Bio 201 exam 3
low, high, high
What is the glycolytic capacity of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
function
classification based on ______________ *synarthrotic joints *amphiarthrotic joints *diarthrotic joints
tropomyosin
coiled helices that sit on active sites of actin
stimulus
contraction starts with a ________
contraction phase
cross bridge formation and filament movement
motor unit quadriceps
efferent neuron + 150 fibers Note: compare to Unitary (bulk contraction) vs Multiunit (fine contraction) Smooth muscle
smooth
elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: equivalent to cardiac muscle (1-8%); some SR contacts the sarcolemma
cardiac
elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: less than skeletal muscle (1-8% of cell volume); scant terminal cisterns
skeletal
elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum: yes
within
elastic component _________ the sarcomere
rotator cuff
encapsulation of the shoulder joint is sometimes referred to as what?
special movements
eversion/inversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, opposition, retraction/protraction, depression/elevation, and lateral flexion are examples of what?
radiocarpal
example of condylar joints
carpometacarpal
example of saddle joint
hip and shoulder
examples of ball-and-socket joints
knee and elbow
examples of hinge joints
atlantoaxial and radioulnar (proximal)
examples of pivot joints
acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular
examples of plane/gliding joints
medial and lateral menisci
fibrocartilage pads between femur and tibia
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilaginous rim around the glenoid cavity (helps to add depth to shallow cavity and cavity holds only 1/3 of head of humerus
structural
fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints are classified as what type of joints?
origin
fixed end
equal
iso-
temporomandibular joint
joint connecting the temporal bone to the mandible
syndemosis
joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
suture
joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. found only in the skull.
hinge
joint that is: -convex surface fits into concave depression (elbow, knee, finger, and toe joints) -monoaxial
plane (gliding)
joint that is: -flat surface, allowing for them to slide across each other (intercarpal, inter tarsal, articular processes of vertebrae) -biaxial
ligament of the head of the femur
ligament of the head of the femur, ligament teres, round ligament of the femur, and the foveal ligament are all the same name for what?
intermingled
muscle fibers of different motor units are ___________, so the forces applied to the tendon remain roughly balanced regardless of which motor units are stimulated
actin and myosin
muscle function is achieved through the interaction between which two main proteins?
suture
type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that have seams between adjacent bones (bones of the skull), interlocking of bone on connected by dense connective tissue, and connected periosteum
zero position
movement of synovial joints: -position of joint in anatomical position (joints are either deviating or returning)
eversion
movement of synovial joints: -soles turned laterally
inversion
movement of synovial joints: -soles turned medially
rotation
movement of synovial joints: -spinning bone on longitudinal axis (ex. rotation of trunk)
abductino of fingers
movement of synovial joints: -spreading fingers apart
extension of fingers
movement of synovial joints: -straightening fingers
flexion of thumb
movement of synovial joints: -straightening thumb
radial flexion
movement of synovial joints: -tilting hand towards pinky
ulnar flexion
movement of synovial joints: -titling hand towards pinkly
hyperabduction
movement of synovial joints: -type of abduction -raising harm over back or front of head
hyperadduction
movement of synovial joints: -type of adduction -crossing fingers, crossing ankles
lateral rotation
movement of synovial joints: -type of rotation -away from midline
medial rotation
movement of synovial joints: -type of rotation -towards the midline
abduction
moving a part away the midline
adduction
moving a part toward the midline
force
muscle contraction from calf muscles is an example of what?
fiber branching
muscle fiber branches, but does not divide into two
myofibrils
muscle fibers are composed of numerous ___________
myoblasts --> multinucleate cells --> skeletal muscle fibers
muscle fibers develop through the fusion of embryonic mesodermal cells called ___________. --> over time, most of the myoblasts fuse together to form larger _______________. However, a few myoblasts remain within the tissue as myosatellite cells, even in adults. --> The multinucleate cells begin differentiating into _____________________ as they enlarge and begin producing the proteins involved in muscle contraction. (List the order in which muscle forms)
intermediate filaments
non-contractile lattice-like arrangement that provides cell shape at the resting state and during contraction
gomphoses
type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that have tooth in sockets of mandible and maxilla and are held by periodontal ligament
plane/gliding joint
synovial joint: *flattened surfaces moving across each other *very slight movement
condylar joint
synovial joint: *one rounded articular surface nestled into depression *rolling type motion
hinge joint
synovial joint: *single plane angular motion *open/closing of door
saddle joint
synovial joint: *concave surface with convex surface *rider in saddle
pivot joint
synovial joint: *only permits rotation
ball-and-socket joint
synovial joint: *round head fit within cup shape *rotational/rolling type motion
true
true or false? ligaments are more flat tendons are more round ligaments are slightly less dense
true
true or false? most of our muscles remain under some slight level of tension (force production) to keep our posture/positioning
true
true or false? multi unit SM allows for finer physiological control in different systems
true
true or false? the advantage of AP in cardiac muscle lasting 200 ms is that sustained contraction ensures efficient ejection of blood
true
true or false? the elbow joint has many reinforcing ligaments and accessory structures
false
true or false? the structure of a muscle fiber/cell is associated with smooth or cardiac muscle
false
true or false? we do not tend to adjust our bodily positions that are mechanically advantageous (easiest)
protonation
turning hand downward/posteriorly
supination
turning hand palm faces upward/anteriorly
biaxial joint
two degrees of freedom or two axes of rotation
syndesmosis
type of amphiarthrotic fibrous joint where ligaments attach bones (i.e. membrane between tibia and fibula)
angular movement
type of movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end toward its fixed end
synchondrosis
type of synarthrotic cartilaginous joint that bands of hyaline cartilage unite bone, growth plate (temporary), and between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilage)
symphysis
type of synarthrotic fibrous joint where pads of fibrocartilage unite bones (i.e. intervertebral discs)
acetabular labrum
type the structure in pink
synarthrotic joint
what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is gomphoses under?
synarthrotic joint
what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is sutures under?
amphiarthrotic joint
what classification (based on function of fibrous joints) is syndesmosomes under?
A band
"Anisotropic" --> Dark Band --> overlapping thick/thin filaments
I band
"Isotropic" --> Light Band --> thin filaments
MAP
"muscle action potential"
gomphosis
"peg in socket" fibrous joint. periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
bursae and tendon sheaths
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
bursae and tendon sheaths
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone
hinge
(movement) depression and elevation of mandible
gliding
(movement) side-to-side (lateral excursion) gliding of teeth
excitability
(responsiveness); ability to receive and respond to stimuli
diarthrotic
*classification based on function *free mobility
synarthrotic
*classification based on function *immobile
amphiarthrotic
*classification based on function *slight mobility
fibrous
*classification based on structure *dense connective tissues connect bones *between bones in close contact
cartilaginous
*classification based on structure *hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
synovial
*classification based on structure (most complex) *joint capsule *synovial fluid *reinforcing ligaments and cartilage
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
*femur to tibia *limit anterior/posterior movements
skeletal muscle structure
*organization of muscle by connective tissue *fascicles, fibers, fibrils and filaments *sarcomere *structure of myofilaments
skeletal muscle function
*sliding filament theory *overview of excitation-contraction coupling *length-tension relationship *effects of stimulus frequency
medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
*stabilized the knee in standing position
T-tubules (transverse tubules)
- Invagination of sarcolemma - Delivery of action potentials deep into fiber
sarcolemma
- Plasma membrane of a muscle cell - Surrounds the sarcoplasm - Characteristic membrane potential: • Differential charge on either side of the cell • Extracellular cellular fluid is more POSITIVE • Intracellular fluid is more NEGATIVE • A sudden change in membrane potential leads to contraction - Movement of ions across membrane (electrical impulse), known as an ACTION POTENTIAL - Important that all parts of the muscle cell contract at the same time
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
- Surround myofibrils - Specialized regions of SR next to t- tubules called terminal cisternae - Calcium reservoir
range of motion
-degrees that a joint can move -determined by structure of articular surfaces, stretching of ligaments and being double-jointed, and action of muscles and tendons
nuclear; resume
1. Satellite cells can either enter the muscle fiber and add to the __________ population, or 2. __________ being a satellite cell for future events
fat pads
Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *adipose covered by synovial membrane *protect articular cartilage *packing material
toe region; linear region; collagen failure; ultimate failure
1.) _____________: taking the slack out of the collagen fibers 2.) _____________: progressive increase in stiffness 3.) ______________: microtears (one by one) 4.) ________________
calcium ions; calmodulin; kinase; myosin ATPases; cross bridges
1.) ____________________ enter the cytosol from the ECF via voltage-gated or non-voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or from the scant SR. 2.) Ca2+ binds to and activates ____________. 3.) Activatedcalmodulin activates the myosin light chain ___________ enzymes. 4.) Theactivatedkinaseenzymes catalyze transfer of phosphate to myosin, activating the ___________________. 5.) Activated myosin forms _____________________ with actin of the thin filaments. Shortening begins.
