Bio 210 Test 3 Practice ch. 12, 13, 14, 15
A bipolar neurons has a. two axons extending from the cell body. b. two dendrites extending from the cell body. c. one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body. d. a single short process that extends from the cell body and then splits into a peripheral and a central branch.
C.
A patient with damage to the _____________ will very likely have difficulty in forming new memories. a. inferior cerebellar peduncles b. olfactory bulbs c. hippocampus d. primary somatosensory cortex
C.
A monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length is a _____ reflex. a. withdrawal b. stretch c. flexor d. hypoactive e. Golgi tendon
B.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron. a. somatic motor b. autonomic motor c. somatic sensory d. visceral sensory
B.
A patient has acquired damage to the vasomotor center within the medulla oblongata. This patient will likely have difficulty with a. processing sound information. b. regulating blood pressure. c. voluntarily movements of the eyes. d. regulation of breathing.
B.
As an axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate, it generally branches repeatedly into several a. neurolemmocytes. b. telodendria. c. dendrites. d. teloaxons. e. collateral axons.
B.
Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are a. motor neurons. b. interneurons. c. sensory neurons. d. bipolar neurons. e. unipolar neurons.
B.
Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron. a. unipolar b. multipolar c. bipolar d. pseudounipolar
B.
Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell. d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell. e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell. a. a, c, b, d, e b. a, b, d, e, c c. a, b, e, d, c d. c, b, d, e, a e. c, a, b, d, e
B.
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along a. myelinated axons. b. unmyelinated axons. c. axons in the CNS. d. axons in the PNS. e. dendrites.
B.
Damage to the pineal gland would likely have the most impact on a. voluntary muscle contraction. b. the sleep-wake cycle. c. comprehension of speech. d. processing of visual information.
B.
Difficulty comprehending speech may indicate a problem with the a. primary olfactory cortex. b. Wernicke area. c. somatosensory association area. d. motor speech area.
B.
More cortical space is dedicated to areas of the body that are more sensitive. This best describes the a. primary gustatory cortex. b. primary somatosensory cortex. c. primary auditory cortex. d. primary motor cortex.
B.
Most commonly, a synapse is made between a a. presynaptic neuron's axon hillock and a postsynaptic neuron's cell body. b. presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite. c. presynaptic neuron's dendrite and a postsynaptic membrane's cell body. d. presynaptic neuron's soma and a postsynaptic neuron's synaptic knob.
B.
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the a. central nervous system. b. peripheral nervous system. c. central and peripheral nervous systems.
B.
The Golgi tendon reflex a. prevents muscles from contracting. b. prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively. c. helps to gain balance through a complex series of muscular contractions. d. aids in sending sensory information to the muscles. e. helps to overcome pain.
B.
The cerebral cortex is a region of the brain containing ____________ matter. a. white b. gray
B.
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the a. microglial cell. b. oligodendrocyte. c. ependymal cell. d. astrocyte. e. neurolemmocyte.
B.
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division. a. somatic motor b. somatic sensory c. autonomic motor d. visceral sensory
B.
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus a. equine. b. medullaris. c. finalis. d. caudalis. e. sacralis.
B.
This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole. a. Genitofemoral nerve b. Tibial nerve c. Obturator nerve d. Deep fibular nerve e. Femoral nerve
B.
This structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord. a. Denticulate ligaments b. Gray commissure c. White commissure d. Lateral commissure e. Posterior commissure
B.
What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS? a. Oligodendrocyte b. Astrocyte c. Microglial cell d. Neurolemmocyte e. Ependymal cell
B.
What midbrain structure is a visual reflex center? a. Cerebral peduncles b. Superior colliculi of the tectal plate c. Red nucleus d. Inferior colliculi of the tectal plate
B.
What structure is essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory? a. Substantia nigra b. Hippocampus c. Thalamus d. Cerebellum
B.
When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron, a. calcium is pumped into the neuron and neurotransmitter diffuses out through channels. b. calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. c. calcium is released from the neuron along with neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. d. calcium and neurotransmitter diffuse into the synaptic knob. e. calcium is immediately pumped out of the neuron and vesicles of neurotransmitter undergo phagocytosis.
B.
Where are synaptic knobs located? a. At the ends of dendrites b. At the tips of telodendria c. Within the cell body d. At the axon hillock e. Along axon collaterals
B.
Where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly to the a. and superficial fibular nerves. b. tibial and common fibular nerves. c. femoral and obturator nerves. d. popliteal and sural nerves. e. deep femoral and tibial nerves.
B.
Which is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte? a. Each neurolemmocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously. b. Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon. c. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens. d. A neurolemmocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier. e. Neurolemmocytes function only within the CNS.
