BIO 20A FINAL

A solution that causes a cell to neither swell nor shrink has what tonicity?

Isotonic

Gluteus medius and minimus have what actions?

Lateral rotation of the hip and abduction to aid walking

Name the cortical and diencephalon association area responsible for emotional impact to one's perceptions.

Limbic System

Name the cortical and diencephalon association area responsible for emotional impact to one's perceptions

Limbic association area

A small piece of which paired bone separates the nasal bone from the lacrimal bone?

Maxilla

As you look at the anterior of the skull, the zygomatic bone articulates medially at the interior margin of the orbit with which of these bones?

Maxilla

The hard palate of the oral cavity is formed by the palatine bone and what other bone?

Maxilla

The temporal bone's immediate superior relation to which it articulates is the:

Parietal

Which paired bones articulate to form the sagittal suture along the midsagittal plane at the most superior aspect of the skull?

Parietal

We listed some general characteristics of a living organism not including:

Complete stillness

The hypothalamus is a control center for these functions

Regulation of food intake, regulation of body temperature, control center for emotional response, control of endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Flexor hallucis longus is innervated by what nerve?

Tibial

INtrinsic muscles of the foot are mostly innervated by which nerve?

Tibial

Short head of biceps femoris has what nerve innervation?

Tibial

Name the right superior portion of the abdominal wall (overlying the upper lateral liver and lower ribs).

Right hypochondriac

Triceps brachii inserts onto what bony process?

Ulnar olecranon process

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid have what cranial nerve innervation?

XI

When you pass a midsagittal plane through the skull, which bone will not be touched by it?

Zygomatic and lacrimal

The ilium, ischium and pubis all join together at what os coal bony landmark?

acetabulum

Dark-staining Nissl bodies in the neural cell cytoplasm have what function?

acetycholine or other

Cholinergic receptors bind to what kind of neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

Declarative memory involves which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

The motor neuron uses what neurotransmitter in the synapse at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Neuromuscular junctions (synapses) utilize which neurotransmitter?

acetylecholine

Name another RAS feature:

acts as a filter for sensory input so you can pay attention to one thing

Beta-3 adrenergic receptors reside on which sympathetic targets?

adipose tissue (increase lipolysis)

What is the result of having unresolved high blood sugar for months at a time?

advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs)

Prolonged hyperglycemia (too much blood sugar) for over 6 to 8 weeks results in what types of vascular wall products?

advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs)

Getting a joyful morning aerobic workout results in what autonomic and metabolic effects?

all of A, B, C, D

A resting potential depends on which of the following features?

all of answers A, B, C

Cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type are found where?

all parasympathetic target organs

During meditation, joyful singing, or relaxed joyful running, one may experience which brain waves?

alpha

Protein is a polymer of what monomers (individual units)?

amino acids

Which glial cell functions in support of neurons anchoring them to their blood and nutrient supply?

astrocytes

What specifically was noted as the cause of death of virtually 80% of all diabetics?

atherosclerosis

The skull's occipital condyles articulate with which named vertebra?

atlas

The brachial plexus three cords: medial, lateral, and posterior are named in relation to what structure?

axillary artery

The neural process that conducts signals away from the cell body is called a:

axon

Which principle best describes a healthy living system?

balanced homeostasis

The most common and least dangerous of the skin cancers is:

basal cell carcinoma

Procedural or skills memory (example: playing piano) is processed first by which telencephalon subcortical structure on the way to the brain's cortex?

basal nuclei

Which of the following is not a "midbrain" structure?

basal nuclei

While busily studying for this test (cognitively thinking), which brainwaves were most likely to occur?

beta

What force causes water and nutrients to leave the blood (filtration) in the proximal end of a capillary bed?

blood pressure

What tarsal bone functions as the heel of the foot?

calcaneus

Which of the following bones does not contribute to the formation of the ankle joint?

calcaneus

Which hormone activates osteoblast activity?

calcitonin

When osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix, they release what important chemical (or nutrient) to the blood?

calcium

Which of the following is not one of the four "primary tissues"?

cardiovascular

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons can synapse with a postganglionic sympathetic cell body in all of these locations except:

carotid sinus in carotid artery

All translation (peptide synthesis) begins on ___, and then peptides intended for export will be synthesized on ___.

free ribosomes/rER

If you remove the upper covering of the skull and look down inside, you will see a piece of the ethmoid bone poking up through which anterior bones of the skull?

frontal

Frontalis originates posteriorly from the:

galea aponeurotica

What type of cell junction utilizes transmembrane proteins allowing flow of molecular information between cells as in heart tissue to create waves of depolarization?

gap junctions

In the above question the helpful agents have all of these effects except:

generally increases appetite

Fast oxidative fibers do not have which of these characteristics?

gets most of its ATP from anaerobic pathways

These are all actions of the shoulder joint except for:

gliding

What is the action of the above structural type?

gliding

Name another cranial nerve that arises from the post-olivary sulcus of the medulla:

glossopharyngeal

Glycogen is a polymer made up of what kind of subunits?

glucose

Which of the following nutrients is the one that most cells throughout the body rely on for energy?

glucose

Subsequent to a CVA what molecule is released that causes further damage by over exciting surrounding cells?

glutamate

Ederly people may sometimes lose the strength to easily stand up from a seated position due to the declining strength of which muscle?

gluteus maximus

What is the specific mechanism that high blood sugar causes?

glycosylation

In diabetics the vascular endothelial basement membrane and extracellular matrix can be injured by what mechanism?

glycosylation leading to AGEs

Which organelle produces "export" vesicles containing polypeptides such as insulin and other hormones?

golgi apparatus

Which food is not an incredibly wonderful food for promoting a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids... that is, equal to or better than 1:1 ratio for omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?

grains such as wheat and corn

The shoulder's rotator cuff has muscles whose tendons insert into what humerus feature?

greater and lesser tubercles

Deep sleep is when which hormone that we've often spoken of is released in highest concentration?

growth hormone and liver growth factors

The first toe is called:

hallux

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by all the signs of pathology except for:

headaches and double vision

We discussed a unique property of spinal nerve T-2 which is found in the costal groove of the 2nd rib and has a branch that innervates the skin of the axilla. This is where your patient will experience referred pain from what structure?

heart (angina)

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors reside on which sympathetic targets?

heart muscle and kidney renin producing cells

The text notes that declarative memory regarding names, faces, words, and dates is processed first by which limbic system structure on the way to the brain's prefrontal cortex?

hippocampus

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1 to T12 have branches that can be found where?

in all rib subcostal grooves

During rest, where does the muscle cell store its Ca++?