parallel
100% force in the Fy direction
705.6
72 kg = body mass _______ N = 72 x 9.8
meniscus (menisci)
Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *fibrocartilage: additional layer between articulating bones *subdivide cavity, channel fluid, alter shape of articulating surface
flexion
A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. pectoralis major)
abduction
A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. deltoid middle fibers)
adduction
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. teres major is an antagonist of the deltoid)
extension
A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces _________ (i.e. the latissimus doors is an antagonist of the pectoralis major)
vagus nerve
AKA cranial nerve X; (parasympathetic) decreases heart rate
bursa
Accessory structures of diarthrotic (synovial) joints _______________: *pockets of synovial fluid surrounded by membrane *reduce friction at site of tendon and ligament attachment
depolarizes
Action Potential _____________ SmM cell
cardiac
metabolism: aerobic
myofilaments
Amount of tension muscle can generate is dependent upon degree of overlap of __________
myosin heads; aerobic glycolysis and B-oxidation
Anaerobic Glycolysis also is fairly fast in generating ATP for the ________________, but it cannot be sustained for long periods (~90 sec) so... if muscular contraction for longer periods is required, then we kick into...
glucose; pyruvate; anaerobic; aerobic
Anaerobic energy system (anaerobic glycolysis): ____________ --> Glucose-6-phosphate --> Fructose-6-phosphate --> Phosphofructokinase --> Fructose-1,6-diphosphate --> ___________ pyruvate has a choice here: stay ____________ or go _________
hydrogen; lactic acid
Anaerobic energy system: Why you can't sustain anaerobic glycolysis. ___________ increases the acidity of the cellular environment, ultimately leading to pyruvate producing lactate, or ______________
skeletal
metabolism: aerobic and anaerobic
different
Are E-C Coupling events the same or different between muscle tissues?
smooth
metabolism: mainly aerobic
extrinsic
Autonomic Nervous system is an intrinsic or extrinsic conduction system?
pre-synaptic
Axon terminal of motor neuron
spinal cord; neuromuscular junctions
Axons of motor neurons extend from the __________________ to the muscle. At the muscle, each axon divides into a number of axon terminals that form _________________________ with muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle.
TnI (troponin-inhibitory)
Binds actin
TnC (troponin-calcium)
Binds calcium
TnT (troponin-tropomyosin)
Binds to tropomyosin
creatine phosphokinase
CPK
one central nucleus; 25-35; mitochondria; 65-75; sarcoplasmic reticulum
Cardiac muscle cells Additional features: • Each cell / fiber contains ________________________ (at most, 2 nuclei) • ____-____% of cardiac cell volume is occupied by large ________________ that afford resistance to fatigue • ____-____% of cardiac cell volume is occupied by contractile elements (actin and myosin) and supporting protein structures (which will be discussed in the skeletal muscle section) • ________________________ is simpler than in skeletal muscle
aerobic
Cardiac muscle cells / fibers are exclusively ____________
mitochondria
Cardiac muscle has more _________ than skeletal muscle (cannot function without oxygen)
intrinsic
Cluster of self-excitable cells (pacemaker cells) called the "SA Node" is an intrinsic or extrinsic conduction system?
excitation-contraction (E-C)
Coupling of electrical and mechanical events that generate muscle contraction
joint capsule
Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *fibrous outer layer: dense connective tissue *synovial membrane: inner surface, areolar connective tissue and incomplete epithelium
articular cartilage
Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *hyaline cartilage on articulating surface of synovial joints *watery matrix
synovial fluid
Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joint: General Structure _______________: *within joint cavity *viscous (similar to interstitial fluid with proteoglycans) *secreted by epithelial cells of the synovial membrane *lubricant, shock absorber, nutrient distributor
asynchronous motor unit summation
During a sustained contraction, motor units are activated on a rotating basis, so some of them are resting and recovering while others are actively contracting. In this "relay team" approach, called _________________________, each motor unit can recover somewhat before it is stimulated again. As a result, when your muscle contract for sustained periods, they produce slightly less than maximal tension.
skeletal
Effect of nervous system stimulation: excitation
cardiac and smooth
Effect of nervous system stimulation: excitation or inhibition
cardiac skeleton
Endomysium connects cardiac muscle to _______________, giving cells something to pull against
gross anatomy
Epi-, Myo-, Endocardium Cardiac muscle cell / fiber arrangement
unipennate
Fcosθ force in the Fy direction
biochemicals; satellite
Examples of _____________ that act on ___________ cells Fibroblast growth factor Insulin-like growth factor Hepatocyte (scatter) growth factor Interleukin-6 Platelet-derived growth factor
neuromuscular junction; Ach receptor; T- tubules; calcium
Excitation-Contraction (E-C): Coupling of electrical and mechanical events that generate muscle contraction: Step 1: Action potential arrives _______________ (NMJ) Step 2: Acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft • ___________________: ligand gated Na+ channel • influx of Na+ • generation of skeletal muscle action potential Step 3: Skeletal muscle action potential travels down _____________ and into SR Step 4: _________ release from SR
neuromuscular junction
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 1) Events at the _______________________ • neural action potential • release and role of acetylcholine • binding of ACh to (and role of) acetylcholine receptors
muscle fiber
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 2) Events occurring on & within the ____________________ • generation and spread of muscle action potential • role of T-tubules and the triad • calcium release from SR and its role in the sarcomere
sarcomere (cross-bridge cycling)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle (Phase 3) Events within the ____________________ • Binding of actin & myosin • "Power Stroke" (release of ADP & Pi) • Release of myosin from actin • Re-cocking of myosin head
axon terminal; synaptic cleft; muscle action potential (MAP); sarcolemma; Transverse (T) tubules; sarcoplasm; troponin C; tropomyosin; power stroke
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: skeletal muscle: • Action Potential arrives at _________________ • Vesicles filled with ACh fuse with pre-synaptic membrane ACh is released into the _______________ • ACh binds to ACh receptors opening ligand-gated Na+ ions which creates a _____________________ • The MAP travels down the ___________________ • MAP travels down the ______________ • MAP triggers voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the terminal cisternae to change shape which creates an opening in the channels to the _____________. Ca2+ is released. • Calcium binds to _______________ located on the actin filament • Troponin moves ______________ exposing the myosin binding site on actin • Myosin heads swivel upward binding actin and cycling through the "___________"
force
F
141.12 N
F x FA = R x RA ?? X 0.1 m = 705.6 N x 0.02 m What is F?
