BIO 201 Exam 4

You have a patient experiencing an essential tremor, which makes it hard for him to dress and feed himself. Imaging has detected a lesion in the basal nuclei. How would you best explain the function of these cerebral structures to him?

"This group of cells monitors all of our outgoing motor signals and makes sure there isn't any excessive activity. Your injury is preventing them from doing their job."

While sleep requirements vary, most adults need ________ hours of sleep for optimal health and function.

7-8

Which of the following is false or incorrect? a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. b. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal (c.)

Which of the following is true of axons? -A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. -Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. -Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite. -Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons.

A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? -A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels. -The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. -Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. -Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.

A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels

You realize that many of your geriatric patients have visual problems that impact their care. Which item is NOT a common cause of decreased visual acuity in the elderly?

Abnormal production of vitreous humor

Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus's strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves?

Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases

A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ________.

Alzheimer's disease

Your patient is unhappy about the injection that you are preparing to administer into her buttock. "If you have to do it, give it right in the middle," she insists. How should you respond?

"I'm sorry, but I need to inject into the upper outer quadrant of your buttock to avoid damaging the sciatic nerve."

Which statement is true of both poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Both conditions are caused by destruction of the ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell? a. Chemically gated potassium channels will open. b. Chemically gated chloride channels will open. c. Chemically gated sodium channels will open. d. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed

Chemically gated sodium channels will open (c.)

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?

Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma

You are removing a hot pan of cookies from the oven, using a pot holder. Suddenly, you feel a surge of heat through the pot holder. Why don't you react by dropping the baking pan and spilling cookies all over the floor?

Cortical integration centers override the spinal reflex

A patient has noticed that his ability to hear has recently decreased. Which item is NOT likely to have caused his problem?

Damage to the semicircular canals

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? a. Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. b. Acetylcholine has a "dose effect." c. Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit. Acetylcholine has many different forms. d. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors (d.)

Your patient's CT scan demonstrates a cerebral vascular accident causing damage to the inferior and posterior portions of her left cerebral hemisphere. Your patient is right-handed. What deficits should you expect?

Difficulty with movement on the right side of her body and difficulty with speech

Organophosphate insecticides work by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Which symptom would NOT be typical of poisoning with these agents?

Dilated pupils

People who have hydrocephaly often have an issue with which of these glial cell types? -Oligodendrocytes -Ependymal cells -Astrocytes -Microglia

Ependymal cells

Your patient is recovering after a severe allergic reaction to a bee sting. You are instructing him on the use of the epinephrine auto-injection device that has been prescribed for him. Which of the following groups of side effects would NOT be expected after self-injection with epinephrine?

Excessive salivation and pupillary constriction

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion

Select the statement that is most correct.

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

In which of the following structures would you expect to see afferent ganglia?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? -It travels long distances. -It has a depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phase. -It is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane. -It can have amplitudes of various sizes.

It can have amplitudes of various sizes

Which of the following is NOT true about hypertension?

It is a disorder of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

In anterograde amnesia ______.

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience many challenging symptoms. Which statement best explains one cause of these difficulties? -Damage to ependymal cells results in stagnation of cerebrospinal fluid, damaging neurons. -A loss of astrocytes causes leaked neurotransmitters and K+ to accumulate, impairing generation of action potentials. -Loss of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in absence of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, impairing rapid saltatory conduction. -An increase in the number of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in an overgrowth of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, resulting in abnormally large action potentials.

Loss of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in absence of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, impairing rapid saltatory conduction

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential? -The Na+/K+ pump reestablishes resting concentration gradients. -Na+ enters the cell through voltage-gated channels, causing a reversal of the resting membrane potential. -Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane. -After initial depolarization, K+ now has both an electrical and a chemical gradient drawing it out of the cell.

Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli.

Nociceptors

Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation? -Two EPSPs occur close enough in time to bring the cell to threshold. -Two EPSPs are generated at the same time by two separate synapses, bringing the cell to threshold. -One EPSP and one IPSP cancel each other out. -One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.