B.
Which of the following is not a role of astrocytes in the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier? a. Forms tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells b. Allows all medications to enter the brain tissue c. Produces enzymes to destroy toxic substances d. Produces carrier proteins and ion channels
B.
As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension? a. Mesencephalon b. Diencephalon c. Cerebrum d. Cerebellum
C.
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron. a. transmissive b. conductive c. receptive d. initial
C.
Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete a. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that are broadcast to excite and inhibit multiple targets. b. a specific neurotransmitter that always excites its target. c. a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target. d. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, all of which excite the cell's target. e. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that all work to prevent another immediate impulse.
C.
Potassium has a higher concentration a. inside the cell versus outside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated inside versus outside the cell. b. outside the cell versus inside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration inside versus outside the cell. c. inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell. d. outside the cell versus inside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated outside versus inside the cell.
C.
Reflexes are described as a. pre-programmed and voluntary. b. slow and spontaneous. c. rapid and involuntary. d. spontaneous and self-initiating.
C.
The area of the brain that processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli and keeps us in a state of mental alertness is the a. frontal lobe. b. pons. c. reticular activating system (RAS). d. cerebral cortex.
C.
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the a. anterior funiculus. b. gray commissure. c. posterior root ganglion. d. posterior funiculus. e. anterior horn.
C.
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the a. epineurium. b. periosteum. c. perineurium. d. endoneurium. e. endosteum.
C.
The endoneurium is composed of a. dense irregular connective tissue. b. simple squamous epithelium. c. areolar connective tissue. d. pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium. e. dense regular connective tissue.
C.
The function of myelin is to a. provide points of attachment for nerve threads. b. block the transmission of a nerve impulse. c. produce faster nerve impulse propagation. d. produce slow but continuous impulse conduction.
C.
The glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS is the a. neurolemmocyte. b. oligodendrocyte. c. astrocyte. d. ependymal cell. e. microglial cell.
C.
The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus. a. cervical b. bronchiole c. brachial d. sciatic e. lumbar
C.
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division. a. visceral sensory b. somatic motor c. somatic sensory d. autonomic motor
C.
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the a. postcentral gyrus of the temporal lobe. b. gyrus of the parietal lobe. c. precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. d. singulate gyrus of the temporal lobe.
C.
The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the ___________ part. a. sacral b. lumbar c. cervical d. coccygeal e. thoracic
C.
What do all glial cells have in common? a. They absorb extra blood and cerebrospinal fluid. b. They transfer blood to the various neurons. c. They assist neurons in their respective functions. d. They help to transmit the nerve signals. e. They all attack pathogens.
C.
Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system? a. Unipolar neurons b. Motor neurons c. Bipolar neurons d. Interneurons e. Sensory neurons
D.
Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus? a. Dendrite b. Axon c. Axon hillock d. Soma e. Telodendrion
D.
Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue? a. Central canal b. Subdural space c. Subarachnoid space d. Epidural space e. Epiarachnoid space
D.
B.
This figure shows a cross section of a vertebra and the spinal cord. What structure does number 1 indicate? a. Central canal b. Epidural space c. Pia mater d. Dura mater e. Subarachnoid space
A mixed nerve is one that contains both a. sensory and motor neurons. b. presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. c. an endoneurium and an epineurium. d. cranial and spinal nerve fibers. unipolar and bipolar neurons.
A.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron. a. visceral sensory b. somatic sensory c. somatic motor d. autonomic motor
A.
A posterior root contains a. sensory axons only. b. autonomic nervous system axons. c. motor axons only. d. a mix of sensory and motor axons.
A.
At 4 weeks old, the embryonic forebrain is called the a. prosencephalon. b. mesencephalon. c. myelencephalon. d. rhombencephalon.
A.
In adults, the spinal cord is not the same length as the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within a. the thoracic vertebrae. b. the coccyx. c. the cauda equina. d. the cervical vertebrae. e. the sacrum.
A.
Releasing and inhibiting hormones, produced by the hypothalamus, are needed to control the a. anterior pituitary gland. b. epithalamus. c. subthalamus. d. posterior pituitary gland.
A.
The cerebral nucleus involved with emotions and mood is the a. amygdaloid body. b. caudate nucleus. c. claustrum. d. lentiform nucleus.
A.
The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to a. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath. b. the covering of ependymal cells. c. their proximity to white bone. d. their proximity to light-reflecting cartilage. e. the white color of the perivascular feet.
A.
The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior a. funiculus. b. peduncle. c. commissure. d. decussation.
A.
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain a. axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. b. axons of motor neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. c. autonomic motor neurons. d. axons of interneurons. e. axons of sensory and motor neurons.
A.
