beads-on-a-string)

sarcolemma

fancy word for the plasma membrane of a muscle cell/fiber

length

force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the force arm stand for?

produced by muscle

force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the force stand for?

length

force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the resistance arm stand for?

amount of weight/mass we are trying to overcome

force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the resistance stand for?

smooth muscle

found in walls of hollow organs and structures (stomach, urinary bladder, airways, circulatory vessels) *not striated *involuntary *contraction influenced based on neural, chemical, mechanical, & pacemaker signals

cardiac muscle

found only in heart (walls) *striated *involuntary *contracts at steady rate due to heart's own pacemaker; rate can change based on a variety of signals (neural, chemical, hormonal)

diarthrotic

functional type of joint: *gliding/planar *hinge *condylar *pivot *saddle *ball-and-socket

synarthrotic

functional type of joint: fibrous = suture & gomphoses cartilaginous = synchondroses

amphiarthrotic

functional type of joint: fibrous = syndesmoses cartilaginous = symphyses

aerobic glycolysis

glycogen --> glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate --(2 ATP net)--> pyruvate --(oxygen to CO2)--> acetyl coA --> Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain

thick filaments

grouping of myosin heads + tails

shoulder joint

head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula is known as the what?

coracohumeral ligament

helps support weight of upper limb

troponin

heterotrimer: 3 subunits

desmosomes

hold cells together; prevent cells from separating during contraction

nebulin

holds two strands of actin together

biochemicals

hormones, inflammatory markers, gases, and excess H+ ions are examples of what?

2

how many binding sites does a myosin head have?

6

how many different types of synovial joints are there?

3

how many glenohumeral ligaments are there?

two

how many inherent problems with muscle cells (fibers)?

3

how many joints are there in the elbow?

3

how many types of fibrous joints are there?

striations

in skeletal and cardiac, the overlap of actin and myosin create what?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

in skeletal muscle, Ca2+ exclusively comes from where?

will not; rigor mortis

in the sliding filament theory, in the absence of ATP, myosin heads will or will not detach? what does this cause?

smooth

in what muscles do the depolarization of the cells/fibers can occur from many sources, including nerve bulbs, stretch, hormones, or they can self-excite without external stimuli (pacemakers)

sympathetic cardiac nerves

increase heart rate and force of contraction

hyperplasia

increase in cell number

hypertrophy

increase in cell size (volume) by increasing the cytoplasm and contractile elements

student's elbow

inflammation of bursa from prolonged, excessive pressure

arthritis

inflammation of joints

endocardium

innermost layer of the heart (where blood comes in contact) • This layer is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels • Lines heart chambers and covers cardiac skeleton of valves

pacemaker; depolarization; contraction

intrinsic stimulus: 1. Cluster of self-excitable cells (_____________) located at the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium (chamber) of the heart; initiate and distribute (via gap junctions) action potentials to coordinate _____________ and ____________ of heart

no

is the distal tibiofibular joint part of the knee?

slow to fast

is the following arranged from fast to slow or slow to fast myosin (fiber) types? I > IIa > IIx > IIb

ligamentum teres

is the round ligament of the femur or the foveal ligament and protects the acetabular branch of the obturator artery; also known as ligament of the head of the femur

ball and socket

joint that is: -most moveable -head of bones fits into cupcake socket (shoulder/glenohumeral and hip joint/coxal) -multiaxial (the only ones in the body

saddle

joint that is: -one convince bone, one convex bone (trapezioemtacarpal joint which forms opposable thumb/sternoclavicular joint) -biaxial

condyloid

joint that is: -oval cover surface bone fitting into a complementary shaped depression on another bone (radoiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint) -biaxial

pivot

joint that is: -projection fitting into ringlike ligament on another bone -spins on longitudinal axis (atlantoaxial joint which are the dens of axis and atlas, and proximal radioulnar -monoaxial

humeroradial joint

joint where capitulum of humerus is connected with head of radius

hip joint

joint where head of femur is connected to the acetabulum of coxa

proximal radioulnar joint

joint where head of radius connects with radial notch of ulna

pivot joint

joint where pronation and supination of forearm

humeroulnar joint

joint where trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna

gliding joint

joint whose purpose (in the elbow) is slight movements

ball and socket joint

joint whose purpose is circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

hinge joint

joint whose purpose is flexion and extension (elbow)

hinge joint

joint whose purpose is flexion, extension, and limited rotation (in knee joint)

gliding joints

joints whose purpose is slight movements and preventing tearing/breaking against stress

latent period

lag between stimulus and onset of contraction

mammals

lateral (side-to-side) movement is unique to what?