One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? -Integrate sensory input for decision making. -Release hormones into the bloodstream that travel around the systemic blood circulation to communicate with cells in multiple locations within the body. -Generate direct, electrical signals. -Decode sensory information from the environment.

Release hormones into the bloodstream that travel around the systemic blood circulation to communicate with cells in multiple locations within the body

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.

Schwann cells

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? -oligodendrocytes -satellite cells -Schwann cells -astrocytes

Schwann cells

In the motor division of the PNS, the effector organs consist of the three types of muscle tissue and glands. Which of these effector organs would be under voluntary control and thereby fall into the somatic nervous system? -Skeletal muscle -Smooth muscle -Cardiac muscle -Glands

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the polarization of a neuronal membrane and the formation of a resting membrane potential? -As sodium leaks into the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more negative. -As Na+ leaks across the membrane, that establishes a negative charge inside the membrane. -Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels. -A resting potential can be generated without the energy as an input.

Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord?

Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function

A bit of dust blows into and touches the cornea of the eye. Which of the following is likely to happen?

Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V) will cause blinking

You are closely observing a patient admitted to the ICU for head trauma. During his last examination, the patient demonstrated normal gaze. Now the patient's left eye is deviated inward, and he complains of double vision. What is your concern?

The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) is not functioning, possibly because of increased pressure inside the cranium. This is a crucial diagnostic clue

Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained?

The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things?

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct?

The cerebellum generates conscious motor commands

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass

Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron? -There is a large area for production of chemicals used to signal other neurons. -There is a large amount of space for myelin to form and make electrical conduction more efficient. -There is a large surface area to send signals to other cells. -The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons.

The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons

Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials? -The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude. -Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials. -Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels. -Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons.

The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude

You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane? -The cell would be unable to generate a resting potential. -The cell would die. -The cell would be unable to depolarize. -The neuron would be unable to repolarize.

The neuron would be unable to repolarize

An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patient's pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. This test supports which of the following?

The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III)

A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result?

The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response?

The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both

Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells?

The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once

What is the basic condition when a neuron is described as polarized? -Na+ is found outside of the neuron. -There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane. -Na+ is found outside of the neuron and K+ is found inside of the cell. -There are large, protein anions inside the neuron.

There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons? -They are mitotic. -They conduct impulses. -They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. -They have extreme longevity.

They are mitotic

Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials? -They are short-lived. -They can form on receptor endings. -They can be called postsynaptic potentials. -They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a. opening of voltage-regulated channels b. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur c. hyperpolarization d. a change in sodium ion permeability

hyperpolarization (c.)

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell? a. influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell b. depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane c. hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane d. opening of chemically gated sodium channels

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane (c.)

Which of the following carries no sensory information?

hypoglossal nerve

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

hypothalamus

Where are equilibrium receptors located?

in the semicircular canals and in the vestibule of the ear

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? -stimulation of the production of acetylcholine -amplify or enhance the effect of ACh -inability to release acetylcholine -inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? -innervation of glands -innervation of skeletal muscle -innervation of cardiac muscle -innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

innervation of skeletal muscle

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? a. receptor b. sensory neuron c. integration center d. effector

integration center (c.)

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. -efferent neuron -glial cell -afferent neuron -interneuron

interneuron

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?

interneurons

Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body?

interoceptors

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.

involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

Raynaud's disease ________.

is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area

Regeneration within the CNS ________.

is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

Erection (vasodilation) of the penis or clitoris ________.

is primarily under parasympathetic control

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus?