in the sarcoplasmic reticulum's terminal cisternae

What is the common origin of the hamstring muscles?

ischial tuberosity

If a muscle organ contracts, builds force and does not move its bony insertion, this contraction is referred to as:

isometric

If a muscle organ contracts, builds force and moves its bony insertion, this contraction is referred to as:

isotonic

All of the cranial nerves IX, X and XI exit the skull through which foramen?

jugular

The cranial nerve that innervates trapezius the cranial nerve that innervates the parotid salivary gland both exit together through which cranial opening?

jugular foramen

Hair is mainly composed of:

keratin

Name the type of cell in the stratum basal that represents the germinative cell type of the epidermis.

keratinocyte

Name the energy source for passive diffusion to arrive at equilibrium (sugar dissolving water).

kinetic energy

The above reflex results in what joint movement?

knee extension

Which is not one of the three major mechanisms that encompass most of the pathological alterations observed in the diabetic vasculature?

leukotriene activation

The microglial cell has what function?

macrophage-- phagocytosis

What disaccharide consisting of two glucoses is common in muscle tissue and sports drinks?

maltose

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

mandible

The innervation of the masseter and temporalis is:

mandibular branch of trigeminal

What nerve serves the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?

mandibular branch of trigeminal

The mandibular canal and mental foramen transmit what structure?

mandibular nerve

The foramen ovale transmits which structure?

mandibular nerve (CN V, div III)

The 1st order sensory neuron carrying touch sensation from the hand synapses with the 2nd order neuron at the:

medulla's nucleus cutaneous

The 1st order sensory neuron carrying touch sensation from the foot synapses with the 2nd order near at the:

medulla's nucleus gracilis

The least common and most dangerous of the skin cancers is:

melanoma

The mandible has which of the following foramena?

mental

Transcription of a gene's worth of DNA results most immediately in what?

messenger RNA

Name the disease state formerly referred to as syndrome X that has a variety of risk factors due to elevated blood sugar for extended periods of time.

metabolic syndrome

Which specific plane divides the body into it's natural bilateral symmetry?

midsaggital

Cells that require vast amounts of energy from aerobic metabolism have what organelle in large supply?

mitochondria

Spinal roots for lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerves hang below the spinal cord and are called the:

cauda equina

Which of the following brain structures dispatches a "blueprint" for coordinated activity via relays to the cerebral motor cortex?

cerebellum

Through what structure does CSF get from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle?

cerebral aqueduct

What midbrain structure houses the flow of projection fibers as they flow between the telencephalon and the spinal cord?

cerebral peduncles

Transitional epithelium has a functional design for which?

changing interior circumference to accept changes in volume

The kind of cells that produce cartilage are called ____ white those that get caught in the lacunae of the matrix are called ___.

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

Name the hyaline cartilage cells and their location:

chondrocytes/inside lacunae

The carpometacarpal joint at metacarpal #1 is capable of which action?

circumduction

In a fall broken only by the upper extremity, the body's weight most often breaks which upper extremity bone (body's most often broken bone where upper extremity attaches to axial skeleton)?

clavicle

The upper extremity has only one articulation with the axial skeleton. Which upper extremity bone joins there?

clavicle

Which event occurs at the peak of the action potential?

closure of Na++ channels and increasing K+ permeability

Which of the following is not listed as a feature of epithelium?

contains lots of blood vessels

Which of the following is a unique feature of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

continuous stream of impulses maintains conscious alertness

What occurs spontaneously right after the myosin head binds to the actin filament?

contraction (turning of the head and release of the phosphate ion)

The spinal cord ends in what feature?

conus medularis

All of the following are foods that have a high level of omega-3 fatty acids relative to their level of omega-6 fatty acids except:

corn

Which stratum or layer of the epidermis contains keratin and the plasma membranes of the dead skin cells?

corneum

Diabetes I and II are independent risk factors for:

coronary artery disease and stroke

The mandible has which process projective upward?

coronoid process

The olfactory nerve passes through the skull through which foramen?

cribiform foramena

Stepping on a sharp stone, reflexively lifting the foot and hopping to the opposite foot is an example of what reflex?

crossed-extensor

The lower extremity digit minim's (fifth toe's) metatarsal articulates with which tarsal bone?

cuboid

The action of the master is to:

elevate the jaw

What type of movement at the temperomandibular joint occurs when your front four incisor teeth bite into an apple (incisor teeth are going through the skin and entering the flesh of the apple)?

elevation

The limbic system helps us become conscious of what?

emotional richness of our lives

Name the CT that surrounds the muscle fiber.

endomysium

Opiate receptors utilize the same receptors as this naturally occurring brain neurotransmitter.

endorphins

What specifically can relieve endothelial matrix pathology due to metabolic syndrome?

endothelial nitric oxide

Correct dietary adjustments and other lifestyle adjustments such as elevated aerobic activity can repair much of the damage of metabolic syndrome. What specifically are identified by the cardiovascular diabetology review papers as being helpful in repairing pathologies?

endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) and endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) from lifestyle adjustments

What muscle can simultaneously extend fingers 2 through 5 and also cause them to "flare" (abduct from each other)?

extensor digitorum

Name a cranial nerve that does NOT reside in the superior orbital fissure:

facial

The platysma muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves?

facial

Which cranial nerve controls muscles of facial expression?

facial

T or F: Bone fractures do not cause pain or bleeding since the matrix is just mineralized cartilage.

false

T or F: The ulnar nerve innervates all of the intrinsic hand muscles on the medial side. Therefore the ulnar nerve passes through the carpal tunnel.

false

The platysma has a tendinous attachment to what?

fascia underlying the upper chest skin

Perimysium is the connective tissue which surrounds what muscle features?

fascicles

Without magnification, we can see longitudinal "fiber-like" structures in the contractile bellies of muscle organs which anatomists call:

fascicles

Name the muscle fiber that relies on aerobic ATP synthesis, which has lots of mitochondria and has a quick twitch rate.

fast oxidative

Skeletal muscle cells during aerobic activity obtain over half of their ATP from metabolizing which nutrient category?

fatty acids

Triglycerides consist of a glycerol and three of which other attached molecules?

fatty acids

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

femoral

The linea aspera is a feature on what lower extremity bone?

femur

The patella articulates with the:

femur

Name the cells of areolar tissue that form the fibers and ground substance:

fibroblasts

The lateral malleolus is a bony feature in which bone?

fibula

In lecture we examine what happens during a posterior-lateral blow to the knee as is experienced in certain contact sports. Which of the following is not one of the 3 structures most often injured in this event?

