BIO 210- Human Skeleton (206 bones)

Sphenoid bone (1)

Definition: The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit.

How many phalanges do we have in total on the foot?

28

How many phalanges do we have on one side?

28

How many auditory ossicles do we have in total?

6

How many cranial bones do we have in total?

8

Sqaumous suture- Temporal bone

Definition: The squamosal suture, or squamous suture, arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal bone: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture.

Stapes (2)

Definition: The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear.

Radius (2)

Definition: The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.

Sagittal suture- Parietal bones

Definition: The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.

Axis (2)

Definition: The second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. By the atlanto-axial joint, it forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates. Allows the head to move left and right.

Vomer (Facial bones)

Definition: The small thin bone separating the left and right nasal cavities in humans and most other vertebrates.

Ischium

Definition: The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis.

Sella turcica (Sphenoid bone)

A depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland. Saddle shaped portion.

Are the cranial bones located on the Axial Skeleton or Appendicular Skelenton?

Axial Skeleton

Distal Phalanges (10): (I-V)

Definition: The distal phalanges are one of three types of finger bones. The human hand and wrist are comprised of three different bone groups.

Pterygoid processes

Consists of both lateral and medial pterygoid plates. The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid (from Greek pteryx, pterygos, "wing"), one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and the greater wings of the sphenoid bone unite.

Frontal bone (1)

Definition: *The bone that forms the front part of the skull and the upper part of the eye sockets. *Either of the pair of bones from which the frontal bone is formed by fusion in infancy.

Parietal bones (2)

Definition: A bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull.

Zygomatic process- Temporal bone

Definition: A projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma.

Lacrimals (Facial bones)

Definition: A small bone forming part of the eye socket.

Coccyx (1)

Definition: A small, triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae. Composed of 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae. Also known as the tailbone.

Sacrum (1)

Definition: A triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis. Composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae.

Scapula (2)- paired upper extremities- appendicular skeleton

Definition: Also known as shoulder bone, shoulder blade or wing bone) is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).

Olfactory foramina

Definition: Also known as the cribriform foramina is the grouping of holes located on the cribriform plate. Ethmoid bone Location: Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Function: Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity.

Ethmoid bone (1)

Definition: An unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits.

Metacarpals (10): (I, II, III, IV, V)

Definition: Any of the five bones of the hand.

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Definition: Consist of five individual cylindrical bones that form the spine in the lower back. These vertebrae carry all of the upper body's weight while providing flexibility and movement to the trunk region.

Occipital condyle- Occipital bone

Definition: Each of two rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra.

Pubis

Definition: Either of a pair of bones forming the two sides of the pelvis.

2 Pairs of floating ribs

Definition: Floating rib: One of the last two ribs. A rib is said to be "floating" if it does not attach to the sternum (the breast bone) or to another rib.

Palatine process

Definition: In human anatomy of the mouth, the palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), is a thick, horizontal process of the maxilla. It forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate, the horizontal plate of the palatine bone making up the rest.

7 Pairs of true ribs

Definition: In humans there are normally 12 pairs of ribs. The first seven pairs are attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages and are called true ribs.

External occipital protuberance- Occipital bone

Definition: Near the middle of the squamous part of occipital bone is the external occipital protuberance, the highest point of which is referred to as the inion. The inion is the most prominent projection of the protuberance which is located at the posterioinferior (lower rear) part of the human skull.

Squamous portion (temporal squama)- Temporal bone

Definition: Outer surface. (Squamous part is visible at top left.) The squamous part of temporal bone, or temporal squama, forms the front and upper part of the temporal bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.

Metatarsals (10) : (I-V)

Definition: Part of the bones of the mid-foot and are tubular in shape.

Cervical vertebrae (7)

Definition: Position of human cervical vertebrae (shown in red). It consists of 7 bones, from top to bottom, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7.