184 N
F x FA = R x RA ?? x 1.3m = 800N x 0.3m
force arm
FA
f-actin
Filamentous actin, made up of two strands of G-actin (globular) monomers
sinoatrial (SA) node; atrioventricular (AV) node; atrioventricular (AV) bundle; interventricular septum; purkinje fibers
Fill in the blanks for the following process of the intrinsic cardiac conduction system and action potential succession for one heartbeat. 1. The _________________ (pacemaker) generates impulses. 2 The impulses travel to the _______________________. 3 The _______________________ connects the atria to the ventricles. 4 The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the _______________________. 5 The _________________ depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles.
incomplete (unfused) tetanus
Frequency summation to a plateau
complete (fused) tetanus
Frequency summation to a plateau where individual twitches indistinguishable
neuromuscular junction; depolarization; repolarization
Generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber: Step 1: An end plate potential is generated at the __________________ Step 2: ________________: Generating and propagating an action potential. Step 3: ________________: Restoring the sarcolemma to its initial polarized state (negative inside, positive outside).
hypercalcemia; increases
High Ca2+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ depolarization)
hyperkalemia; irregular
High K+ - _____________ - in blood (induces ____________ heart rate)
817 N
Holding a 10 kg (22 lbs) weight ?? x 0.03 m = 98 N x 0.25 m What is F?
4083 N
Holding a 25 kg (55 lbs) weight ?? X 0.03m = 490 N x 0.25 m What is F?
tetanus
If the neural signal is received more and more frequently, then the twitches become "fused" and summation is now termed as what?
ions
Imbalances in _______ are generally the result of problems / diseases elsewhere in the body and not attributed to normal fluctuations in physiology
removed; oppose
In eccentric contractions, support is ______ when contraction begins. When the eccentric contraction ends, the unopposed load stretched the muscle until either the muscle tears, a tendon breaks, or the elastic recoil of the skeletal muscle is sufficient to ______ the load
sarcoplasm
In the ATP-CP System, the events are occurring in the ___________ of skeletal muscle
myoblasts
In the skeletal muscle, large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of many ________ (mesodermal cells)
wave summation
Increased tension with successive stimuli: previous contraction has not fully relaxed
cytosolic calcium
Increase in _________________________ triggers muscle contraction - binding of Calcium to TnC - expose myosin binding site of actin - filaments slide past each other
endomysium
Intercellular space between cells also has an ______________ that is similar to areolar connective tissue
H band
Pale area in center of A band --> bare zone
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Source of Ca2+ for contraction 1.) ___ Sarcoplasmic reticulum only 2.) ___ Sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
smooth
Presence of gap junctions: yes; in unitary muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Ca2+ binds to troponin 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ Yes Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
B; A
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Contracts as a unit 1.) ___ Yes, gap junctions create a functional syncytium 2.) ___ No, motor units must be stimulated individually Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Gap junctions between cells 1.) ___ no 2.) ___ yes Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
B; A
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Pacemaker cells present 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ No Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Sarcoplasmic reticulum 1.) ___ Elaborate; has terminal cisterns 2.) ___ Less elaborate; no terminal cisterns Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
skeletal
Presence of pacemaker(s): no
B; A
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Structure 1.) ___ striated, short, branched, one or two nuclei per cell 2.) ___ striated, long, cylindrical, multinucleate Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Supply of ATP 1.) ___ Aerobic and anaerobic (fewer mitochondria) 2.) ___ Aerobic only (more mitochondria) Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: T tubules 1.) ___ Abundant 2.) ___ Fewer, wider Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
A; B
Key Differences between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Tetanus possible 1.) ___ Yes 2.) ___ No Put (A) for skeletal muscle and (B) for cardiac muscle
slow fibers, the heart, and the liver
Lactate can be taken up by mitochondria used as energy by what three things?
bone
Ligaments attach _____ to bone
striated
Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: striations appear due to overlap between actin and myosin proteins
sarcoplasmic reticulum; extracellular
Like smooth muscle, the Ca2+ required for contraction in cardiac muscle cells/fibers comes from internal (____________________) and external (____________) sources.
parietal pericardium, pericardial space with serous fluid, and visceral pericardium
List the following in order from superficial to deep • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium • Pericardial space with serous fluid
Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle branches Purkinje Fibers
List the following in the order they are stimulated in regards to the heart's conduction system. Atrioventricular (AV) node Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial (SA) node Bundle branches
hypocalcemia; decreases
Low Ca2+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ depolarization)
hypokalemia; depresses; irregular; uncoordinated
Low K+ - _____________ - in blood (_____________ rate and cause __________ and ____________ rhythms)
cardiac
Presence of pacemaker(s): yes
branched
Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: (not a tube)
interconnected
Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: communication occurs between cells (similar to smooth muscle)
fatter
Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: compared to skeletal muscle fibers
shorter
Micro anatomy of the cardiac muscle: • _____________: compared to skeletal muscle fibers
heterogeneous
Most muscles are _______________ (~50/50%) for red and white muscle
slow-twitch
Muscle phenotype & contractile characteristics: Type I is a
fast-twitch
Muscle phenotype & contractile characteristics: Type II is a
myosin binding site of actin
Myosin head cocked, increase in calcium exposes _______________________, cross bridge formation
power stroke
Myosin head swivels towards M line and pulls actin filaments towards center of sarcomere
muscular contractile force
Myosin heads forming cross bridges that generate what?
cyclic AMP second messenger system
Norepinephrine increases heart contractility via a what?
2; 4; 2
Note: some energy must go into anaerobic glycolysis (__ ATP) to produce some at the end (__ ATP) = Net __ ATP
stimuli
Pacemakers Autonomic nervous system Hormones Ions
rigor
Period when myosin stuck to actin after ADP released. Detachment of myosin from actin requires binding of ATP to myosin head. ATPase activity of myosin head re-cocks myosin head, ADP + Pi bound
smooth
Presence of pacemaker(s): yes (in unitary muscle only)
micro anatomy
Physical attributes Distinct features
skeletal
Presence of gap junctions: no
cardiac
Presence of gap junctions: yes; at intercalated discs
cannot; increase
Problem 1: muscle fibers can/cannot divide Problem 2: once inside the muscle fiber, nuclei cannot divide to increase/decrease the total amount of sarcoplasm/organelles within the fiber
resistance
R
533.12 N
R = 72kg x 9.8 (body mass 200kg x 9.8 (gym wts) F x FA = R x RA ?? x 0.1 m = 2665.6 N x 0.02 m What is F?
resistance arm
RA
(1:13); (1:2)
Ratio of thick to thin filaments (__:__) is much lower than in skeletal muscle (__:__)
titin
Relaxation: importance of the protein, ______
NMJ
Reminder: The ______ is located at the center of each fiber.
600 N
Resistance= 150 N RA= 0.08 m FA= 0.02 m What is the force?
50 N
Resistance= 50 N RA= 0.03 m FA= 0.03 m What is the force?
relaxation
Returning the sarcomere to resting length
post-synaptic
Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber
G-zero
Satellite cells are in the _______ state until activated by external stimuli
thyroxine
Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (hormones): _______________ (from thyroid) increases heart rate; enhances effects of epinephrine
norepinephrine
Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (hormones): circulating __________ (from adrenal medulla) increases heart rate / contractility
depolarization
Secondary influences that alter cardiac cell depolarization (ions): Changes in Ca2+ or K+ can alter what?
hypertrophy; neural; contractile; biochemicals
Sequence of events that induce the earliest events for ___________ voluntary _______ stimulation --> _____________ (mechanical) forces --> _____________ released and bind to receptors on satellite cells
oxygen
Skeletal muscle can go through anaerobic metabolism (pyruvate -->lactate) when what is not present?
relaxation; detachment; active transport; dephosphorylation
Smooth muscle cell / fiber ________________ requires: 1. Ca2+ ________________ from calmodulin 2. ____________________ of Ca2+ (by the Ca2+-ATPase pump) (a) into SR (b) out of cell 3. ____________________ of myosin to inactive myosin
rest, attach, power stroke
Smooth muscle cell / fiber contraction: mechanism 1.) ___________ 2.) ___________ 3.) ___________
nervous, biochemicals, mechanical stretch, and self-excitation (smooth muscle pacemaker cells)
Smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract (shorten) by what sources?