fibular collateral ligament

What fibrous extension of pia mater holds the spinal cord to the sacrum/coccyx?

filium terminale

Name muscle which inserts onto base of 2nd metacarpal, origin medial epicondyle, flexes wrist, is innervated by median nerve, and acts as guide to palpate radial artery at wrist:

flexor carpi radialis

Name the one muscle of the anterior forearm innervated entirely by the ulnar nerve?

flexor carpi ulnaris

Which muscle is not innervated by the median nerve?

flexor carpi ulnaris

Which forearm anterior compartment muscle's medial half is innervated by the ulnar nerve?

flexor digitorum profundis

The muscle that flexes the distal phalanx of the thumb is:

flexor pollicis longus

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons can synapse with a postganglionic sympathetic cell body to cause dilation of the pupils in which location?

sympathetic ganglion at T-1

The intervertebral joint at the disc is listed as which joint classification?

symphysis

The first rib's articulation with the manubrium is listed as which joint classification?

synchondrosis

The ulna's articulation with the radius through their interposes membrane is listed as which joint classification?

syndemosis

Name an important metabolic/nutritional function associated with skin.

synthesis of steroid hormone vitamin D

Which carrier transports amino acids to the ribosome during peptide synthesis?

tRNA

T or F: Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, where increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.

true

T or F: Flexing the anterior leg compartment muscles reflexively relaxes the posterior leg compartment muscles.

true

T or F: Hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress promotes both the formation of advanced glycosylation end products and PKC activation.

true

T or F: Hyperglycemia induces a large number of alterations at the cellular level of vascular tissue that potentially accelerate the atherosclerotic process.

true

T or F: In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality.

true

T or F: Parasympathetic stimulation evokes a copious flow of saliva. In contrast, sympathetic stimulation produces either a small flow, which is rich in protein, or no flow at all.

true

T or F: Prolonged to exposure to hyperglycemia is now recognized a major factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes.

true

What cell junction type utilizes transmembrane proteins to make a seal in a continuous seam all around each cell?

tight junctions

What is the "intervening" filament from the above question which covers the actin binding sites?

tropomyosin

What specific structure does the above ion interact with in order to move the "intervening" filament away from actin binding site?

troponin complex

T or F: A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences.

true

T or F: A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had not effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk.

true

T or F: Both type I and type II diabetes are powerful and independent risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis accounts for virtually 80% of all deaths among diabetic patients.

true

T or F: Cells metabolize glucose completely to water and CO2 which enters the blood and stimulates breathing to release the CO2 from the blood to the air at the lungs.

true

T or F: Each component of the extracellular matrix and specifically the capillary basement membrane possesses unique structural properties and interactions with one another, which determine the separate and combined roles in the multiple diabetic complications or diabetic pathologies.

true

T or F: Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 -16.7/1

true

T or F: Taking a quiz is a form of "active learning"

true

T or F: The cerebellum helps cognition by allowing us to create 3-dimensional arrays of thought and to move through them.

true

T or F: The pons has many nuclei for assisting with cerebellum data collection for physical skills.

true

T or F: Thus, Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established

true

T or F: engaging in joyful morning aerobic activity, one increases simultaneously epinephrine and thyroid hormone. After epinephrine declines, thyroid hormone remains elevated. Thus, one increases their metabolic rate for the whole day.

true

The flexor digit minim is innervated by which nerve?

ulnar

The hypothenar muscles are mainly innervated by which nerve?

ulnar

The lumbrical that moves fingers #5 is innervated by which nerve?

ulnar

What famous parasympathetic nerve controls heart rate, breathing rate, stomach and intestinal peristalsis, gall bladder contraction and senses blood pressure in the aortic arch?

vagus

Which cranial nerve is said to innervate the heart, lungs and reflexes for swallowing, vomiting and hiccups?

vagus

Cell bodies of motor neurons transmitting voluntary movement reside in what spinal cord gray matter?

ventral horn

The coronal plane divides the human into which portions?

ventral(anterior)/dorsal(posterior)

The internal auditory meatus transmits which cranial nerve?

vestibulocochlear and facial

What structures or features of the osteon laterally connect the Haversian (central) canals?

volkmann's canals

We noticed that when a neuron's peripheral axon has been severed that the various parts disintegrate into droplets distal to the injury in an elaborate process called:

wallerian degeneration

Carbon dioxide (that comes from muscles metabolizing carbohydrates down to CO2 and water) causes the blood near those tissues to become:

more acidic

We learned that the lateral corticospinal tract carries what kind of information?

motor signals to skeletal muscle

In life which nerve is not found inside the superior orbital fissure?

optic

The optic nerve resides in which skull opening?

optic canal

The temporal bone does not have which bony landmark?

optic canal

Which muscle closes the mouth's lips?

orbicularis oris

The muscular attachment that remains stable during contradiction is called the:

origin

When water based solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane with large non penetrating molecules one side, what type of passive transport results?

osmosis

Which of the following diseases refers to degenerative joint disease caused by "wear and tear" and is mostly non-inflammatory except in its initial stages?

osteoarthritis

The female's pelvic inlet is better shaped for passing the head of the fetus. Its share is:

oval

We learned that the lateral spinothalamic tract carries what kind of information?

pain and temperature

Which intrinsic hand muscle(s) arising from the metacarpal bones ADducts fingers 1, 2, 4, and 5?

palmar interossei

Which muscle inserts into the palmar aponeurosis and originates on the humerus' medial epicondyle?

palmaris longus

The main hormone to activate osteoclast activity is:

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The lambdoidal suture is formed when the occipital bone articulates with which paired bones?

parietal

What part of the vertebra joins the transverse process to the vertebral body?

pedicle

What parasympathetic preganglionic nerve flows from the S2-S4 CNS location to innervate the intestinal muscle parasympathetic ganglia of the rectum?

pelvic splanchnic

Name the connective tissue surrounding the nerve fascicles of a large nerve:

perineurium

Spinal nerves C3, C4 and C5 give rise to what famous nerve that assists with respiration?

phrenic

The medial wall of the carpal tunnel would be partly formed by a carpal bone which is most medial and also lying anterior in front of and upon another more posterior carpal bone. Pick the best carpal for this most medial and anterior of carpal bones.

pisiform (lying upon the triquetal)

The atlantoaxial joint at the dens between C1 and C2 vertebrae has what structural classification?

pivot

In our TED talk from Dr. William Li, it was asserted that we can select foods that can do what?

prevent cancer or assist with diminishing it

Epinephrine binding to beta-1 receptors on the kidney has which effect?