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

Which of the following is correctly matched?

limbic association area: sense of danger

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by a viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?

loss of balance and dizziness

Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________.

loss of peripheral vision

The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus

lumbar plexus

In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed.

median nerve

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is not a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)?

memory

Which of the following does not enhance the conversion of short-term to long-term memories?

memory consolidation

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? -satellite cells -Schwann cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes

microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? -ependymal cells -microglia -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes

microglia

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.

midbrain

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, pons, medulla

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.

motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

Ependymal cells line many open cavities in the central nervous system (CNS). Ependymal cells have cilia on the side of the cell that face these openings. What is the most likely function of these ciliated cells? -movement and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid -exchange of nutrients between the circulatory system and neurons -create myelin sheaths for CNS cells -act as macrophage cells to destroy microorganisms or neuronal debris

movement and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following pairings does not fit? -sensory neurons: afferent neurons -motor neurons: efferent neurons -multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons -association neuron: interneurons

multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. -positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell -negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell -positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell -negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________. -neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments -neurons must meet a high demand for ATP -neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen -neurons produce many proteins

neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments

Which receptor pairing below is correct?

nicotinic; acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters? a. ATP and other purines b. nucleic acid c. amino acid d. biogenic amine

nucleic acid (b.)

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following?

olfactory nerve (I)

Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?

olfactory receptor cells

In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________. -neurons -muscle cells -Schwann cells -oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. -ependymal cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

What structure in the eye creates a visual blind spot?

optic disc

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

paraplegia

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?

parasympathetic

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

parasympathetic division

Which of the following is mismatched?

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing.

perceptual

During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

pia mater

Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument

plantar

Which of the following regions of the brain stem carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex?

pons

Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? a. converging circuits b. pre-synaptic circuits c. diverging circuits d. reverberating circuits

pre-synaptic circuits (b.)

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers?

primary motor cortex

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.

primary visual cortex

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

procederal

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?

projection fibers

Which of the following is mismatched?

promotes urination; sympathetic

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability.

proprioceptors

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. Which of the following receptors is most likely responsible for this ability?

proprioceptors

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

pyramidal and corticospinal

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

pyramids

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells

Which is an exclusively sympathetic function?

regulation of body temperature

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?

resting and digesting

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for keeping the cortex alert and conscious and enhancing its excitability?

reticular activating system

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? a. reverberating circuit b. converging circuit c. parallel after-discharge circuit d. diverging circuit

reverberating circuit (a.)

Which photoreceptor cells respond to very dim light?

rods

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order) ________.

roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

Gluteal muscle innervation comes from which plexus?

sacral

A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus

sacral plexus

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?

segmental level, projection level, precommand level

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve, sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

sensory (afferent) division

Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?

skeletal muscle reflex

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

somatic nervous system

What division of the nervous system is most specifically responsible for voluntary motor control? -parasympathetic nervous system -somatic nervous system -sympathetic nervous system -central nervous system

somatic nervous system

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________.

splanchnic nerves

Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?

stapes

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Transduction refers to conversion of ________.

stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential

Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone

strech

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________.

stretch reflex

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra

The "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.

sympathetic division

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.

sympathetic stimulation

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion

The malleus, incus, and stapes of the middle ear are joined by tiny _____.

synovial joints

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

temporal from parietal

REM sleep is associated with ________

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated

tendon

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______.

thalamus

Which part of the CNS sorts almost all sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus

Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction?

the cochlea

Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? -the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron -whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated -the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system -whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS

the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged?

the facial nerves

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. -proteins have been resynthesized -the membrane potential has been reestablished -all sodium gates are closed -the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell

the membrane potential has been reestablished

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. -large nerve fibers -diphasic impulses -the myelin sheath -erratic transmission of nerve impulses

the myelin sheath

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors?

the number of dendritic endings present

Injury to cervical vertebrae C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________.

the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here

If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. -the postsynaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels -the postsynaptic cell is slow to repolarize -the postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold - the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

Which mechanism allows the rabies virus to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS)? -Rabies virus moves through the blood vessels to the CNS. -The rabies virus uses retrograde movement along the neuronal axon. -The rabies virus uses anterograde along the neuronal axon. -The rabies virus enters the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system and uses salutatory movement to move toward the CNS.

the rabies virus uses retrograde movement along the neuronal axon

Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

the receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces

As you start working out, you notice that your heart rate and breathing rate start to increase. Which division of your nervous system is generating this response? Be as specific as possible. -the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -the afferent division of the nervous system -the somatic nervous system

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located at ________.

the ventral root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra

A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested?

the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. -the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane -the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory -the membrane is now impermeable to all ions -the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

Receptors that respond to changes in room temperature are found in the skin. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?

thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors

Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________.

they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury

Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs.

true

Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________.

ulnar nerve

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?

vagus

Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

vasodilation

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

visceral control center of the body

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? -ligand-gated channel -mechanically-gated channel -leakage channel -voltage-gated channel

voltage-gated channel

Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia?

within the spinal cord

Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth?