no
So pennated muscles produce less force? _____, pennated muscles can pack in more (shorter) fibers per given area, and produce more force than parallel
cardiac and smooth
Source of Ca2+ for calcium pulse: SR and from extracellular fluid
skeletal
Source of Ca2+ for calcium pulse: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
ACh; T tubule; sarcoplasmic reticulum; cross-bridge; contraction
Steps in Initiating Muscle Contraction: 1.) ______ released, binding to receptors 2.) Action potential reaches __________ 3.) ________________ releases Ca2+ 4.) Active site exposure, __________________ formation 5.) __________ begins
AChE; recaptures; covered; ends; resting length
Steps in Muscle Relaxation: 1.) ACh broken down by _______ 2.) Sarcoplasmic reticulum _____________ Ca2+ 3.) active sites ________, no cross-bridge interaction 4.) Contraction ______ 5.) Relaxation occurs, passive return to ______________
synapse; calcium
Steps of Muscle Relaxation: 1. Breakdown of ACh in _________ 2. Sequestration of ____________ into SR
triad
T-tubule + 2 terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
muscle
Tendons attach _____ to bone
sarcomeres; connective tissues; tension; relaxed; fiber; frequency
Tension: • ____________ collectively shorten to achieve a shortening of the entire muscle fiber • This produces tension on ______________________ (tendons) • An individual muscle fiber is either producing _________ ("on") or ___________ ("off") • Amount of tension produced by individual fiber varies based on: 1. Length of _______ at time of stimulation (overlap between thick and thin filaments) 2. The ___________ of stimulation
cardiac muscles
Tetanic contractions cannot occur in what?
contractile and metabolic characteristic
The 2 major types of muscle fibers are classified by their what?
action
The __________ of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses.
cross bridge formation; power (working) stroke; cross bridge detachment; cocking of the myosin head
The cross-bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. Step 1: ______________________. Energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge. Step 2: The ______________________. ADP and Pi are released and the myosin head pivots and bends, changing to its bent low-energy state. As a result it pulls the actin filament toward the M line. Step 3: ______________________. After ATP attaches to myosin, the link between myosin and actin weakens, and the myosin head detaches (the cross bridge "breaks"). Step 4: ______________________. As ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi , the myosin head returns to its prestroke high-energy, or "cocked," position.*
differences
The following are _______ of skeletal and cardiac muscles: Heart contracts as a unit (all or none) --> Skeletal muscles contract independently Influx of Ca2+ from extracellular fluid triggers Ca2+ release from SR • depolarization opens Ca2+ channels in sarcolemma (extracellular Ca2+ enters) • extracellular Ca2+ then causes SR to release its intracellular Ca2+ • skeletal muscles do not use extracellular Ca2+
similarities
The following are _______ of skeletal and cardiac muscles: • contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential • muscle action potential (depolarization) travels down T tubules • sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release Ca2+ • Ca2+ binds troponin causing initiating the filaments to slide
smooth muscle in the bronchioles of the lung
The following is an example of what muscle and where? Neurotransmitter: 1.) Acetylcholine 2.) Norepinephrine Action of SmM: 1.) Contract 2.) Relax Effect on system: 1.) Airways close 2.) Airways open
infers; determines
The length of the whole muscle during a contraction ________ the length of the sarcomere. Thus, the position of the muscle when it starts to contract ___________ the amount of actin-myosin overlap.
myoglobin
The more ____________ in a muscle, the redder it is in appearance.
axon terminal; voltage-gated Ca2+; exocytosis; sarcolemma; end plate potential
The neuromuscular junction: Step 1: Action potential arrives at ____________________ of motor neuron. Step 2: _________________________ open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal, moving down its electrochemical gradient. Step 3: Ca2+ entry causes ACh (a neurotransmitter) to be released by _______________. Step 4: ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the _____________ Step 5: ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na + into the muscle fiber and K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which produces a local change in the membrane potential called the ________________________.
stimulation; motor units; starting; contraction; muscle
The production of force from a muscle is dependent on several aspects 1. _____________ frequency 2. Number of _______________ and, hence, fibers recruited by the nervous system 3. __________ position of the muscle / fiber upon stimulation 4. Type of ___________ 5. Type of _________ recruited
mitosis
The satellite cell has receptors for these biochemicals that will trigger it to enter the cell cycle and proceed to _________
4; 4
There are ___ different myosins that perform at ___ different speeds / rates in which they hydrolyze (break up) ATP for energy
knee and ankle
These generalities do not apply to what two structures because the lower limb is rotated during development? The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
first class
This lever system raises your head off your chest. (i.e. posterior neck muscles provide the effort, the Atlanta-occipital joint is the fulcrum, and the weight to be lifted is the facial skeleton)
15-100
Time to peak force development is variable (~___-____ ms); it depends on the fiber type
smooth muscle
Transmission signal: action potential from variable sources
skeletal muscle
Transmission signal: neural action potential
false
True or false? A skeletal muscle is simply a homogeneous group of fibers
true
True or false? Some muscles are populated with more red or white fibers than others
slow oxidative (SO)
Type I - Slow-Twitch • Produce low contractile force • Efficient aerobic metabolism • Highly vascularized • High myoglobin (this is the red part) • Oxidize fat • Fatigue resistant • Many mitochondria (produce energy)
SO fibers
Type I are also known as?
fast glycolytic
Type II - Fast-Twitch • Produce high contractile force • Active primarily during short-term, high-intensity activities • Rely primarily on anaerobic metabolism • Not as vascularized • Easily fatigable • Few mitochondria
FOG fibers
Type IIa are also known as?
FG fibers
Type IIx/IIb are also known as?
tetanus
Unfused vs. fused: additive effects contractile forces
1-2; 15-100; 200; 200
Unique action potential (AP) in cardiac muscle: AP in skeletal muscle lasts __-__ ms (contraction lasts ___-___ ms) AP in cardiac muscle it lasts ____ ms (contraction lasts >____ ms)
one
Unitary SmM (smooth muscle) acts as "_____" system
acetylcholinesterase
What does AChE stand for?
Z line, I band, A band, H band, and M line
What does the acronym Z.I.A.H. & M stand for?
72 N
What if we have a long force arm (10 ft)? F x FA = R x RA ?? x 3.3m = 800N x 0.3m What is F?
high, high, low
What is the amount of myoglobin in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
high, moderate, low
What is the amount of triglyceride stores in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
many, many, few
What is the capillary amount in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
moderate, moderate-high, high
What is the glycogen amount in Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
high, high, low
What is the oxidative capacity of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
high, moderate, low
What is the resistance to fatigue of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
slow, fast, fast
What is the speed of contraction/twitch rate of Type I (SO), Type IIa/x, and Type IIb (FG) respectively?
we reduce the length of the RA
Why does lifting a weight (or doing sit-ups) feel easier as we get closer to the fulcrum?
myofiber
_________ = muscle fiber = muscle cell
exercise; articular cartilage
__________ warms the synovial fluid found in joint cavity and helps it become less thick and allows the ___________________ to soak it up, making the cartilage swell and makes it a more effective cushion against compression
intercalated discs; functional syncytium
____________ are connecting junctions between cardiac cells that allow heart cells to have a coordinated contraction as a single unit (________________________) when nervous stimuli is received?
fiber type
_____________ is distinguished based on the type of myosin it expresses.
thick filaments
_________________ have heads along entire length of tail, making smooth muscle as powerful as skeletal muscle (skeletal muscle has heads at the ends only)
whole muscle type
___________________ is distinguished based on the majority of one of the myosins it expresses...but most muscles have a mixture of slow and fast
cardiac skeleton
_____________________: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue • Anchors cardiac muscle fibers • Supports great vessels round the heart and valves within the heart • Limits action potentials to specific paths because the heart muscle must contract in a specific order for the proper flow of the blood
gomphosis
a _________ is a synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament
synchondrosis
a ____________ is a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. the cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium of the sternum is synchondrosis. another example is the epiphyseal cartilage, which connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a growing long bone.