release of renin leading to increase in blood pressure

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells has a functional design for which?

removing particulate matter from inspired air

Thoracic vertebra differ from other vertebra by possessing demifacets on their body. What articulates there?

rib heads

Name the ipsilateral spinal cord circuit with only a dorsal root sensory neuron, an interneuron and a ventral horn to ventral root motor neuron going directly to an effector and by passing thinking into direct action.

reflex arc

Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist with zygomaticus?

risorius

What action happens at the atlantoaxial joint at the dens between C1 and C2 vertebrae?

rotation

The fetal head must pass through the maternal pelvic outlet which does not include which bony feature?

sacral promontory

What sacral feature may limit the fetal head from entering the pelvic inlet?

sacral promontory

The thumb's carpometacarpal joint has what synovial joint classification?

saddle

The action potential (electrical signal) traveling along the muscle's cell membrane enters the interior of the muscle cell by what means?

sarcolemma is continuous with the T-tubule membrane

The distance running from one Z-line to the next Z-line is referred to as what famous unit of contraction?

sarcomere

Which of the following is a basic unit of contraction within the myofibril?

sarcomere

Name the carpal bones that articulate with the radius:

scaphoid and lunate

Serratus anterior has what insertion and action?

scapula medial border, protraction=pushing

After a peripheral axon has bene severed, it degenerates and then sprouts anew. Then what cells guide regenerating axon sports?

schwan cells

Which glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

schwann cell

Which sacral plexus nerve divides into nerves which serve the muscles of the posterior thigh and all of the leg and feet muscles?

sciatic

What is the sympathetic effect on the salivary glands?

secretion - dry mouth

Which muscle fiber produces the largest concentrations of myoglobin?

slow oxidative

As you pass your finger down the mid-sagittal line on the back of your neck, you feel the most prominent spinous process near the base of the neck. This belongs to which of these vertebra?

C7

Name the vertebra immediately superior to T1:

C7

Extensor carpi radialis longus inserts on to which metacarpal?

#2

Which feature represents the boundary seperating the temporal and parietal lobes?

...

Dan Barber presented an idea for farming fish in Spain in a water purification system. What was the feed conversion ratio (pounds of feed to pounds of fish produced)?

0

Vertebra T-6 has how many articulations (joints) with other bones (vertebrae T-5, T-6, and two ribs on either side?)

12

The total number of phalanges in one foot is:

14

From lecture, about how many minutes should we allow for 3 or 4 "fun" items held in short term memory move into long term memory and become retrievable?

18-20

Which rib articulates with the sternal angle?

2

Which degree of burning specifically causes blistering>

2nd

Which degree of burning produces a blackened center with little initial edema and no pain at the center?

3rd

Your patient's rash covers her entire left upper extremity (arm, forearm, hand), her entire right lower extremity and the front of her torso from cervical to inguinal regions. By the rule of nines, about what percentage of her body is covered with rash?

45%

The sacrum is usually formed by how many fused vertebra?

5

True ribs have coastal cartilages which articulate with some part of the sternum. So then how many true rib pairs are there?

7

Blood has a very narrow pH range which averages out to what pH?

7.4

The central nervous system consists of:

A, C (Brain and Spinal cord)

Myosin will unbind from actin due to a greater affinity for which molecule when it presents itself?

ATP

The myosin head is comprised of what globular protein enzyme?

ATPase

The dorsal interossei muscles of the foot have what action?

Abduction of toes

If you hypodermically inject the "end product" of a negative feedback system into the body, what effect would it most likely have on that system?

According to lecture C and D (Slow it down or stop it and It may over time cause atrophy or decline of the tissues that synthesize the end product

Cholinergic receptors of the nicotinic type are found where?

All ganglionic cell bodies and adrenal medulla cells

The instructor described "chemical equilibrium as:

All of A, B and C are true (a system at rest, a homogenous system without differences in concentration (no gradient) and death in the context of a living system)

Getting joyful morning aerobic workout results in what autonomic and metabolic effects?

All of A, B, C, D

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates which of these?

Answer A & D (carotid baroreceptors for blood pressure; parotid gland)

Stratified squamous epithelium has a functional design for which?

abrasion

Which posterior thigh compartment muscle has an origin on the femur?

Biceps femoris

Which posterior thigh compartment muscle's tendon forms the lateral boundary of the popliteal region behind the knee?

Biceps femoris

What subcortical telencephalon gray matter structure regulates fine motor control initiated by the motor cortex?

Basal nuclei

In human anatomical position, the directional word ventral refers to which of these?

Both of answer A and B (Anterior and Toward the front)

The supraorbital notch/foramen, the infraorbital foramen and the mental foramen are all openings in what cranial nerve that will have its branches that supply the facial skin for sensation?

CN V

What ion initiates the muscle's contraction cycle causing myosin to bind to actin?

Ca++

Which ion initiates neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal into the synapse at the neuromuscular junction?

Ca++

Frontalis inserts anteriorly onto the:

skin underlying eyebrows

The dens (odontoid process) of C2 (axis) articulates with what?

C1's anterior arch facet

Which feature represents the boundary separating the frontal and parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

In our example of positive feedback homeostasis, labor, what turned off the homeostatic system?

Childbirth

The hypothalamus is a control center with all of these functions except for:

Conscious reasoning and cognition

Name the commissural fiber structure that connects the left and right brain to eachother..

Corpus callosum

What are the weak forces that cause water to have surface tension and form a meniscus at the edge of a test tube?

Hydrogen bonding

Enzymes are globular proteins and have what function?

accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions

In life the maxillary nerve, division II of CN V, resides in the:

foramen rotundum

What stage or period of sleep involves dreaming as well as voluntary muscle paralysis except for extra-ocular eye muscles?

REM

The measure of pH is a exponential measure of what ionic molecule?

Hydrogen proton = H+

Stage 4 sleep specializes in which type of brainwaves?

Delta

which of the following is not true about the cell nucleus?

DNA leaves the nucleus for polypeptide synthesis

On average the spinal cord ends at which vertebral level?

Disc below L1

All of the following bones are paired except:

Ethmoid

The vomer bone articulates superiorly to what other bone (in doing so, they form the nasal septum)?

Ethmoid

Which muscle functions mainly in foot inversion?

Extensor hallicus longus

The zygomatic's immediate superior relation to which it articulates is the (pick the best answer):

Frontal

Which lobe of the brain contains the visual motor cortex for eye movements?

Frontal

Which lobe of the brain has a cortex for conscious intellect and complex learning?