Proximal Phalanges (10) : (I-V)

Definition: Proximal phalanges (foot) are the largest bones in the toe. They form the base of the toe and are a separate bone from the middle phalanges (the center bones in the toes) and the distal phalanges (the bones at the tip of the toes).

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Definition: The 12 thoracic vertebrae are situated between the cervical (neck) vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae are represented by the symbols T1 through T12. The thoracic vertebrae provide attachment for the ribs and make up part of the back of the thorax (the chest).

5 Pairs of false ribs

Definition: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs— false ribs—do not join the sternum directly but are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage.

Supraorbital foramen- Frontal bones

Definition: The Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone

Alveolar process (Maxillae)

Definition: The alveolar bone (/ælˈviːələr/) (alveolar process) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxillae and the mandible.

Maxillary bones/maxillae (Facial bones)

Definition: The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. Each maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones). Each maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities: the roof of the mouth. the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

Occipital bone (1)

Definition: The bone that forms the back and base of the skull, and through which the spinal cord passes.

Fibula (2)

Definition: The calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below.

Carotid foramen- Temporal bones

Definition: The carotid canal is the passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck. The canal starts on the inferior surface of the temporal bone at the external opening of the carotid canal (also referred to as the carotid foramen).

Carpals (16)- paired upper extremities- appendicular skeleton

Definition: The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm.

Clavicle (2)- paired upper extremities- appendicular skeleton

Definition: The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.

Cribriform plate

Definition: The cribriform plate is a sieve-like structure. Location: Between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Function: It is a part of ethmoid bone and supports the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory fossa.

Crista galli

Definition: The crista galli (Latin: "crest of the rooster") is the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, which rises above the cribriform plate. Ethmoid bone. Location: Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Function- (in sinus system) transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell.

External auditory meatus- Temporal bones

Definition: The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus. A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) in length and 0.7 centimetres (0.3 in) in diameter.

Frontal sinus- Frontal bones

Definition: The frontal sinuses are situated behind the brow ridges.

Coxal bones/ Os ocoxa (2) -paired lower extremities

Definition: The hip bone ( pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below.

Foramen magnum- Occipital bone

Definition: The hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Humerus (2)- paired upper extremities- appendicular skeleton

Definition: The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow joint and the shoulder. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna, as the forearm's radial bone connects to the wrist. At the shoulder, the humerus connects to the frame of the body via the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Hyoid bone (1) - Bones associated with the skull

Definition: The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind.

Ilium

Definition: The ilium is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.

Inferior nasal conchae (2)

Definition: The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll.

Inferior turbinate/nasal concha (Facial bones)

Definition: The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll.

Infraorbital foramen

Definition: The infraorbital vessels are found in the inferior orbital fissure, and travel down the infraorbital groove into the infraorbital canal and exit through the infraorbital foramen. Inferior division of ophthalmic vein passes through the inferior orbital fissure. It is formed by the sphenoid bone and maxilla.

Tibia (2)

Definition: The inner and larger of the two bones of the lower leg in vertebrates.

Internal auditory meatus- Temporal bones

Definition: The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear.

Jugular foramen- Occipital bone

Definition: The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull.

Lacrimal bones (2)

Definition: The lacrimal bone is the smallest bone in the face; about the size of the little fingernail. It is at the front of the inside wall of the eye socket. The lacrimal bone is involved in crying. It is part of the tear duct, where tears drain from the eye.

Mandible bone (1)

Definition: The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla.

Mandibular fossa

Definition: The mandibular fossa is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible. In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded anteriorly by the articular tubercle and posteriorly by the tympanic portion of the temporal bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus.

Maxillary Sinus

Definition: The maxillary sinus is one of the four paranasal sinuses, which are sinuses located near the nose. The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. The two maxillary sinuses are located below the cheeks, above the teeth and on the sides of the nose.

Inferior orbital fissure (Maxillae)

Definition: The medial wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve and the ascending branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Middle Phalanges (8): (II-V)

Definition: The middle phalanges (foot) are some of the smaller long bones that form the toes of the feet.