suture
a ____________ is a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue.
action potential
a change in electrical current across a cell's membrane
presynaptic cell
a neuron
motor neuron pool
a pool that consists of many motor neurons, each of which innervates a motor unit with the muscle
motor unit
a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
sarcoplasmic reticulum
a specialized organelle within muscle cells. It stores Ca2+ which is released in the presence of an action potential.
temporal summation
additive force generated from a single motor unit Examples to the right show action potentials received by the same motor unit before the completion of the twitch response
spatial summation
additive force generated from multiple motor units
N
abbreviation established fiber myonucleus
extensibility
ability to be stretched
elasticity
ability to recoil to resting length
contractility
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
protect
acromion and coracoid process of scapulae help what the shoulder joint?
smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling
action potential reaches smooth muscle cell --> influx of Ca2+ (from outside cell) & release of Ca2+ (from SR) --> Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates it --> activated calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase located near the myosin head --> kinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to the myosin head --> Myosin forms a cross bridge with actin and proceeds through power stroke
gap junctions
allow ions to pass from cell to cell; the exchange of ions allows the action potential to pass from cell to cell
inferior compartment
allows for depression/elevation of mouth
superior compartment
allows for protraction/retraction movement
enthesis
an attachment site of a tendon is known as what?
Ca2+ ATPase pump
an important active transport mechanism that returns the released Ca2+ from the cytoplasm back to the SR
fascia adherens
anchoring sites for actin filaments
glenohumeral joint
another name for shoulder joint
fulcrum
anterior portion of foot/toes is an example of what?
caveolae
are plasma membrane locations that contain Ca2+ channels; remember, Ca2+ is needed for contraction
multi unit smooth muscle
arrestor pili, airways of lungs, and pupil size are examples of what?
hands and feet
arthritis primarily affects what?
syndesmosis
at a _________, bones are connected by a ligament. one example is the distal joint between the tibia and fibula.
symphysis
at a __________, the articulating bones are connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage. the joint between the two pubic bones is an example of a symphysis.
inside; outside
at rest: the net charge differential is negative ________ the cell relative to __________ along the length of the plasma membrane. This differential is set up by Na+-K+-ATPase active transport
skeletal muscle
attached to bones and skin *striated: found in skeletal muscle fibers (long cells) *voluntary: can be consciously controlled *contract rapidly (in milliseconds); types --> slow (fatigue resistant) vs. fast (powerful) *main location for metabolism and energy utilization
lateral/external
away from midline of anterior surface
BM
basement membrane
flexion
bending a joint so parts come closer together
extension
bending a joint so parts come farther apart
annular ligament
binds head of radius to ulna
hormones
biochemical: can have an activation or inhibitory impact on smooth muscle including: -- oxytocin -- CCK (small intestine hormone) -- gastrin (stomach hormone)
gases
biochemical: excess carbon dioxide and nitric oxide
inflammatory markers
biochemical: histamine
excess H+ ions
biochemical: low pH of system
M line
bisects H band
Z line
bisects I band
resistance
body weight (mass) is an example of what?
tendon
bone or ligament-bone interface
synchondroses
bones unite by hyaline cartilage; i.e. epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) and joint between first rib and sternum
varicosities; neurotransmitters; diffuse junction
bulbous swellings of nerve fibers (____________) store and release biochemicals (_____________) into a wide space (synaptic cleft) known as a what?
fuel
cardiac and skeletal tissues can use other ______ sources • Cardiac is more adaptable to other fuels, including lactic acid, but must have oxygen
spiral
cardiac muscle tissue forms concentric layers that wrap around the atria or _________ within the walls of the ventricles
cardiac
cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: no
smooth
cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: not in unitary muscle; yes in multi unit muscle
skeletal
cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions: yes
neuron
cells specialized for intercellular communication
myocardium
circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
structure
classification based on ______________ *fibrous joints *cartilaginous joints *synovial joints
sprains
common joint injuries: -ligaments are stretched or town -heal slowly because they are poorly vascularized -surgery if it's completely torn
cartilaginous injuries
common joint injuries: -remain torn due to avascularization
gap junctions
connect adjacent smooth muscle fibers to communicate signals from the nervous system to contract as a unit
smooth
connective tissue components: endomysium
cardiac
connective tissue components: endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of heart
skeletal
connective tissue components: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
endocardium
contains: • areolar tissue • endothelium
myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)
contains: • cardiac muscle cells • connective tissues
parietal pericardium
contains: • dense fibrous layer • areolar tissue • mesothelium
epicardium (visceral pericardium)
contains: • mesothelium • areolar tissue
isometric
contracting (same length; increased tension
isotonic
contracting (same tension; decreased length
articular disc
divides inferior & superior synovial compartments; where the temporal and mandibular condyle meet
presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, and synaptic cleft
each synapse contains what?
-; +
eccentric = higher __ velocity and more force concentric = lower __ velocity and less force + velocity = positive (shortening) direction - velocity = opposite (lengthening) direction
motor eye unit
efferent neuron + 10 fibers Note: compare to Unitary (bulk contraction) vs Multiunit (fine contraction) Smooth muscle
mechanical stretch
expansion of a hollow space because of increased volume (blood flow) or the introduction of a solid (digestive matter) has a local stretch affect on the smooth muscle cells in that area; the stretch-relaxation response Examples: • Increased blood flow with exercise • Food bolus in intestines • Walls of the bladder
heart contractions (Frank-Starling Law), jumping, and digestion
extensibility and elasticity are exceptionally important for dynamic actions such as what?
hyperextension
extension beyond the normal range of motion
T-tubule
extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate within deeper portions of the fiber
spinal cord; spinal nerves; sympathetic trunk
extrinsic stimulus: Cardioacceleratory center (in the medulla oblongata region of the brain): sends signals through the _____________ to ________________ and then to the _________________ to increase both rate and force; stimulates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries
vagus nerve
extrinsic stimulus: Cardioinhibitory center (in the medulla oblongata region of the brain): parasympathetic signals sent via the _________________ (Cranial Nerve X) directly onto the SA and AV nodes to decrease heart rate
cardiac centers; medulla oblongata; brainstem
extrinsic stimulus: Heartbeat modified by autonomic nervous system via __________________ in the _______________________ located in the ______________
thin filaments
f-actin filaments (beads-on-a-string)
sarcolemma
fancy word for the plasma membrane of a muscle cell/fiber
length
force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the force arm stand for?
produced by muscle
force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the force stand for?
length
force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the resistance arm stand for?
amount of weight/mass we are trying to overcome
force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm what does the resistance stand for?
smooth muscle
found in walls of hollow organs and structures (stomach, urinary bladder, airways, circulatory vessels) *not striated *involuntary *contraction influenced based on neural, chemical, mechanical, & pacemaker signals
cardiac muscle
found only in heart (walls) *striated *involuntary *contracts at steady rate due to heart's own pacemaker; rate can change based on a variety of signals (neural, chemical, hormonal)
diarthrotic
functional type of joint: *gliding/planar *hinge *condylar *pivot *saddle *ball-and-socket
synarthrotic
functional type of joint: fibrous = suture & gomphoses cartilaginous = synchondroses
amphiarthrotic
functional type of joint: fibrous = syndesmoses cartilaginous = symphyses
aerobic glycolysis
glycogen --> glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate --(2 ATP net)--> pyruvate --(oxygen to CO2)--> acetyl coA --> Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain
thick filaments
grouping of myosin heads + tails
shoulder joint
head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula is known as the what?
coracohumeral ligament
helps support weight of upper limb
troponin
heterotrimer: 3 subunits
desmosomes
hold cells together; prevent cells from separating during contraction
nebulin
holds two strands of actin together
biochemicals
hormones, inflammatory markers, gases, and excess H+ ions are examples of what?