Frontal

In presynaptic inhibition an inhibitory neuron has an axon-axonal synapse that causes the second neuron to become hyper polarized and causes it to release less neurotransmitter. The inhibitory neurotransmitter coming from the inhibitory neuron is often:

GABA

Which muscle can weakly flex the knee and strongly plantarflex the foot?

Gastrocnemius

Name an insertion for gluteus maximus.

Gluteal tuberosity & iliotibial tract

In the human, the sternum is ventral to the:

Heart

Which cranial nerve resides in the cribriform foramena?

I

Sleep spindles were a feature of which stage of sleep?

II

A blow to the head causes one eye to lose ability to constrict pupil, pupil remains dialed even in bright sunlight.

III

Eye movement involves which cranial nerves?

III, IV, VI

The parotid gland is innervated by which cranial nerve?

IX

In anatomical position the feet are in what relation to the hips?

Inferior

Triceps long head origin is

Infraglenoid tuberosity

If the shoulder is lateral to the sternum and the sternum is medial to the shoulder, then the clavicle which lies in between the sternum and shoulder has what relationship to them?

Intermediate

Basal nuclei form both sides of what tight passageway for projection fibers?

Internal capsule

An IPSP results when a neurotransmitter binds to what kind of ion channel?

K+

A spinal tap to obtain CSF is usually performed below which vertebral lamina?

L3 or L4

The zygomatic does not articulate with which of these bones?

Lacrimal

What molecule released from vascular walls causes positive remodeling in a manner that overcomes injury from Metabolic Syndrome?

NO (nitric oxide)

An EPSP results when a neurotransmitter binds to what kind of ion channel?

Na+

When a physiological system's end product can turn off or inhibit the system, what kind of homeostasis is this?

Negative feedback

Synthesis and release of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) are regulated by which of these?

Negative feedback homeostasis

Which lobe of the brain contains the visual perceptual cortex?

Occipital

The precentral gyrus contains what important brain function?

Primary motor cortex

The postcentral gyrus contains what important brain functions?

Primary somatosensory cortex

According to our Cardiovascular Diabetology handout and discussion, what causes AGEs (advanced glycosylated endproducts that form in vascular walls):

Prolonged hyperglycemia

The instructor listed seven items/categories of essential nutrients for cellular metabolism including all of these except:

Protein

What specialized nucleic acid molecules bring individual amino acids to the ribosome for peptide synthesis?

RNA

Projection fibers make up what pathways?

Radiating from thalamus to cortex and traveling from cortex and out of cerebrum down through the internal capsule

Which muscle has its origin on the anterior inferior iliac spine?

Rectus femoris

In what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

S phase of Interphase

Name a muscle whose tendon forms the medial boundary of the popliteal region.

Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus together

Hamstring muscles mainly function to:

Strongly flex the knee and weekly extend the hip

T or F: By changing all of the instructor's lecture statements into questions, one has managed to see a significant portion of the test before it was given.

T

T or F: Is it possible to view at least some part of the sphenoid bone from the anterior, lateral and inferior views of the skull?

T

Our autonomic NS handout showed that cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic fibers resided in what CNS location?

T1-L2 spinal lateral horns

The dermatome at the umbilicus is innervated by which spinal nerve?

T10

The dermatome at the nipples is innervated by which spinal nerve?

T4

The mandible forms a joint with which other bones of the skull?

Temporal

Through its arch process, the zygomatic bone articulates to which other bone?

Temporal

When you pass a midsagittal plane through the skull, which bone will not be touched by it?

Temporal

The occipital bone articulates with which bone?

Temporal and parietal

Which muscle is not innervated by the femoral nerve?

Tensor fascia lata

The lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle are formed by the

Thalamus

Where do all animals ultimately obtain their omega-3 fatty acids in the best possible ratio with omega-6 fatty acids?

The cell membranes of green plants

T or F: It is possible for an occipital lobe interneuron to synapse with a front lobe neuron allowing one to think about what one is looking at.

True

How many neurons long are the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS circuits leading to effectors?

Two

Cranial nerve #___ accounts for eye touch sensation while cranial nerve #___ accounts for some eye movements.

V/III

A blow to the head causes one eye to stop being able to look laterally (directly to the side), even though other eye can track medially in that direction. What cranial nerve is injured?

VI

Which cranial nerve does not innervate the tongue for sensory or motor purposes?

VI (abducens)

What cranial nerve does not supply the tongue for taste?

VIII

Which of the following is not one of the cranial nerves of the parasympathetic outflow?

VIII - vestibulocochlear

The motor unit is:

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it supplies

Simple columnar epithelium microvilli has a functional design for which?

absorption of nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine

What muscle abducts the 5th finger at the metacarpophylangeal joint?

abductor digiti minimi

What nerve innervates many of the infra hyoid muscles?

ansa cervicalis

Which nerve of the cervical plexus innervates some of the infra hyoid muscles?

ansa cervicalis

Any given skeletal muscle can be "extended" or elongated through the actions of its"

antagonist

Injury to the hippocampus causes which of these?

anterograde amnesia

Name a benefit that comes from increased endothelial nitric oxide (eNO):

anti-oxidant

When ribosomes "read" the transcription of a gene's worth of DNA, what is the immediate result?

both A and B (translation AND protein synthesis)

Triglycerides (fats and lipids) can be metabolized to what simpler constituents?

both A and D (glycerol, fatty acids)

The telencephalon represents which portions of the brain?

both B and D (thalamus AND cerebral hemispheres)

If you block adrenergic beta receptors, what result can be avoided?

both answers A and B (increased heart rate; increased blood pressure)

Which of the following would be considered a polysaccharide?

both starch and glycogen

What two muscles did we learn arise from the scapula's coracoid process?

brachialis/coracobrachialis

Reverberating circuits are exemplified by:

breathing

Which foods worked well to reduce disease in Dr. Li's research?

broccoli, blends of tea, berries, soy

Which of these muscles is not innervated by the mandibular nerve, CN V, division III?

buccinator

What do you call a synovial sac lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid and lying between two ligaments?

bursa

Which sympathetic outcome results when alpha-1 receptors are stimulated?

decreased GI motility and salivary flow

Pressing on the golgi tendon organ of a given muscle causes what change in muscle tone for that muscle?

decreases muscle tone

The neural process that conducts signals toward the neural cell body is called a:

dendrite

If the postsynaptic sodium channels were selectively opened (K+ channels remain closed) , what would be the result?

depolarization

The area of skin innervated by a pair of spinal nerves is called a:

dermatome

Name a location where dense irregular CT is found:

dermis of the skin

What type of cell junction stabilizes adjacent cells by long penetrating protein (keratin) filaments?