Middle Phalanges (8): (II-V)

Definition: The middle phalanges (hand), also known as the intermediate phalanges, are bones located in the fingers.

Nasal bones (2)

Definition: The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, the bridge of the nose.

Nasal bones (Facial bones)

Definition: The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, the bridge of the nose.

Palatine bones (2)

Definition: The palatine bone is a paired, L-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal cavity and hard palate. It is located between the maxilla and sphenoid bone.

Petrous portion- Temporal bone

Definition: The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones.

Proximal Phalanges (10): (I-V)

Definition: The proximal phalanges are those that are closest to the hand or foot. The thumb and large toe do not possess a middle phalanx. The distal phalanges are the bones at the tips of the fingers or toes.

Styloid process- Temporal bone

Definition: The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx.

Tarsals (14)

Definition: The tarsal bones articulate with the bones of the metatarsus, a group of five long bones located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (toe bones). The tarsus meets the ankle joint above, which connects to the tibia and fibula bones of the leg.

Temporal bone (2)

Definition: The temporal bone is one of two bones that form parts of the sides and base of the cranium.

Ulna (2)-paired upper extremities- appendicular skeleton

Definition: The thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb.

Coronal suture- Parietal bones

Definition: The transverse suture in the skull separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones.

Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)

Definition: The upper jaw bone that supports the upper teeth and forms part of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.

Perpendicular plate

Definition: The vertical part (perpendicular plate) of the palatine bone is thin, of an oblong form, and presents two surfaces and four borders. Location: Descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or the other side.

Vomer bone (1)

Definition: The vomer is a small, thin, plow-shaped, midline bone that occupies and divides the nasal cavity.

Zygomatic bones (2)

Definition: The zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone.

Temporal Process - Zygomatic bones (Facial bones)

Definition: The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone. This bone feature forms the other half of the zygomatic arch.

Femur (2)

Definition: Your thighbone (femur) is the longest and strongest bone in your body.

Incus (2)

Definition: a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes

Malleus (2)

Definition: a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.

Patella (2)

Definition: also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

Atlas (1)

Definition: the topmost vertebra of the backbone, articulating with the occipital bone of the skull. Located at cervical vertebra #1. Allows head to move up and down.

Mastoid process- Temporal bone

Defintion: A conical prominence of the temporal bone behind the ear, to which neck muscles are attached, and which has air spaces linked to the middle ear.

Sphenoidal sinus (Sphenoid bone)

Each of the paired sphenoidal sinuses (components of the paranasal sinuses) is contained within the body of the sphenoid. They vary in size and shape and owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. They cannot be palpated during an extraoral examination.

Greater wings (Sphenoid bone)

Greater wing is the larger of two wing-like lateral extensions that arise from the sides of the sphenoid body.

Distal Phalanges (10): (I-V)

The distal phalanges articulate with the intermediate phalanges, which are joined to the proximal phalanges.

Ethmoidal sinuses

The ethmoidal sinuses or ethmoidal air cells of the ethmoid bone are one of the four paired paranasal sinuses. They are variable in both size and number of small cavities in the lateral mass of each of the ethmoid bones and cannot be palpated during an extraoral examination. FRAME EVERY SINGLE MEMORY

Lamboidal suture- Occipital bone

The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone. It is continuous with the occipitomastoid suture.

Lesser wings (Sphenoid bone)

The lesser wings of the sphenoid or orbito-sphenoids are two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points. In some animals they remain as separate bones called orbitosphenoids.

Middle turbinate/nasal concha

The middle turbinate is that part of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone which projects from the external wall of the nasal cavity, continuous anteriorly with the lateral mass and separated from its posterior portion by a space known as the inferior ethmoidal fissure.

Optic foramen -canal (Sphenoid bone)

The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The canal is located in the sphenoid bone; it is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of the sphenoid. Holes beneath the lesser wings.

Sternum (1)

The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.

Superior orbital fissure (Sphenoid bone)

The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Bigger opening behind eye socket further from nose.