2
how many binding sites does a myosin head have?
6
how many different types of synovial joints are there?
3
how many glenohumeral ligaments are there?
two
how many inherent problems with muscle cells (fibers)?
3
how many joints are there in the elbow?
3
how many types of fibrous joints are there?
striations
in skeletal and cardiac, the overlap of actin and myosin create what?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
in skeletal muscle, Ca2+ exclusively comes from where?
will not; rigor mortis
in the sliding filament theory, in the absence of ATP, myosin heads will or will not detach? what does this cause?
smooth
in what muscles do the depolarization of the cells/fibers can occur from many sources, including nerve bulbs, stretch, hormones, or they can self-excite without external stimuli (pacemakers)
sympathetic cardiac nerves
increase heart rate and force of contraction
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
hypertrophy
increase in cell size (volume) by increasing the cytoplasm and contractile elements
student's elbow
inflammation of bursa from prolonged, excessive pressure
arthritis
inflammation of joints
endocardium
innermost layer of the heart (where blood comes in contact) • This layer is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels • Lines heart chambers and covers cardiac skeleton of valves
pacemaker; depolarization; contraction
intrinsic stimulus: 1. Cluster of self-excitable cells (_____________) located at the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium (chamber) of the heart; initiate and distribute (via gap junctions) action potentials to coordinate _____________ and ____________ of heart
no
is the distal tibiofibular joint part of the knee?
slow to fast
is the following arranged from fast to slow or slow to fast myosin (fiber) types? I > IIa > IIx > IIb
ligamentum teres
is the round ligament of the femur or the foveal ligament and protects the acetabular branch of the obturator artery; also known as ligament of the head of the femur
ball and socket
joint that is: -most moveable -head of bones fits into cupcake socket (shoulder/glenohumeral and hip joint/coxal) -multiaxial (the only ones in the body
saddle
joint that is: -one convince bone, one convex bone (trapezioemtacarpal joint which forms opposable thumb/sternoclavicular joint) -biaxial
condyloid
joint that is: -oval cover surface bone fitting into a complementary shaped depression on another bone (radoiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint) -biaxial
pivot
joint that is: -projection fitting into ringlike ligament on another bone -spins on longitudinal axis (atlantoaxial joint which are the dens of axis and atlas, and proximal radioulnar -monoaxial
humeroradial joint
joint where capitulum of humerus is connected with head of radius
hip joint
joint where head of femur is connected to the acetabulum of coxa
proximal radioulnar joint
joint where head of radius connects with radial notch of ulna
pivot joint
joint where pronation and supination of forearm
humeroulnar joint
joint where trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
gliding joint
joint whose purpose (in the elbow) is slight movements
ball and socket joint
joint whose purpose is circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
hinge joint
joint whose purpose is flexion and extension (elbow)
hinge joint
joint whose purpose is flexion, extension, and limited rotation (in knee joint)
gliding joints
joints whose purpose is slight movements and preventing tearing/breaking against stress
latent period
lag between stimulus and onset of contraction
mammals
lateral (side-to-side) movement is unique to what?
eccentric
lengthening contraction; internal muscular force < external resistance a more specific description of an isotonic contraction
electrical (AP) --> chemical (ACh) --> Electrical (MAP)
list the correct order the neuromuscular junction occurs in Chemical (ACh) Electrical (AP) Electrical (MAP)
epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
list the skeletal muscle layers form superficial to deep
temporal bone
mandibular condyle articulates with what bone?
zone of overlap; thin filaments; short; reducing; Z lines; cannot; sarcomeres; zero; titin filaments
maximum tension is produced when the ________________ is large but the ______________ do not extend across the sarcomere's center. --> At ________ resting lengths, thin filaments extending across the center of the sarcomere interfere with the normal orientation of thick and thin filaments, __________ tension production. When the thick filaments contact the ____________, the sarcomere cannot shorten-the myosin heads cannot pivot and tension _________ be produced. --> If the _______________ too far are stretched too far, the zone of overlap is reduced or disappears, and cross-bridge interactions are reduced or cannot occur. When the zone of overlap is reduced to _______, thin and thick filaments cannot interact at all. The muscle fiber cannot produce any active tension, and a contraction cannot occur. Such extreme stretching of a muscle fiber is normally prevented by ______________ (which tie the thick filaments to the Z lines) and by the surrounding connective tissues.
lever class
mechanical advantage will be different with each what?
knee joint
medial and lateral condyles of distal femur articulate with medial and lateral condyles of proximal tibia
measure (length)
metric-
osteroarthritis
most common type of arthritis that affects ~85% of Americans over 70; gradual deterioration of articular cartilage with advancing age where bone rubs against bone at joint
insertion
moveable end
rotation
movement of a part around an axis
circumduction
movement of a part so that end follows circular path
action potential
movement of ions across membrane (electrical impulse), known as what?
adduction of fingers
movement of synovial joints: -bringing fingers together
flexion of fingers
movement of synovial joints: -curling fingers
dorsiflexion
movement of synovial joints: -elevation of toes
plantar flexion
movement of synovial joints: -extension of the foot, toes point toward ward
supination
movement of synovial joints: -facing palm of hand front or like a cup
hyperextension
movement of synovial joints: -further increasing a joint beyond zero position
circumduction
movement of synovial joints: -making circle motion
radial abduction
movement of synovial joints: -move thumb away from index finger 90 degrees
flexion
movement of synovial joints: -movement decreases angle of joint
extension
movement of synovial joints: -movement increases angle of joint
elevation
movement of synovial joints: -movement raising body part vertically
palmar abduction
movement of synovial joints: -moves thumb away from hand and points it anteriorly
abduction
movement of synovial joints: -moving body part away from midline
retraction
movement of synovial joints: -moving body part back
protraction
movement of synovial joints: -moving body part forward
adduction
movement of synovial joints: -moving body part toward the midline
depression
movement of synovial joints: -moving part back down
pronation
movement of synovial joints: -palm faces backward or downward
contraction
muscle's main goal
sarcoplasmic reticulum
muscle-specific endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium
cori cycle
muscle-to-liver lactate shuttle
red muscles; white muscles; nomenclature
muscles may be grossly called "_____________" or "____________" "Red" and "White" muscles, however, is old _______________
myofilaments
myofibrils are composed of _____________: thin and thick filaments
spirally; corkscrew
myofilaments are __________ arranged, causing smooth muscle to contract in _________ manner
sternoclavicular joint
name of joint connecting clavicle and sternum
acromioclavicular joint
name of joint connecting scapula and clavicle
osteroarthritis
name the type of arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
name the type of arthritis
autonomic
nerve fibers associated with what nervous system?
postsynaptic cell
neuron, glandular cell, or muscle cell
pacemaker cells
non-contractile cells that spontaneously depolarize Initiate depolarization of entire heart
monoaxial joint
one degree of freedom or one axis of rotation, moves back and forth in one plane
one
only _____ NMJ per skeletal muscle fiber
neural action potential and neuromuscular junction
other players other than muscle fiber and myofibril involved in contraction / force generation are what?
nursemaid's elbow
partial dislocation of radial head
P
plasma membrane
smooth
presence of T tubules and site of invagination: no; only caveolae
cardiac
presence of T tubules and site of invagination: yes; one per sarcomere at Z disc; larger diameter than those of skeletal muscle
skeletal
presence of T tubules and site of invagination: yes; two per sarcomere at A-I junctions
smooth
presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: no, but actin and myosin filaments are present throughout; dense bodies anchor actin filaments
skeletal
presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: yes
cardiac
presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres: yes, but myofibrils are of irregular thickness
neuromuscular junction
presynaptic side (neuron), synaptic cleft, and post-synaptic side (muscle fiber) are part of what?