desmosomes

CSF returns to the venous blood via what means?

diffusion from arachnoid villi to superior sagittal dural sinus

Simple squamous epithelium has a functional design for which?

diffusion of cases, water, nutrient and waste molecules - lining of blood vessels

Binding to Beta-2 adrenergic receptors has what sympathetic effect?

dilates lung's bronchioles and arterioles

What is the sympathetic effect on the lungs/

dilates the bronchioles

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors reside on which sympathetic targets?

dilator pupillae (dilates pupils of the eye) and visceral organ blood vessels (constriction)

As one eats food, the intestines are in what relation to the stomach in the digestive pathway?

distal

Procedural or skills memory involves which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

The basal nuclei utilize which neurotransmitter associated with the midbrain's substantia nigra?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter's sufficiency causes Parkinson's disease and excess may cause schizophrenia?

dopamine

All sensory information enters which spinal cord gray matter?

dorsal horn

Which intrinsic hand muscle(s) arising from the metacarpal bones ABducts finger 2-5?

dorsal interossei

Kicking upward with your toes (toes moving upward) is required for kicking a soccer ball. This action is called:

dorsiflexion

The state purpose of mitosis in lecture was:

dosage regulation of DNA during cell division

Zygomaticus major and minor contribute to what action?

drawing mouth corners diagonally upward in smiling

Which of the following is a unique structural feature of skeletal muscle cells (only skeletal muscles have this)?

each cell is a multi-nucleated syncytium

Elastic cartilage is commonly found in the:

ear

Which glial cell lines the brain's CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) filled ventricles and moves the CSF with its cilia?

ependymal cells

Cerebrospinal fluid arises from what ventricular structures?

ependymal cells forming the choroid plexus

Hair follicles arise from from what skin layer?

epidermal stratum basale

Adrenergic receptors bind to what kind of neurotransmitter?

epinephrine

What neurotransmitter increases heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles during exercise, while decreasing blood flow to the gut?

epinephrine

Name the connective tissue that makes up the outer most portions of a large nerve:

epineurium

What is not a function of muscle?

erythropoiesis

Molecules which cannot be made within the cell by interconversions and must be provided by the diet in order to sustain life are called:

essential nutrients

Which of the following bones articulates with the vomer to form the perpendicular plate of the skull's septum?

ethmoid

In general the sympathetic system provides extra muscle tone for all of the following except:

food digestion

The CSF exits the 4th ventricle through which opening?

foramen of magendi and lushka

The CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) travels from each lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle via the:

foramen of monro

Which of the following bones utilizes endochondral ossification in its development?

humerus of the arm

The superficial flexors of the forearm share what common origin?

humerus' medial epicondyle

Which smooth glassy cartilage forms moveable joint surfaces and tracheal cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

In our U-tube diagram, water flowed down its diffusion gradient diluting the side with non-penetrating solutes and caused the water level there to rise. Equilibrium resulted when the water's osmotic force was balanced by what other force?

hydrostatic pressure

What causes the reduced blood flow and tissue death in the above disease state?

hyperglycemia

Oxidative stress (tissue death from not enough oxygen) in metabolic syndrome is caused by:

hyperglycemia leading to AGEs

If the postsynaptic K+ channels were selectively opened (Na+ channels remain closed), what would be the result?

hyperpolarity

Muscles that insert onto the tongue and move it are innervated by:

hypoglossal

Name a cranial nerve that does NOT arise from the post-olivary sulcus of the medulla.

hypoglossal

The genioglossus, styloglossus and hypoglossus muscles are innervated by which nerve?

hypoglossal

Which nerve resides in the hypoglossal canal?

hypoglossal

Your text refers to which structure as the "boss" of the autonomic nervous system (highest regulation)?

hypothalamus

A solution that causes a cell to osmotically swell in size has what tonicity?

hypotonic

What is the primary hip flexor?

iliopsoas

Which lower extremity bone articulates (forms a joint) with the axial skeleton?

ilium

If someone pulls your left arm away from your body, all adductor and flexor muscle spindle receptors will experience stretch. so all of those adductors and flexors will reflexively do what?

increase muscle tone

In the above question what will right arm extensors and abductors experience?

increase muscle tone

How would one improve endothelial nitric oxide release in the endothelial matrix?

increased aerobic activity

It was noted during lecture that during sleep we have increased parasympathetic tone useful for:

increased peristalsis in the G.I. tract

When an action potential jumps quickly from node to node on a myelinated axon, what is accomplished?

increased speed of impulse

You divide your patient's body into two parts along a transverse plane through her acromial region. Her inguinal region is in which part of her body?

inferior

What is the midbrain structure that allows for the startle reflex from sounds?

inferior colliculus

Name the bones that is paired, found inside the nasal cavity, is known to provide turbulence for warming and humidifying air during breathing, and it arises from (articulates to) the maxilla bone.

inferior nasal conchae

Parasympathetic tone has what effect on heart rate?

inhibitory (maintains resting rate)

The brachium is in what relation to the hand and shoulder?

intermediate

Which is not one of the bones used by the three named foot arches to touch the ground?

intermediate cuneiform

Cranial nerves VII and VIII living in which skull opening in life?

internal acoustic meatus

The facial nerve, CN VII, passes through which skull opening?

internal acoustic meatus

Basal nuclei form both sides of what tight passageway for projection fibers?

internal capsule

The carotid canal transmits which structure?

internal carotid artery

Fibrocartilage makes up what important feature?

intervertebral discs between vertebrae and joint of the pubic symphysis

Spinal nerves are very short and branch immediately into anterior and posterior rami. The spinal nerves reside where?

intervertebral foramena

Spinal nerves are very short and branch immediately into anterior and posterior rami. The spinal nerves reside where?

intervertebral formena

What disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose is common in milk?

lactose

The bony portion of the vertebra which joins the spinous process to the transverse process is called a:

lamina

Name the star-shaped cell which migrates through the epidermal layers and acts as a macrophage:

langerhans

90% of right-handed northern European men and only 40% of their female counterparts have what brain function lateralized to the left side of their brains?

language

After stimulating a motor unit's contraction but prior to the period of increased muscle tension, there's a period in which contraction takes up slack in the CT but applies no force to the load. This is called:

latent period

The cheek is in what relation to the nose?

lateral

What tarsal bone articulates with the third metatarsal?

lateral cuneiform

Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic nerves reside in what CNS gray matter?

lateral horn spinal cord levels T1 to L2

The pectoral major can act on the shoulder joint in all of these ways except:

lateral rotation

Teres major shares a tendinous insertion with which large muscle?