eccentric

lengthening contraction; internal muscular force < external resistance a more specific description of an isotonic contraction

electrical (AP) --> chemical (ACh) --> Electrical (MAP)

list the correct order the neuromuscular junction occurs in Chemical (ACh) Electrical (AP) Electrical (MAP)

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

list the skeletal muscle layers form superficial to deep

temporal bone

mandibular condyle articulates with what bone?

zone of overlap; thin filaments; short; reducing; Z lines; cannot; sarcomeres; zero; titin filaments

maximum tension is produced when the ________________ is large but the ______________ do not extend across the sarcomere's center. --> At ________ resting lengths, thin filaments extending across the center of the sarcomere interfere with the normal orientation of thick and thin filaments, __________ tension production. When the thick filaments contact the ____________, the sarcomere cannot shorten-the myosin heads cannot pivot and tension _________ be produced. --> If the _______________ too far are stretched too far, the zone of overlap is reduced or disappears, and cross-bridge interactions are reduced or cannot occur. When the zone of overlap is reduced to _______, thin and thick filaments cannot interact at all. The muscle fiber cannot produce any active tension, and a contraction cannot occur. Such extreme stretching of a muscle fiber is normally prevented by ______________ (which tie the thick filaments to the Z lines) and by the surrounding connective tissues.

lever class

mechanical advantage will be different with each what?

knee joint

medial and lateral condyles of distal femur articulate with medial and lateral condyles of proximal tibia

measure (length)

metric-

osteroarthritis

most common type of arthritis that affects ~85% of Americans over 70; gradual deterioration of articular cartilage with advancing age where bone rubs against bone at joint

insertion

moveable end

rotation

movement of a part around an axis

circumduction

movement of a part so that end follows circular path

action potential

movement of ions across membrane (electrical impulse), known as what?

adduction of fingers

movement of synovial joints: -bringing fingers together

flexion of fingers

movement of synovial joints: -curling fingers

dorsiflexion

movement of synovial joints: -elevation of toes

plantar flexion

movement of synovial joints: -extension of the foot, toes point toward ward

supination

movement of synovial joints: -facing palm of hand front or like a cup

hyperextension

movement of synovial joints: -further increasing a joint beyond zero position

circumduction

movement of synovial joints: -making circle motion

radial abduction

movement of synovial joints: -move thumb away from index finger 90 degrees

flexion

movement of synovial joints: -movement decreases angle of joint

extension

movement of synovial joints: -movement increases angle of joint

elevation

movement of synovial joints: -movement raising body part vertically

palmar abduction

movement of synovial joints: -moves thumb away from hand and points it anteriorly

abduction

movement of synovial joints: -moving body part away from midline

retraction

movement of synovial joints: -moving body part back

protraction

movement of synovial joints: -moving body part forward

adduction

movement of synovial joints: -moving body part toward the midline

depression

movement of synovial joints: -moving part back down

pronation

movement of synovial joints: -palm faces backward or downward

contraction

muscle's main goal

sarcoplasmic reticulum

muscle-specific endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium

cori cycle

muscle-to-liver lactate shuttle

red muscles; white muscles; nomenclature

muscles may be grossly called "_____________" or "____________" "Red" and "White" muscles, however, is old _______________

myofilaments

myofibrils are composed of _____________: thin and thick filaments

spirally; corkscrew

myofilaments are __________ arranged, causing smooth muscle to contract in _________ manner

sternoclavicular joint

name of joint connecting clavicle and sternum

acromioclavicular joint

name of joint connecting scapula and clavicle

osteroarthritis

name the type of arthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

name the type of arthritis

autonomic

nerve fibers associated with what nervous system?

