BIO 2020 CH 12 Brain

How many regions make up the brain stem? 3 2 1 4

3

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon? 1 3 2 4

3 The diencephalon consists of 3 regions, the thalamus, the epithalamus, and the hypothalamus.

The meninges consist of ___ layers. 1 2 3 4

3 The dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater make up the 3 layers of the meninges.

In addition to its vital role in maintaining overall body homeostasis, which brain region synthesizes two major body hormones? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Interthalamic adhesion D. Thalamus

A. Hypothalamus

Which of the following brain systems is heavily involved in mediating emotional responses? A. Limbic system B. Reticular formation C. Reticular activating system D. Both a and b

A. Limbic system

The basal nuclei are part of the _________. A. cerebrum B. diencephalon C. brain stem D. cerebellum

A. cerebrum

Severe damage to which of the following brain regions would result in death? A. Cerebral cortex B. Medulla oblongata C. Basal nuclei D. Cerebellum

B. Medulla oblongata

Cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed back into the blood by the _______. A. choroid plexus B. arachnoid villus C. pia mater D. falx cerebri

B. arachnoid villus

All of the following are factors in transferring STM to LTM except ______. A. association B. consolidation C. emotion D. repetiton

B. consolidation

If inhibited, which brain system would allow previously filtered stimuli to enter our consciousness? A. Limbic system B. Autonomic system C. Reticular activating system D. Both a and b

C. Reticular activating system

The phrases "left brain" and "right brain" indicate that the two cerebral hemispheres display a phenomenon called ______. A. left-brain dominance B. right-brain dominance C. lateralization D. cerebral localization

C. lateralization

Broca's area is important in coordinating muscles involved in ______. A. eye movements B. breathing C. speech D. piano playing

C. speech

The pons belongs to which major brain region? A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Diencephalon D. Brain stem

D. Brain stem

Which of the following brain regions is a major convergence area for most sensory input before it is sent on to the cerebral cortex? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Interthalamic adhesion D. Thalamus

D. Thalamus

Professional ballet dancers have a particularly efficient ______. A. cerebral cortex B. medulla oblongata C. basal nucleus D. cerebellum

D. cerebellum

The ______ of the brain is the location of our conscious mind. A. Brodmann area B. cerebellum C. brain stem D. cerebral cortex

D. cerebral cortex

The brain contains _____ ventricles. A. one B. two C. three D. four

D. four

The innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord is the ______. A. arachnoid mater B. choroid mater C. dura mater D. pia mater

D. pia mater

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned. True False

False

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. True False

False

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen. True False

False

The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. True False

False

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi. True False

False

The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities. True False

False The brain is not completely solid; it contains cavities called ventricles.

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain. True False

False The cerebellum is not a ventral structure. It is located on the dorsal surface of the brain.

The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). True False

False The pineal body secretes the hormone melatonin which is secreted when light is not entering the eyes (typically at night).

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False

False rationale: Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus--which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord? first second third fourth

Fourth

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem? First ventricle Second ventricle Fourth ventricle Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle The fourth ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum. It is continuous with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct at its superior border and

What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex? White matter Nerves Meninges Gray matter

Gray matter The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter. Gray matter is primarily neuron cell bodies.

Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum? First and second ventricles Lateral and third ventricle Lateral ventricles Third and fourth ventricles

Lateral ventricles The lateral ventricles are cavities within the cerebrum. The right and left lateral ventricles are separated on midline by the septum pellucidum.

Identify cranial nerve I. Optic nerve Optic tract Oculomotor nerve Olfactory nerve

Olfactory nerve

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side? Olfactory bulbs Optic chiasm Optic nerve Optic tract

Optic chiasm rationale: The optic chiasm is where the optic nerves cross midline, so that sensory information from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain.