cross-bridge
protein-protein attachment (or interaction) between actin and myosin; actin-myosin binding
dense bodies
proteins found in regular intervals that help to anchor intermediate filaments AND actin filaments to the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma)
highly
red muscle is __________ vascular, so there is more blood to red vs. white muscle, thereby adding to the 'redness' of the red muscle
smooth
regulation of contraction: involuntary; autonomic nerves, hormones, local chemicals; stretch
cardiac
regulation of contraction: involuntary; intrinsic system regulation; also autonomic nervous system controls; hormones; stretch
skeletal
regulation of contraction: voluntary via axon terminals of the somatic nervous system
varicosities
release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft (a diffuse junction)
relaxation phase
removal of calcium
skeletal
response to stretch: contractile strength increase with degree of stretch (to a point)
cardiac
response to stretch: contractile strength increases with degree of stretch
smooth
response to stretch: stress-relaxation response
movement
responsible for all locomotion and manipulation (shortening of lengthening distances between bones) i.e. walking, digesting, pumping blood
contractile cells
responsible for contraction and propagating the action potential from cell to cell
skeletal
rhythmic contraction: no
cardiac
rhythmic contraction: yes
smooth
rhythmic contraction: yes in unitary muscle
synapse
site of neural communication
isotonic
same force
isometric
same length; internal muscular force = external resistance
SN
satellite cell nucleus
rheumatoid arthritis
second most common type of arthritis that is caused by chronic inflammation of synovial membranes; primarily affects joints in hands and feet and is an autoimmune disorder
concentric
shortening contraction; internal muscular force > external resistance a more specific description of an isotonic contraction
twitch
single contraction-relaxation event from stimulus of a muscle fiber; single contraction with defined latent, contraction, and relaxation phases
nervous system
specifically, nerve fibers associated with the autonomic nervous system
cardiac
speed of contraction: slow
skeletal
speed of contraction: slow to fast
smooth
speed of contraction: very slow
anterior view of the hip joint
state the anatomical direction and name of this structure
posterior view of the hip joint
state the anatomical direction and name of this structure
tendon (dense regular CT), fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage, and bone
state the order of the insertion site starting from tendon and ending at bone
intercondyloid eminence
state the structure in the middle where the bones meet
glenohumeral ligament
strengthen anterior capsule, but are weak support
synovial
structural type of joint: *gliding/planar *hinge *condylar *saddle *ball-and-socket
fibrous
structural type of joint: *suture *gomphoses *syndesmoses
cartilaginous
structural type of joint: *symphyses *synchondroses
parasympathetic nervous system
subdues the stimuli on the pacemaker cells (SA & AV nodes); this helps the heart to relax, slows the rate/strength of contraction
functional
synarthrotic joints, amphiarthrotic joints, and diarthrotic (synovial) joints are classified as what type of joints?
tendons graft; unhappy triad of injuries
tears/rupture of ACL, MCL, and lateral meniscus is caused by strong force to the outside of the knee when the foot is stationary (i.e. during a tackle). for treatment of the ACL tear, what is commonly required? what is the name of this injury?
elevation and depression
temporomandibular joint allows for what types of movement of the mandible?
protraction and retraction
temporomandibular joint allows for what types of movement?
humerus to glenoid cavity
tendon of long head of biceps brachia muscle secures what to what? (is a also a "superstabilizer")
force
tension is also called ________
fiber
term used to describe muscle cell
citric acid cycle
the Kreb's cycle is also known as what?
function
the LEVER anatomy (length) dictates what?
greater; less
the _______/longer the force arm, the _______ muscular force will be required to overcome a given resistance
less
the amount of force produced during concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions is _______ in slow than fast muscle
mechanical advantage
the amplification of the force produced by a muscle through changing length of the force arm
articular tubercle
the anterior portion of the depression (mandibular fossa) forms what?
contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity
the characteristics all muscles share
capillaries
the connective tissue matrix in cardiac muscle contain numerous __________
membrane potential
the following are characteristics of what? • Differential charge on either side of the cell • Extracellular cellular fluid is more POSITIVE • Intracellular fluid is more NEGATIVE • A sudden change in membrane potential leads to contraction
functions
the following are examples of characteristics or functions of muscles? o protects organs o forms valves o controls pupil size o causes "goosebumps" o facilitates digestion o pumps blood o controls blood flow & direction
action potential
the following occurs because ____________________ reaches the synaptic terminal • vesicles attach to presynaptic membrane & release neurotransmitter (nt) into the synaptic cleft • nt binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane • may inhibit or excite postsynaptic cell • the synaptic terminal can reabsorb and reuse nt present in the cleft
aerobic respiration
the heart relies almost exclusively on what type of respiration?
modified hinge joint
the jaw joint is a what?`
limited
the knee (hinge joint) allows for a __________ rotation
fibular collateral ligament (FCL)
the lateral collateral ligament is also known as what?
tibial collateral ligament (TCL)
the medial collateral ligament is also known as what?
vasculature
the meniscus of the knee has limited what?
sliding filament theory (or model)
the movement of actin by myosin is known as what?
optimal resting length
the normal range of sarcomere lengths in the body is 75 to 130 percent of the optimal length
sesamoid
the patella is what type of bone (shape)?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
the rotator cuff is stabilized by tendons from what muscles that help to move the shoulder joint?
insufficient
the skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is so large that one nucleus would be woefully _____________ to support the needs of the cell
ATP; troponin
the sliding filament theory will continue as long as _______ is available and Ca2+ is bound to _____________. If ATP is not available, the cycle stops between steps 2 and 3.
excitation-contraction coupling
the step-by-step sequence of events from the starting signal to the contraction events occurring at the level of the actin and myosin
constant
the tension applied to the tendon remains relatively ______, even though individual motor units cycle between contraction and relaxation
ligaments and tendons
these are attached via fibrocartilage transition to periosteum
diagonally
thick and thin filaments are arranged ___________
myosin
thick filaments; motor and enzyme (ATPase)
actin
thin filaments; filamentous (F) protein scaffold
mandibular fossa
this depression is known as what?
third class
this lever is exemplified by flexing the forearm by the biceps brachia muscle. (i.e. the effort is exerted on the proximal radius of the forearm, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is the hand and distal end of the forearm
second class
this lever system is exerted when you stand on tip-toe. (i.e. the effort is exerted by the calf muscles pulling upward on the heel; the joints of the ball of the foot are the fulcrum; and the weight of the body is the load
multiaxial joint
three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation
refractory period
time in which a muscle fiber is unresponsive to the arrival of a new stimulus (action potential)
tension
tonos
osteoarthritis
too much exercise can lead to what?
medial/internal
toward midline of anterior surface
true
true or false? Contraction far outlasts the duration of the stimulus (action potential)
true
true or false? The type of neurotransmitter received by the smooth muscle cells will "tell" them their action (contract or relax) HOWEVER, these actions are very specific to the region of the body where the smooth muscle is found
false
true or false? bony joints don't form when fibrous or cartilaginous joints ossify
true
true or false? categories of synovial joints are based on shape and movement of joint
false
true or false? during treatment of an ACL tear, MCL and meniscus require mobilization
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium
increase
we _________ our mechanical advantage by increasing FA (or decreasing RA)
decrease
we _________ our mechanical advantage by increasing RA (or decreasing FA)
interphalangeal and elbow joint
what are examples of monoaxial joints?
hormones and ions
what are other influences that stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle (other than SA node and autonomic nervous system)?
coracohumeral and glenohumeral
what are reinforcing ligaments in the shoulder joint?
movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, metabolism, and thermoregulation
what are the important functions of muscle tissue?
synchondroses and symphyses
what are the names of the classification based on structure of cartilaginous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
what are the names of the classification based on structure of fibrous joints?
nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin (Tn)
what are the proteins associated with F-action?