postsynaptic cell

neuron, glandular cell, or muscle cell

pacemaker cells

non-contractile cells that spontaneously depolarize Initiate depolarization of entire heart

monoaxial joint

one degree of freedom or one axis of rotation, moves back and forth in one plane

one

only _____ NMJ per skeletal muscle fiber

neural action potential and neuromuscular junction

other players other than muscle fiber and myofibril involved in contraction / force generation are what?

nursemaid's elbow

partial dislocation of radial head

P

plasma membrane

smooth

presence of T tubules and site of invagination: no; only caveolae

cardiac

presence of T tubules and site of invagination: yes; one per sarcomere at Z disc; larger diameter than those of skeletal muscle

skeletal

presence of T tubules and site of invagination: yes; two per sarcomere at A-I junctions

smooth

presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: no, but actin and myosin filaments are present throughout; dense bodies anchor actin filaments

skeletal

presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: yes

cardiac

presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: yes, but myofibrils are of irregular thickness

neuromuscular junction

presynaptic side (neuron), synaptic cleft, and post-synaptic side (muscle fiber) are part of what?

cross-bridge

protein-protein attachment (or interaction) between actin and myosin; actin-myosin binding

dense bodies

proteins found in regular intervals that help to anchor intermediate filaments AND actin filaments to the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma)

highly

red muscle is __________ vascular, so there is more blood to red vs. white muscle, thereby adding to the 'redness' of the red muscle

smooth

regulation of contraction: involuntary; autonomic nerves, hormones, local chemicals; stretch

cardiac

regulation of contraction: involuntary; intrinsic system regulation; also autonomic nervous system controls; hormones; stretch

skeletal

regulation of contraction: voluntary via axon terminals of the somatic nervous system

varicosities

release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft (a diffuse junction)

relaxation phase

removal of calcium

skeletal

response to stretch: contractile strength increase with degree of stretch (to a point)

cardiac

response to stretch: contractile strength increases with degree of stretch

smooth

response to stretch: stress-relaxation response

movement

responsible for all locomotion and manipulation (shortening of lengthening distances between bones) i.e. walking, digesting, pumping blood

contractile cells

responsible for contraction and propagating the action potential from cell to cell

skeletal

rhythmic contraction: no

cardiac

rhythmic contraction: yes

smooth

rhythmic contraction: yes in unitary muscle

synapse

site of neural communication

isotonic

same force

isometric

same length; internal muscular force = external resistance

SN

satellite cell nucleus

rheumatoid arthritis

second most common type of arthritis that is caused by chronic inflammation of synovial membranes; primarily affects joints in hands and feet and is an autoimmune disorder

concentric

shortening contraction; internal muscular force > external resistance a more specific description of an isotonic contraction

twitch

single contraction-relaxation event from stimulus of a muscle fiber; single contraction with defined latent, contraction, and relaxation phases

nervous system

specifically, nerve fibers associated with the autonomic nervous system

cardiac

speed of contraction: slow

skeletal

speed of contraction: slow to fast

smooth

speed of contraction: very slow

anterior view of the hip joint

state the anatomical direction and name of this structure

posterior view of the hip joint

state the anatomical direction and name of this structure

tendon (dense regular CT), fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage, and bone

state the order of the insertion site starting from tendon and ending at bone

intercondyloid eminence

state the structure in the middle where the bones meet

glenohumeral ligament

strengthen anterior capsule, but are weak support

synovial

structural type of joint: *gliding/planar *hinge *condylar *saddle *ball-and-socket

fibrous

structural type of joint: *suture *gomphoses *syndesmoses

cartilaginous

structural type of joint: *symphyses *synchondroses

parasympathetic nervous system

subdues the stimuli on the pacemaker cells (SA & AV nodes); this helps the heart to relax, slows the rate/strength of contraction

functional

synarthrotic joints, amphiarthrotic joints, and diarthrotic (synovial) joints are classified as what type of joints?

tendons graft; unhappy triad of injuries

tears/rupture of ACL, MCL, and lateral meniscus is caused by strong force to the outside of the knee when the foot is stationary (i.e. during a tackle). for treatment of the ACL tear, what is commonly required? what is the name of this injury?

elevation and depression

temporomandibular joint allows for what types of movement of the mandible?

protraction and retraction

temporomandibular joint allows for what types of movement?