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

Aqueous humor forms during capillary filtration in the __________?

ciliary processes (part of the ciliary body)

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

cochlea

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

concussion

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum

Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance

crossed extensor

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?

crossed-extensor reflex

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.

cutaneous branches of the median nerve

Drugs called beta-blockers ________.

decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon? -whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system -length of the axon -degree of myelination of the axon -the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon

degree of myelination of the axon

Which of the following events would be directly affected if a neuron had a mutation that prevented the production of voltage-gated Na+ channels? -depolarization leading to action potentials -graded depolarization -graded hyperpolarization -generating the resting membrane potential

depolarization leading to action potentials

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

dilation of the pupils

Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.

dorsal (posterior) horn

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

dura

Which of the following is not associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

emergency action

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons in a nerve?

endoneurium

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? -action potential -excitatory postsynaptic potential -inhibitory postsynaptic potential -resting potential

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?

first thoracic

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.

flex the wrist

Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral

flexor

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. -motor neurons -found in ganglia -called neuroglial cells -found in the retina of the eye

found in the retina of the eye

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? -frequency of action potentials -type of stimulus -receptor size of action potentials -origin of the stimulus

frequency of action potentials

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. -nerves -tracts -ganglia -nuclei

ganglia

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites? -produce short-distance signals called graded potentials -generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body -convey incoming messages toward the cell body -provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons

generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.

gustatory hairs

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus

What stimuli does the vestibular apparatus detect?

head position in space

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.

hippocampus

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?

cerebral cortex

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.

cerebral cortex

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control?

cervical enlargement

The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus

cervical plexus

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, but they do not block mechanically gated ion channels. Sensory receptors for touch (and pressure) respond to physical deformation of the receptors, resulting in the opening of specific mechanically gated ion channels. Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger still cause a loss of the sensation of touch from the finger? -The local anesthetic prevents Na+ from causing the initial depolarization of this sensory receptor. -The local anesthetic prevents any type of repolarization of this sensory receptor. -Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor requires that there be a simultaneous opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels and mechanically gated ion channels. -Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve ________.

X (vagus)

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?

a complete loss of voluntary movement

If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. -the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential -the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell -the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP -a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS?

a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

What type of event is required for an action potential to be generated? -repolarization to resting membrane potential -multiple stimuli -hyperpolarization -a threshold level depolarization

a threshold level depolarization

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?

a two-neuron motor pathway

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?

abducens

Which of the following would not be an example of autonomic neuropathy?

abnormal stretch reflex responses

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. -repolarization -resting period -absolute refractory period -depolarization

absolute refractory period

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? a. norepinephrine b. cholinesterase c. gamma aminobutyric acid d. acetylcholine

acetylcholine (d.)

Which target organ is not affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

adrenal medulla

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

afferent nerves

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________.

allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas

The blind spot of the eye is caused by ________.

an absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? -senses changes in the environment -analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions -responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

arachnoid mater

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

association

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? -astrocytes -satellite cells -oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells

astrocytes

Which glial cells have the most diversity of function? -Schwann cells -oligodendrocytes -ependymal cells -astrocytes

astrocytes

Striking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus

brachial plexus

Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop

brachial plexus

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. -spinal nerves -somatic nerves -sensory (afferent) nerves -brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

cell bodies of motor neurons

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

cellular metabolism

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.

cervical plexus

Bell's palsy is ________.

characterized by paralysis of facial muscles