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section? Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Corpus callosum Optic chiasm

Superior colliculus The superior colliculus is clearly observed in the transverse fissure on the back of the midbrain. It is involved with directing eye movement.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The cerebral hemispheres, which form the superior part of the brain, account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. No functional area of the cortex works alone. The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. True False

True

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. True False

True

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective (feelings), brain. True False

True

The ventricles are all interconnected. True False

True

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain. True False

True All 3 regions of the brain stem, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, can be observed on the ventral surface.

The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies. True False

True Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglial cells.

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False

True Many factors can influence the transfer of information from STM to LTM, including emotional state (we learn best when we are alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused), rehearsal (repeating the material enhances memory), association (tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts), and automatic memory (some impressions that become part of LTM are subconsciously formed).

The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina. False True

True The corpora quadrigemina is a collection of 4 bumps on the posterior surface of the midbrain. It is composed of the 2 superior colliculi and the 2 inferior colliculi.

The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum. True False

True The diencephalon forms the core of the brain, housed between the cerebrum and brainstem.

The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. False True

True The medulla oblongata is the lowest region of the brain stem. It is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum of the skull.

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False

True The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.

White matter has a fatty consistency. True False

True White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons. Myelination is created by the membrane of a neuroglial cell wrapping many times tightly around an axon. Recall the plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer, therefore white matter contains a lot of fat. The high amount of fat gives white matter it's characteristic glossy white appearance.

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True False

True rationale: One cerebral hemisphere or the other "dominates" each of the brain's tasks, and the term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. In most people (about 90%), the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles. True False

True rationale: The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. It is found in each of the ventricles.

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. rehearsal automatic memory Association long-term memory

association

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles. Central canal Interventricular foramina Choroid plexus Cerebral aqueduct

central canal rationale: The central canal is the canal found in the spinal cord that originates off of the fourth ventricle.

The arbor vitae refers to ________. the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum flocculonodular nodes cerebellar white matter cerebellar gray matter

cerebellar white matter

Where is the arbor vitae located? Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Cerebrum

cerebellum The white matter in the cerebellum has a branching arrangement that resembles a tree. This structure is named for its appearance. The term arbor vitae means "tree of life."

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems? cerebellum diencephalon thalamus pons

cerebellum rationale: By processing and interpreting impulses from the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei, as well as sensory pathways, the cerebellum provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility needed for daily living (e.g., driving, typing, and tying our shoes). It also plays a poorly understood role in cognition. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (we are not aware of it).

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles? Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Central canal Cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct rationale: The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow passageway that connects the third and fourth ventricles. It can sometimes be observed on a midsagittal section.

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. corticospinal tracts corpus callosum outer portion of the spinal cord cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? cerebellum cerebral cortex diencephalon brain stem

cerebral cortex rationale: The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.

Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci? Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

cerebrum The cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface. The ridges are known as gyri and the grooves that separate the gyri are sulci.

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness? Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem Diencephalon

cerebrum The cerebrum is involved in higher order functions such as consciousness, personality, and intellect.

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________. internal capsule longitudinal fissure corona radiata corpus callosum

corpus callosum

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres? Intermediate mass Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Vermis

corpus callosum The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract of axons connecting the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. brain stem midbrain diencephalon basal nuclei

diencephalon

Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially? Longitudinal fissure Diencephalon Cerebellum Cerebrum

diencephalon The diencephalon forms the central core of the brain and cannot be seen from the surface of the brain.

Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges? Pia mater Dura mater Dural sinus Arachnoid

dura mater The outer layer of the meninges is the dura mater. The dura mater is easily seen surrounding the outside of the brain.

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body? Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Hypothalamus Epithalamus

epithalamus The epithalamus is a region posterior to the thalamus that contains the pineal body.

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? visceral command center decussation center motor command center executive suite

executive suite

The central sulcus separates which lobes? frontal from parietal parietal from occipital frontal from temporal temporal from parietal

frontal from parietal

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. fissures sulci ganglia gyri

gyri

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland? Hypothalamus Midbrain Thalamus Epithalamus

hypothalamus The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum.