latissimus dorsi

Name the ligament that supports the vertebral column along the posterior aspect of the vertebral canal:

ligamentum flavum

A celery stick placed in a hypertonic solution (such as a salty, spicy salad dressing) will become:

limp

The ground substance of the CT proper (areolar, dense reg. and irreg. CT) is ____, while that of cartilage is _____.

liquid/solid

There are large amounts of smooth ER in the tissues of what organ specializing in detoxification as well as lipid metabolism?

liver

What nerve serves the serrates anterior?

long thoracic

The dermal papillary layer is closest to the epidermis and contains:

lots of capillaries for nourishing epidermis

The lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord represents extra neural cell bodies and connections for serving what part of the anatomy?

lower extremity

In lab we noted that diabetes I and II cause reduced blood flow and tissue death most readily to which areas?

lower limbs, kidneys and retinas

Which of the following represents a secondary spinal curve that we are born with?

lumbar

Which feature was not found inside of the Haversian or central canal of compact bone as drawn on the board in lecture:

lymph node

Slow oxidative fibers have all of the following characteristics except:

many mitochondria

Sternocleidomastoid has which insertion?

mastoid process

In connective tissues the primary cell of the tissue produces what part of the tissue?

matrix consisting of fibers and ground substance

You need to do a root canal on your patient's upper right canine. What branch of trigeminal will you anesthetize?

maxillary

The maxilla's infraorbital foramen transmits which structure?

maxillary nerve

The foramen rotundum transmits which structure?

maxillary nerve (CN V, div II)

A graph on the handout showed a Norwegian study. In the graph mortality rates from 1940 to 1945 during WWII dropped precipitously due to a lack of what ingredients int he Norwegian diet?

meat, butter and dairy products

The tibia is mainly in what relation to the fibula?

medial

The median nerve is formed by the branches of which cords?

medial and lateral

Which of the tarsal bones articulates with metatarsal number one?

medial cuneiform

2nd order neurons transmitting touch from the hand or the foot travel in which medulla oblongata white matter tract?

medial lemniscus

The origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle when flexing the head is:

medial third of the clavicle and sternum

Most of the anterior forearm muscles are innervated by what nerve that also runs through the carpal tunnel?

median

The lumbrical that moves finger #2 is innervated by which nerve?

median

Which nerve goes through the carpal tunnel?

median

Name the receptor type employed by sweat glands to stimulate their secretion?

muscarinic cholinergic

REM sleep has which features unique from other stages of sleep?

muscle paralysis, dreaming

Brachialis has what innervation?

musculocutaneous

The skin overlying the anterior elbow in anatomical position is innervated by the:

musculocutaneous

A muscle fiber that relies upon aerobic metabolism will also have the most of which of the following items?

myoglobin and mitochondria

The sphenoid bones does not articulate (form a joint) with which of the following bones?

nasal and lacrimal

What tarsal bone articulates with the talus bone but none of the metatarsals?

navicular

What is the parasympathetic effect on the sweat glands during hot weather?

no effect - sweat glands are sympathetic

Which of the following is NOT a possible sign of Bell's Palsy (Facial Nerve deficit)?

no touch sensation to one side of face

Which stratum or layer of the epidermis contains a vast network of arteries and veins?

none of these, the epidermis is avascular

What nerve innervates adductor braves and other medial compartment muscles?

obturator

The coronal suture is formed by all of these bones except:

occipital

Which of the following is not a structure in the limbic system?

occipital lobe's primary visual cortex

Which cranial nerve causes the eye's iris muscle to contract and constrict the pupil?

occulomotor

Which of the following is not a feature of the humerus?

olecranon process

What glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocyte

What event mainly causes the action potential's repolarization?

opening of K+ channels

Which event initiates the depolarization event leading to action potential?

opening of sodium channels

What muscle helps the 5th finger touch the thumb?

opponens digiti minimi

The thumb's carpometacarpal joint allows the thumb which "special" action with respect to the other fingers?

opposition

The synovial joint between vertebral superior and inferior processes has what structural type?

planar

Which is not one of the three named foot arches?

plantar's midsagittal

Rising up on your toes (toes moving downward) is required during running, jumping. This action is called:

plantarflexion

All of the following are smooth ER functions except:

polypeptide synthesis

What is the main activity of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

polypeptide synthesis

The cerebellum's middle cerebral peduncle receives one-way communication advising the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities. The synaptic relay for this information is from the:

pontine nuclei

Name the ligament that supports the vertebral column along the anterior aspect of the vertebral canal.

posterior longitudinal ligament

All gray rami contain what sympathetic neural structures?

postganglionic fibers

All white rami contain what specific neural structures?

preganglionic fibers

In the hierarchy of motor control, what is the highest recommend level of all the circuitry?

programs of the cerebellum and basal nuclei (Kobe Bryant and Nastia Liukin software)

Name another benefit that comes from increased endothelial nitric oxide (eNO):

promotes vasodilation of vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle

Which muscle innervated by the median nerve originates on the medial epicondyle, inserts onto the radial shaft and causes the radius bone to swivel around the ulna in a medial rotation?

pronator teres

Which of the following is not an essential nutrient for cellular life?

protein

What was wrong with having advanced glycosylated end products and endothelial matrix alterations?

reduced diffusion of nutrients and wants at tissues level

If someone in front of you pulls hard on your right wrist towards them (away from you), you can use the crossed extensor reflex by reflexively pulling your right wrist back toward yourself and doing what with your left hand?

pushing forward with it and hitting or pushing away your opponent

Name the feature in which the projection fibers in the medulla cross over to innervate contralateral musculature:

pyramidal decussation

You tap the patellar ligament causing a stretch reflex that increases the tone in what muscle group while inhibiting the muscle tone in what muscle group?

quadriceps/hamstrings

Consider the nerve which innervates muscles that extend the wrist. What nerve innervates posterior wrist skin?

radial

Extensor carpi radialis brevis has what innervation?

radial

The brachial plexus' posterior cord ends by branching into the axillary nerve and what other nerve?

radial

The posterior forearm muscles are innervated by what brachial plexus nerve?

radial

Biceps brachii inserts onto what bony process?

radial tuberosity

Which more lateral bone of the forearm must circle around a more medial bone in order to close the carry angle in the previous question?

radius

As sleep deepens, what muscular activity increases?

rate of digestive muscle peristalsis

Name the best antagonist to the actions of the biceps femoris..

rectus femoris

Your patient's head injury caused a fracture and internal bleeding. Her eye on the injured side has stopped being action potentials in the eye's orbit?