humerus to glenoid cavity

tendon of long head of biceps brachia muscle secures what to what? (is a also a "superstabilizer")

force

tension is also called ________

fiber

term used to describe muscle cell

citric acid cycle

the Kreb's cycle is also known as what?

function

the LEVER anatomy (length) dictates what?

greater; less

the _______/longer the force arm, the _______ muscular force will be required to overcome a given resistance

less

the amount of force produced during concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions is _______ in slow than fast muscle

mechanical advantage

the amplification of the force produced by a muscle through changing length of the force arm

articular tubercle

the anterior portion of the depression (mandibular fossa) forms what?

contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity

the characteristics all muscles share

capillaries

the connective tissue matrix in cardiac muscle contain numerous __________

membrane potential

the following are characteristics of what? • Differential charge on either side of the cell • Extracellular cellular fluid is more POSITIVE • Intracellular fluid is more NEGATIVE • A sudden change in membrane potential leads to contraction

functions

the following are examples of characteristics or functions of muscles? o protects organs o forms valves o controls pupil size o causes "goosebumps" o facilitates digestion o pumps blood o controls blood flow & direction

action potential

the following occurs because ____________________ reaches the synaptic terminal • vesicles attach to presynaptic membrane & release neurotransmitter (nt) into the synaptic cleft • nt binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane • may inhibit or excite postsynaptic cell • the synaptic terminal can reabsorb and reuse nt present in the cleft

aerobic respiration

the heart relies almost exclusively on what type of respiration?

modified hinge joint

the jaw joint is a what?`

limited

the knee (hinge joint) allows for a __________ rotation

fibular collateral ligament (FCL)

the lateral collateral ligament is also known as what?

tibial collateral ligament (TCL)

the medial collateral ligament is also known as what?

vasculature

the meniscus of the knee has limited what?

sliding filament theory (or model)

the movement of actin by myosin is known as what?

optimal resting length

the normal range of sarcomere lengths in the body is 75 to 130 percent of the optimal length

sesamoid

the patella is what type of bone (shape)?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

the rotator cuff is stabilized by tendons from what muscles that help to move the shoulder joint?

insufficient

the skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is so large that one nucleus would be woefully _____________ to support the needs of the cell

ATP; troponin

the sliding filament theory will continue as long as _______ is available and Ca2+ is bound to _____________. If ATP is not available, the cycle stops between steps 2 and 3.

excitation-contraction coupling

the step-by-step sequence of events from the starting signal to the contraction events occurring at the level of the actin and myosin

constant

the tension applied to the tendon remains relatively ______, even though individual motor units cycle between contraction and relaxation

ligaments and tendons

these are attached via fibrocartilage transition to periosteum

diagonally

thick and thin filaments are arranged ___________

myosin

thick filaments; motor and enzyme (ATPase)

actin

thin filaments; filamentous (F) protein scaffold

mandibular fossa

this depression is known as what?

third class

this lever is exemplified by flexing the forearm by the biceps brachia muscle. (i.e. the effort is exerted on the proximal radius of the forearm, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is the hand and distal end of the forearm

second class

this lever system is exerted when you stand on tip-toe. (i.e. the effort is exerted by the calf muscles pulling upward on the heel; the joints of the ball of the foot are the fulcrum; and the weight of the body is the load

multiaxial joint

three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation

refractory period

time in which a muscle fiber is unresponsive to the arrival of a new stimulus (action potential)

tension

tonos

osteoarthritis

too much exercise can lead to what?

medial/internal

toward midline of anterior surface

true

true or false? Contraction far outlasts the duration of the stimulus (action potential)

true

true or false? The type of neurotransmitter received by the smooth muscle cells will "tell" them their action (contract or relax) HOWEVER, these actions are very specific to the region of the body where the smooth muscle is found

false

true or false? bony joints don't form when fibrous or cartilaginous joints ossify

true

true or false? categories of synovial joints are based on shape and movement of joint

false

true or false? during treatment of an ACL tear, MCL and meniscus require mobilization

epicardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium

increase

we _________ our mechanical advantage by increasing FA (or decreasing RA)

decrease

we _________ our mechanical advantage by increasing RA (or decreasing FA)

interphalangeal and elbow joint

what are examples of monoaxial joints?

hormones and ions

what are other influences that stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle (other than SA node and autonomic nervous system)?

coracohumeral and glenohumeral

what are reinforcing ligaments in the shoulder joint?

movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, metabolism, and thermoregulation

what are the important functions of muscle tissue?

synchondroses and symphyses

what are the names of the classification based on structure of cartilaginous joints?