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? mammillary bodies arbor vitae optic chiasma infundibulum

infundibulum

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain? Infundibulum Pia mater Optic chiasm Hypothalamus

infundibulum The infundibulum attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. It contains axons that originate in the hypothalamus and end in the posterior pituitary.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF? nourishment of the brain initiation of some nerve impulses reduction of brain weight protection from blows

initiation of some nerve impulses

Declarative memory ________. usually involves motor skills is the ability to learn specific information is best remembered in the doing is hard to unlearn when learned once

is the ability to learn specific information

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum? Fornix Fourth ventricle Lateral ventricles Third ventricle

lateral ventricle rationale: The lateral ventricles lie side by side under the corpus callosum, separated by the septum pellucidum.

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? parieto-occipital fissure lateral fissure central fissure longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half? Longitudinal fissure Transverse fissure Lateral sulcus Vermis

longitudinal fissure The longitudinal fissure is easily observed right along midline dividing the cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. medulla oblongata pons midbrain cerebrum

medulla oblongata

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord? Medulla oblongata Pons Cerebellum Midbrain

medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata is the lowest region of the brain stem. It is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum of the skull.

Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain. Meninges Epineurium Lamina propria Choroid plexus

meninges The meninges encase the central nervous system.

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina? Medulla oblongata Pons Epithalamus Midbrain

midbrain The corpora quadrigemina are found on the posterior surface of the midbrain. They can be observed by looking into the transverse fissure.

The brain stem consists of the ________. pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain midbrain, medulla, and pons cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla midbrain only

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? Optic nerve Optic tract Optic chiasm Mammillary body

optic nerve Nerves are bundles of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. The optic nerve is an extension of the brain, not part of the brain.

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? meningeal layer of the dura mater periosteal layer of the dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

pia mater The pia mater, meaning "gentle mother," is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested with tiny blood vessels. It is the only meninx that clings tightly to the brain, like cellophane wrap, following its every convolution.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain? Olfactory bulb Pineal gland Pituitary gland Mammillary body

pituitary gland The pituitary gland can be seen on the ventral surface of the brain. It can easily be removed with the meninges if care isn't taken to keep it attached.

For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________. projection fibers association fibers the primary visual cortex commissural fibers

projection fibers Projection fibers descend from brain toward the spinal cord.

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord? corpus callosum projection fibers association fibers commissures

projection fibers rationale: Projection fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord.

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. pyramids limbic system reticular formation thalamus

reticular formation

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. sulcus gyrus fissure furrow

sulcus

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? thalamus superior colliculus pineal gland hypothalamus

superior colliculus The superior colliculus is at the inferior border of the diencephalon but is a portion of the diencephalon.

Which part of the CNS sorts almost all of the ascending sensory information? hypothalamus mesencephalon pons thalamus

thalamus Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus-- which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum? Hypothalamus Pons Thalamus Corpus callosum

thalamus The thalamus acts as a filter, sending the most important sensory messages on to the correct location in the cerebrum.

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain? Cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

thalamus The thalamus is the central region of the diencephalon and forms the central core of the brain. The thalamus is enclosed by the cerebrum.

Which of the following muscles does the phrenic nerve innervate? the diaphragm the external intercostals the internal intercostals the sternocleidomastoid muscles

the diaphragm rationale: The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. The intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are innervated by the accessory nerves.

What is the function of white matter? Supports neurons Processes information Produces cerebrospinal fluid Transmits messages

transmits messages White matter is predominately myelinated axons, which transmit information (action potentials).

Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum? Corpus callosum Transverse fissure Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus

transverse fissue The transverse fissure is the separation found between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? visceral control center of the body somatic motor control center gateway to the cerebellum relay station for the special senses

visceral control of the body The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles include controlling the autonomic nervous system; controlling endocrine system function; regulating the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and initiating physical responses to emotions.