sella turcica

Action potentials leading toward the central nervous system are what kind of impulses?

sensory

Name the currently famous neurotransmitter whose activity is blocked by LSD, whose activity is enhanced by the drug Ecstasy (MDMA) and whose repute is blocked by Prozac in order to relieve anxiety and depression?

serotonin

The parasympathetic system provides increased muscle tone for all of the following except:

sexual climax or orgasm

What bodily function represents harmonious and complimentary (not antagonistic) parasympathetic and sympathetic NS function?

sexual cycle

Which action does the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles have in comm?

side to side grinding

The lecture described a fluid mosaic model for understanding membranes which surround the cell and the internal organelles. The fluidity or flexibility of the model is enhanced by cholesterol and essential fatty acids described as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. While industrially raised beef and other meats have a 1:15 or so ratio of o-3 to o-6, what ratio would be better for the best human health?

something that approaches 1:1 or 1:2

The pterygoid processes are feature of what skull bone?

sphenoid

What is the origin of the pterygoid muscles?

sphenoid's pterygoid plates

Which of the following represents a primary spinal curve that we are born with?

spinal and thoracic

Name the CNS location for parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies for all ANS functions for the descending colon on down through the pelvic organs and lower extremity.

spinal cord S2-S4 intermedia-lateral cell column

The middle meningeal artery passes through which foramen?

spinosum

Which stratum or layer of the epidermis contains spiny or "prickle cells" held together by visible monofilaments of desmosomes?

spinosum

Your text indicates that night terrors and sleep walking may occur in what stage or period of sleep?

stage 4

In our 2nd example of positive feedback homeostasis, stomach digestion, what turned off the homeostatic system?

stomach emptying

The upper extremity has only one articulation with the axial skeleton at which joint?

sternoclavicular

Accessory nerve innervates which muscle?

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Converging circuits (stimuli from multiple sources) are exemplified by:

stimulation from sight of a loved one's face, from sounds of their voice, from their familiar scent

The temporal bone has which of the following processes?

styloid & mastoid

The temporal bone has which of the following features?

styloid process

Which of the following is not a bony feature of the spheroid bone?

styloid process

What anatomical structures pass through the triangular space formed between the anterior and middle scalene?

subclavian artery and brachial plexus

The nerve which innervates the lacrimal gland also innervates which other gland?

submandibular gland

What midbrain structure produces dopamine?

substantia nigra

One molecule of glucose bonded to one molecule of fructose equals what popular and commonly used disaccharide?

sucrose

In general, skin has what "relationship" to bones?

superficial

A sympathetic preganglionic giber arising from T1 spinal nerve must synapse where in order to innervate the eye?

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

What is the midbrain structure that allows for tracking reflexes for our vision?

superior colliculus

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors reside on which sympathetic targets?

sweat glands

What a tarsal bone forms the ankle with the tibia and fibula?

talus

All of the following bones are single and not paired except:

temporal

The internal and external acoustic meatuses are both features on which bones?

temporal

Which of the following bones does not have a process which contributes some part to form the orbit of the eye?

temporal

Which lobe of the brain has cortical regions for hearing, smell and taste?

temporal and insula

What muscle inserts onto the mandibular coronoid process and elevates the mandible?

temporalis

Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist with master?

temporalis

Dense regular connective tissue forms what structures?

tendons

All of the following muscles have tendons which contribute to the shoulder's rotator cuff except:

teres major

Your somatosensory association area has a cortex that holds memories of

textures and things you have touched

2nd order neurons carrying touch signals from the hand synapse with 3rd order neurons at the:

thalamus

What famous diencephalon structure receives impulses from all sensory inputs and distributes the sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex?

thalamus

The lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle are formed by the:

thalamus and upper hypothalamus

According to Hilton's law, any nerve that innervates a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates...what?

that joint and the skin overlying that joint

According to Hilton's law, any nerve that innervates a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates:

that joint and the skin overlying that joint

In the above process, macrophages will clean the injury site how far away?

the entire axon distal to the injury site is degraded

Why did the fish taste so good?

the fish lived in extremely pure water without pollutants

According to your text which brain waves are commonly seen in wakeful children but only found in sleeping adults?

theta

Post-synaptic neural membranes must depolarize beyond what point to arrive at an all-or-nothing action potential?

threshold potential

The most lateral part of the body in anatomical position is/are the:

thumbs

Biceps femoris' tendon of insertion forms the lateral boundary of the popliteal region where this muscle flexes the knee. Name the nerve according to Hilton's law that innervates the skin overlying the popliteal region behind the knee.

tibial

Muscles of the foot are mainly innervated by what nerve?

tibial

The sciatic nerve emerges from under piriformis and ends by dividing into the common fibular and what other nerve?

tibial

What nerve innervates semitendinosus?

tibial

Which nerve innervates posterior compartment leg muscles and the sole of the foot?

tibial

The main function of carbohydrates in the body is:

to provide energy

What functions are NOT included in CN VII and CN VIII repertoire of functions?

toothache sensation

When one gene's worth of DNA is copied by RNA, this is called:

transcription

When one polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome this is called:

translation

Cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebra due to what feature in each of them?

transverse foramina & bifid spinous process

The pollen's metacarpal articulates with which carpal bone to form a saddle-shaped joint?

trapezium

What muscle elevates the scapula?

trapezius and levator scapulae

Name the carpal bone that articulates with metacarpal #2 associates with the 2nd finger, indicus:

trapezoid

A megrim of successive muscle twitches (using stimuli of the same intensity) shows that the 2nd, 3rd, 4th twitches each provide greater tension than each previous twitch. This is called:

treppe: staircase effect

The supraorbital notch, infraorbital foramen and mental foramen all transmit branches of what famous cranial nerve?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of mastication?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve does NOT control a parasympathetic activity such as heart rate, rate of breathing, salivation, tear production, pupil size in response to light, and lens thickness in response to focus?

trigeminal

Which specific nerve innervates the tongue to let you know how a food "feels" in the mouth (like if it's soft or crunchy)?

trigeminal, mandibular branch

Brachialis inserts onto what bony process?

ulnar tuberosity

How did Dr. Li propose to achieve his aims?

use foods that reduce angiogenesis

Name a cranial nerve that arises from the post-olivary sulcus of the medulla:

vagus

The dermal reticular layer is composed largely of what sort of fibroblast secretion ____ and thus what connective tissue proper type ____?

woven collagen bundles/dense irregular CT

The origin of the masseter muscle is the:

zygomatic arch