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

what are the names of the classification based on structure of fibrous joints?

nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin (Tn)

what are the proteins associated with F-action?

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

what are the three layers of the heart's walls? List in order from superficial to deep.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

what are the two autonomic nervous system

actin and ATP

what are the two binding sites that a myosin head have?

iliofemoral and pubofemoral

what are the two ligaments found in the anterior hip joint?

iliofemoral and ischiofemoral

what are the two ligaments found in the posterior hip joint?

SA node and autonomic nervous system

what are the two principal influences that stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle?

femur, tibia, and patella

what bones are connected by the knee joint?

olecranon bursa

what bursa is affected from sufferers of "student's elbows"?

amphiarthrotic joint

what classification (based on function of cartilaginous joints) is symphyses under?

synarthrotic joint

what classification (based on function of cartilaginous joints) is synchondroses under?

sympathetic nervous system

what enhances the pacemaker (SA node) and other areas to increase rate / strength of contraction to meet the demands of the body...think exercise)?

Fiber type (phenotype)

what implies a motor unit recruitment order, contraction speed, power/force generation, and metabolic characteristics about a skeletal muscle?

autonomic nerve fibers

what innervate most smooth muscle fibers?

metacarpophalangeal joint

what is an example of a biaxial joint?

glenohumeral joint

what is an example of a muliaxial joint?

myosin molecule

what is composed of two subunits with a head that interacts with actin and a filamentous tail

3-10 sec

what is the duration of ATP-CP (creatine phosphate) System

until exhaustion

what is the duration of Aerobic System (aerobic glycolysis / b-oxidation)

90 sec

what is the duration of Anaerobic System (anaerobic glycolysis)

0-3 sec

what is the duration of immediately available ATP?

force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm

what is the equation you must know and apply to examples?

Type 1 (SO fibers) --> Type IIa (FOG fibers) --> Type IIx/IIb (FG fibers)

what is the fiber type motor unit recruitment order? (low total muscular force --> high total muscular force; low % motor unit pool --> high % motor unit pool)

cardiac muscle has no triad

what is the major difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle cell?

temporomandibular joint

what is the most easily dislocated joint in the body?

amphiarthrotic joint (cartilaginous) symphysis

what is the name of the specific type of joint of the pelvic girdle?

digestion

what is the physiological importance of self-excite (pacemaker cells)?

Twitch Response: fiber-specific

what is the title of this graph?

excitation-contraction coupling

what is this an example of? Stimulus --> Increase in intracellular Ca2+ --> Ca2+ influences binding of actin & myosin --> Actin - myosin interact (physically bind) Power stroke cycle --> Stimulus ends (contraction stops)

annular ligament

what is this ligament

classification of levers

what is this?

intrinsic cardiac conduction system and action potential succession for one heartbeat

what is this?

shoulder joint

what is this?

hip and ball and socket joint

what joints are the pelvic girdle made of?

cardiac

what muscle are the walls of the heart made up of and have branching chains of cells; uni- or binucleate; striations?

smooth

what muscle has unitary muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs (pother than the heart); multi unit muscle in intrinsic eye muscles, airways, large arteries and have single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations?

skeletal

what muscle is attached to bones or (some facial muscles) to skin and has single, very long, cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations?

ligament of the head of the femur

what protects the acetabular branch of the obturator artery?

second class lever system

what provides the best mechanical advantage (i.e. the least force input for a given mass)?

sliding filament theory

what theory suggests that muscles shorten or generate tension because of sliding of actin and myosin filaments across each other?

hinge and gliding

what two types of movement does the tempermandibular joint have?

synarthrotic

what type of joint is a suture?

syndesmosis (fibrous amphiarthrotic)

what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

gliding joint

what type of joint is the femoropatellar joint?

