Bio 202 ch 22

The respiratory membrane is composed of basement membrane, capillary walls, and ________. Alveolar epithelium Segmental (tertiary) bronchi Alveolar duct Trachea Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar epithelium

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. pH O2 CO2

CO2

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

False

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. (select all that apply) Medulla oblongata Pons Upper spinal cor

Medulla oblongata Pons

Which of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe? N2 O2 H2O Co2

N2

Which has the highest difference in pressure during external respiration? CO2 O2

O2

Decreased pH results in increased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

True

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity Type I alveolar cells Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Type II alveolar cells Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Type II alveolar cells

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? temperature pH pO2 all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? pharynx alveoli nasal cavity bronchi

alveoli

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? alveoli alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts

alveoli

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? trachea alveolus nasopharynx oropharynx

alveolus

___ is a lung disease marked by bronchospasms, inflammation in response to allergens, increased mucus production, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and chest tightness. asthma lung cancer atelectasis sleep apnea emphysema

asthma

In response to irritants or cold air the bronchioles bronchodilate vasodilate vasoconstrict bronchoconstrict

bronchoconstrict

During internal respiration CO2 moves from _____ to _______ tissue, capillaries alveoli, capillaries capillaries, alveoli capillaries, tissue

capillaries, tissue

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions? decreased pH and increased PCO2 increased pH and decreased PCO2 increased pH and increased PCO2 decreased pH and decreased PCO2

decreased pH and increased PCO2

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? no difficulty difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow difficulty inflating the lungs difficulty expressing fluid

difficulty inflating the lungs

Expiratory reserve volume is air ________. forcibly expelled after normal expiration exchanged during normal breathing forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

forcibly expelled after normal expiration

Which muscles are involved in forceful expiration of air? (select all that apply) diaphragm internal intercostals external intercostals no muscles

internal intercostals

If the pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure then gas will: move from lower pressure to higher pressure and cause expiration move from higher pressure to lower pressure and cause expiration move from higher pressure to lower pressure and cause inspiration move from lower pressure to higher pressure and cause inspiration

move from higher pressure to lower pressure and cause inspiration

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? temperature number of red blood cells partial pressure of oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide

number of red blood cells

The Bohr effect refers to the increased unloading of ________ from a RBC due to declining blood pH. chloride ions BPG oxygen carbon dioxide

oxygen

In order to decrease ventilation: pulmonary bronchioles would dilate pulmonary bronchioles would constrict pulmonary arterioles would dilate pulmonary arterioles would constrict

pulmonary bronchioles would constrict

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ______ and is needed to _______. vital capacity; remove adequate CO2 tidal volume; acquire adequate O2 functional residual capacity; keep alveoli patent residual volume; keep alveoli patent

residual volume; keep alveoli patent

Decreased pH results in increased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

true

Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air.

true

The fluid produced by the pleural membrane helps lubricate the motion of the lungs.

true

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______. cilia, clears mucus from trachea alveoli, causes them to become hypoxic mucus, traps bacteria type II cells, produce surfactant to lower surface tension

type II cells, produce surfactant to lower surface tension

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to _______ molecule(s) of O2. 1 2 3 4

4

Which of the following is INCORRECT? Air movement increases when pressure increases and resistance decreases Air pressure increases when volume increases and resistance decreases The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

Air pressure increases when volume increases and resistance decreases

Which of the following is INCORRECT? Air movement increases when pressure increases and resistance decreases The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Air pressure increases when volume increases and resistance decreases

Air pressure increases when volume increases and resistance decreases

Composed of simple squamous epithelium Segmental (tertiary) bronchi Alveolar duct Alveoli Trachea Respiratory bronchioles

Alveoli

___ is a catch-all term for lung diseases that interfere with airflow. emphysema atelectasis COPD asthma sleep apnea

COPD

Increased pH results in increased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood (returning to the heart) than arterial blood (leaving the heart). Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude primarily because the ________. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes temperature is lower at higher altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. constriction of arterioles constriction of bronchioles air pressure surface tension surfactant

constriction of bronchioles

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises thoracic cavity volume decreases alveolar pressure drops air (gases) flows into lungs

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? asthma sleep apnea hyperventilation emphysema

emphysema

Inspiratory reserve volume is air ________. exchanged during normal breathing forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration forcibly expelled after normal expiration remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration

Gases move passively from areas of ___ pressure to _____ pressure. low, high high, low high, high low, low

high, low

In the blood the quantity of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is higher than the quantity in solution lower than the quantity in solution the same as the quantity in solution

higher than the quantity in solution

In the blood the quantity of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is: higher than the quantity in solution lower than the quantity in solution the same as the quantity in solution

higher than the quantity in solution

In order to stimulate breathing we most closely monitor for ________. loss of oxygen in tissues increase of carbon dioxide alkalosis acidosis

increase of carbon dioxide

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters warming the air before it enters interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which of the following would NOT stimulate increased breathing? low arterial PCO2 falling blood oxygen levels acidosis resulting from CO2 retention

low arterial PCO2

During external respiration of CO2: _______ partial pressure differences and ________ solubility of CO2 drive CO2 into the alveoli high, high low, low low, high high, low

low, high

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? solubility in water partial pressure gradient (difference) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule temperature

partial pressure gradient (difference)

Which brain regions regulate rate and depth of breathing? medulla oblongata pons midbrain pons and medulla midbrain and pons medulla and upper spinal cord

pons and medulla

In order to decrease perfusion: pulmonary bronchioles would dilate pulmonary arterioles would constrict pulmonary arterioles would dilate pulmonary bronchioles would constrict

pulmonary arterioles would constrict

Residual volume is air ________. forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration exchanged during normal breathing forcibly expelled after normal expiration remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

The ciliary escalatory is part of the internal respiration process respiratory membrane macrophages respiratory epithelium

respiratory epithelium

Which tissue contains mucus producing goblet cells? capillary endothelium respiratory epithelium alveolar simple squamous epithelium respiratory membrane

respiratory epithelium

Which tissue contains mucus producing goblet cells? respiratory membrane alveolar simple squamous epithelium capillary endothelium respiratory epithelium

respiratory epithelium

The _______ zone includes the alveoli, while the _______ zone includes the trachea. respiratory, conducting conducting, respiratory ventilation, transport transport, ventilation

respiratory, conducting

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? ribs and sternum move upwards rib cage is compressed thoracic cavity volume decreases ribs and sternum move downwards

ribs and sternum move upwards

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for increased breathing? rising blood pressure rising carbon dioxide levels low arterial PO2 acidosis resulting from CO2 retention

rising blood pressure

Which is NOT a function of the respiratory system? shivering thermogenesis coughing & straining gas exchange smell pH balance

shivering thermogenesis

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall? surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity he smooth muscles of the lung the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

What breaks surface tension to allow alveoli to re-expand? pleural fluid carbonic anhydrase surfactant bicarbonate

surfactant