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
what are the three layers of the heart's walls? List in order from superficial to deep.
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what are the two autonomic nervous system
actin and ATP
what are the two binding sites that a myosin head have?
iliofemoral and pubofemoral
what are the two ligaments found in the anterior hip joint?
iliofemoral and ischiofemoral
what are the two ligaments found in the posterior hip joint?
SA node and autonomic nervous system
what are the two principal influences that stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle?
femur, tibia, and patella
what bones are connected by the knee joint?
olecranon bursa
what bursa is affected from sufferers of "student's elbows"?
amphiarthrotic joint
what classification (based on function of cartilaginous joints) is symphyses under?
synarthrotic joint
what classification (based on function of cartilaginous joints) is synchondroses under?
sympathetic nervous system
what enhances the pacemaker (SA node) and other areas to increase rate / strength of contraction to meet the demands of the body...think exercise)?
Fiber type (phenotype)
what implies a motor unit recruitment order, contraction speed, power/force generation, and metabolic characteristics about a skeletal muscle?
autonomic nerve fibers
what innervate most smooth muscle fibers?
metacarpophalangeal joint
what is an example of a biaxial joint?
glenohumeral joint
what is an example of a muliaxial joint?
myosin molecule
what is composed of two subunits with a head that interacts with actin and a filamentous tail
3-10 sec
what is the duration of ATP-CP (creatine phosphate) System
until exhaustion
what is the duration of Aerobic System (aerobic glycolysis / b-oxidation)
90 sec
what is the duration of Anaerobic System (anaerobic glycolysis)
0-3 sec
what is the duration of immediately available ATP?
force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm
what is the equation you must know and apply to examples?
Type 1 (SO fibers) --> Type IIa (FOG fibers) --> Type IIx/IIb (FG fibers)
what is the fiber type motor unit recruitment order? (low total muscular force --> high total muscular force; low % motor unit pool --> high % motor unit pool)
cardiac muscle has no triad
what is the major difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle cell?
temporomandibular joint
what is the most easily dislocated joint in the body?
amphiarthrotic joint (cartilaginous) symphysis
what is the name of the specific type of joint of the pelvic girdle?
digestion
what is the physiological importance of self-excite (pacemaker cells)?
Twitch Response: fiber-specific
what is the title of this graph?
excitation-contraction coupling
what is this an example of? Stimulus --> Increase in intracellular Ca2+ --> Ca2+ influences binding of actin & myosin --> Actin - myosin interact (physically bind) Power stroke cycle --> Stimulus ends (contraction stops)
annular ligament
what is this ligament
classification of levers
what is this?
intrinsic cardiac conduction system and action potential succession for one heartbeat
what is this?
shoulder joint
what is this?
hip and ball and socket joint
what joints are the pelvic girdle made of?
cardiac
what muscle are the walls of the heart made up of and have branching chains of cells; uni- or binucleate; striations?
smooth
what muscle has unitary muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs (pother than the heart); multi unit muscle in intrinsic eye muscles, airways, large arteries and have single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations?
skeletal
what muscle is attached to bones or (some facial muscles) to skin and has single, very long, cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations?
ligament of the head of the femur
what protects the acetabular branch of the obturator artery?
second class lever system
what provides the best mechanical advantage (i.e. the least force input for a given mass)?
sliding filament theory
what theory suggests that muscles shorten or generate tension because of sliding of actin and myosin filaments across each other?
hinge and gliding
what two types of movement does the tempermandibular joint have?
synarthrotic
what type of joint is a suture?
syndesmosis (fibrous amphiarthrotic)
what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
gliding joint
what type of joint is the femoropatellar joint?
gliding joint
what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
first class
what type of lever is this?
second class
what type of lever is this?
fusiform
what type of muscle is biceps brachii
multipennate
what type of muscle is deltoid
unipennate
what type of muscle is extensor digitorum longus
circular
what type of muscle is orbiculares oris
convergent
what type of muscle is pectoralis major
bipennate
what type of muscle is rectus femoris
parallel
what type of muscle is sartorius
dense regular connective tissue
what type of tissue are ligaments and tendons made up of? (hint: thick parallel bundles of collagen)
microfilaments
what was actin referred to as in previous lectures?
medulla oblangata
where is the cardioacceleratory center located?
medulla oblangata
where is the cardioinhibitory center located?
muscle damage
~12-48 hours of contractile (mechanical) forces can lead to what?
post-synaptic side (muscle fiber)
• ACh receptors • Na+-K+ channels • Muscle action potential
ATP binding site
• ATP is used to move the head from the contracted position (toward M-line) to the relaxed position ("cocked" - away from M-line) • ATP is converted to ADP + Pi which stay bound until next contraction
cartilaginous joints
• Bones joined by cartilage • No joint cavity • Not highly movable
fibrous joints
• Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue • No joint cavity • Most are immovable, which depends on length of connective tissue fibers
epimysium
• Dense connective tissue (collagen fibers) surrounding and separating entire muscle
perimysium
• Divides muscle into compartments, each containing one fascicle • Dense CT (collagen, elastin) and site of blood vessels
myoblasts; myosatellite cells; enormous; 100; plasma membrane; sarcolemma; sarcoplasm
• During development, groups of embryonic cells called _________ fuse, forming multinucleate cells. These large cells then develop into distinctive skeletal muscle fibers. Each nucleus in a skeletal muscle fiber represents the contribution of a single myoblast. Some myoblasts, however, do not fuse with developing muscle fibers. These unfused cells remain in the endomysium of adult skeletal muscle tissue as ________________. After an injury, myosatellite cells may enlarge, divide, and fuse with damaged muscle fibers, thereby assisting in the repair of the tissue. • Mature skeletal muscle fibers are (tiny or enormous?). A muscle fiber from a thigh muscle could have a diameter of _____ um and a length equal to the distance between the tendons at either end (up to 30 cm, or 12 in). Each skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds of nuclei just internal to the __________________. The genes in these nuclei control the production of enzymes and structural proteins required for normal muscle contraction, and the more copies of these genes, the faster these proteins can be produced. • Because skeletal muscle fibers are so unusual in size and appearance, special terms are used to describe them. The plasma membrane is called the ______________, and the cytoplasm surrounding the myofibrils is called the _____________
white muscle
• Fast glycolytic muscle • Fast twitch • Type II muscle
muscle fiber
• Sarcolemma \• Sarcoplasm
red muscle
• Slow oxidative muscle • Slow twitch • Type I muscle
self-excite (pacemaker cells)
• Some areas in the body have smooth muscle groups that can self-stimulate themselves to contract. • The contraction signal begins with these cells and radiates to neighboring cells because the gap junctions between cells allows them to communicate. • Other signals (neural & hormonal) can change the rate of this contraction set by pacemaker cells
presynaptic side (neuron)
• Synaptic Vesicles • Acetylcholine (ACh)
myofibril
• T-Tubules / Triad • Sarcoplasmic reticulum • Ca2+ • Ca2+-ATPase pump • Sarcomere (Z.I.A.H & M)
sarcomere
• Troponin • Tropomyosin • Actin • Myosin • Myosin ATPase • Nebulin • Titin
endomysium
• Within a fascicle, surrounds individual muscle cells, called fibers • Elastic tissue, contains nerve fibers and capillary beds • Site of myosatellite cells (stem cells)
sarcomere
• smallest functional unit of muscle • repeating unit from Z line- Z line • when sarcomeres shorten, a muscle contracts
longer; prevents; efficient
• titanic contractions can't occur in cardiac muscles because they have _________ refractory periods than skeletal muscle fibers. • The refractory period in cardiac muscle is almost as long as contraction itself (~200 ms) which: 1.) __________ tetanic contractions 2.) allows heart to relax and fill as needed to be an ____________ pump