gliding joint

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

first class

what type of lever is this?

second class

what type of lever is this?

fusiform

what type of muscle is biceps brachii

multipennate

what type of muscle is deltoid

unipennate

what type of muscle is extensor digitorum longus

circular

what type of muscle is orbiculares oris

convergent

what type of muscle is pectoralis major

bipennate

what type of muscle is rectus femoris

parallel

what type of muscle is sartorius

dense regular connective tissue

what type of tissue are ligaments and tendons made up of? (hint: thick parallel bundles of collagen)

microfilaments

what was actin referred to as in previous lectures?

medulla oblangata

where is the cardioacceleratory center located?

medulla oblangata

where is the cardioinhibitory center located?

muscle damage

~12-48 hours of contractile (mechanical) forces can lead to what?

post-synaptic side (muscle fiber)

• ACh receptors • Na+-K+ channels • Muscle action potential

ATP binding site

• ATP is used to move the head from the contracted position (toward M-line) to the relaxed position ("cocked" - away from M-line) • ATP is converted to ADP + Pi which stay bound until next contraction

cartilaginous joints

• Bones joined by cartilage • No joint cavity • Not highly movable

fibrous joints

• Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue • No joint cavity • Most are immovable, which depends on length of connective tissue fibers

epimysium

• Dense connective tissue (collagen fibers) surrounding and separating entire muscle

perimysium

• Divides muscle into compartments, each containing one fascicle • Dense CT (collagen, elastin) and site of blood vessels

myoblasts; myosatellite cells; enormous; 100; plasma membrane; sarcolemma; sarcoplasm

• During development, groups of embryonic cells called _________ fuse, forming multinucleate cells. These large cells then develop into distinctive skeletal muscle fibers. Each nucleus in a skeletal muscle fiber represents the contribution of a single myoblast. Some myoblasts, however, do not fuse with developing muscle fibers. These unfused cells remain in the endomysium of adult skeletal muscle tissue as ________________. After an injury, myosatellite cells may enlarge, divide, and fuse with damaged muscle fibers, thereby assisting in the repair of the tissue. • Mature skeletal muscle fibers are (tiny or enormous?). A muscle fiber from a thigh muscle could have a diameter of _____ um and a length equal to the distance between the tendons at either end (up to 30 cm, or 12 in). Each skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds of nuclei just internal to the __________________. The genes in these nuclei control the production of enzymes and structural proteins required for normal muscle contraction, and the more copies of these genes, the faster these proteins can be produced. • Because skeletal muscle fibers are so unusual in size and appearance, special terms are used to describe them. The plasma membrane is called the ______________, and the cytoplasm surrounding the myofibrils is called the _____________

white muscle

• Fast glycolytic muscle • Fast twitch • Type II muscle

muscle fiber

• Sarcolemma \• Sarcoplasm

red muscle

• Slow oxidative muscle • Slow twitch • Type I muscle

self-excite (pacemaker cells)

• Some areas in the body have smooth muscle groups that can self-stimulate themselves to contract. • The contraction signal begins with these cells and radiates to neighboring cells because the gap junctions between cells allows them to communicate. • Other signals (neural & hormonal) can change the rate of this contraction set by pacemaker cells

presynaptic side (neuron)

• Synaptic Vesicles • Acetylcholine (ACh)

myofibril

• T-Tubules / Triad • Sarcoplasmic reticulum • Ca2+ • Ca2+-ATPase pump • Sarcomere (Z.I.A.H & M)

sarcomere

• Troponin • Tropomyosin • Actin • Myosin • Myosin ATPase • Nebulin • Titin

endomysium

• Within a fascicle, surrounds individual muscle cells, called fibers • Elastic tissue, contains nerve fibers and capillary beds • Site of myosatellite cells (stem cells)

sarcomere

• smallest functional unit of muscle • repeating unit from Z line- Z line • when sarcomeres shorten, a muscle contracts

longer; prevents; efficient

• titanic contractions can't occur in cardiac muscles because they have _________ refractory periods than skeletal muscle fibers. • The refractory period in cardiac muscle is almost as long as contraction itself (~200 ms) which: 1.) __________ tetanic contractions 2.) allows heart to relax and fill as needed to be an ____________ pump


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