The thalamus a. serves as an information filter. b. secretes melatonin. c. is part of the basal nuclei. d. is connected to the pituitary gland.
A.
The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a a. channel. b. pump.
A.
There are _____ secondary brain vesicles. a. five b. four c. three d. six
A.
What type of neuroglial cell serves as the gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier by controlling what will get in and what will not get into neurons? a. Astrocytes b. Neurolemmocytes c. Ependymal cells d. Microglia e. Oligodendrocytes
A.
When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an a. EPSP. b. IPSP.
A.
When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in a. spatial summation. b. suprathreshold hyperpolarization. c. temporal summation. d. several action potentials.
A.
Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system? a. Transmits impulses from the viscera b. Involuntary control of the heart c. Transmits impulses to muscles and glands d. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle e. Conducts impulses from the CNS
A.
Which of the rami is much smaller than the other? a. The posterior ramus b. The anterior ramus
A.
When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron, a. potassium enters, depolarizing the cell to a positive value. b. potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a negative value. c. potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value. d. potassium exits, depolarizing the cell to an even more negative value. e. potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a positive value.
C.
Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum? a. Epithalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Thalamus
C.
Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses? a. Electrical synapses have a constant delay of 1 millisecond, but chemical synaptic delays vary between 0.1 and 0.3 millisecond. b. Transmission at electrical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but chemical synapses are faster. c. Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster. d. Transmission at both chemical and electrical synapses involves a synaptic delay of approximately 1 millisecond.
C.
Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte? a. Oligodendrocytes function only within the PNS. b. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens. c. Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously. d. Each oligodendrocyte can wrap only a 1-mm portion of a single axon. e. An oligodendrocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier.
C.
After reaching into her purse, a woman identifies an object based solely on its shape and texture. Which cortical region is highly involved with this action? a. Primary visual cortex b. Visual association area c. Primary olfactory cortex d. Somatosensory association area
D.
Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in a. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid. b. closure of voltage-gated calcium channels in the synaptic knob membrane. c. opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob. d. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob. e. opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid.
D.
As a neuron's refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from a. their resting state to their inactivated state. b. their resting state to their activated state. c. their activated state to their resting state. d. their inactivated state to their resting state.
D.
CSF leaves the subarachnoid space via the ____________ and enters the bloodstream. a. choroid plexuses b. lateral ventricles c. lateral apertures d. arachnoid villi
D.
Glial cells differ from neurons in that they a. transmit nerve impulses much more slowly. b. are larger and capable of meiosis. c. are found only in the CNS. d. are smaller and capable of mitosis. e. are found only in the PNS.
D.
In a mixed nerve a. chemical synapses occur along with electrical synapses. b. astrocytes are interspersed with ependymal cells. c. individual axons transmit both sensory and motor information. d. some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information.
D.
In most individuals, the left hemisphere a. is the seat of imagination. b. is good with patterns and spatial relationships. c. rarely communicates with the right hemisphere. d. is usually the categorical hemisphere.
D.
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of a. action potentials at the node of Ranvier. b. presynaptic hyperpolarizations. c. excitatory neurotransmitter molecules at a receptor. d. postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment. e. resting membrane potentials in a particular area of the brain.
D.
Located within the diencephalon is the _____________ ventricle. a. fourth b. second c. lateral d. third
D.
Sensory information from a painful stimulus on the skin will be received by the a. primary auditory cortex. b. primary visual cortex. c. primary motor cortex. d. primary somatosensory cortex.
D.
The ________________ of the midbrain is responsible for movement, emotional response, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain. a. caudate nucleus b. tegmentum c. cerebral aqueduct d. substantia nigra
D.
The electrochemical gradient refers to a. the resistance a membrane has to allowing any charged chemical to pass through it. b. the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. c. the difference in electrical charge between two areas. d. the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.
D.
The endoneurium is composed of a. simple squamous epithelium. b. dense regular connective tissue. c. dense irregular connective tissue. d. areolar connective tissue. e. pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium.
D.
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the a. oligodendrocyte. b. ependymal cell. c. microglial cell. d. neurolemmocyte. e. astrocyte.
D.
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged a. open state of voltage-gated sodium channels. b. closure of voltage-gated potassium channels. c. open state of chemically gated sodium channels. d. open state of voltage-gated potassium channels. e. closure of chemically gated sodium channels.
D.
The most direct effect of severing the corpus callosum would be that a. emotional problems would develop. b. the body would be paralyzed. c. visual reflexes would be lost. d. the cerebral hemispheres could not directly communicate.
D.
The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called a. visceral. b. afferents. c. stimuli. d. effectors.
D.
The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses. a. branchial b. mandibular c. radial d. cervical e. lumbar
D.
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the a. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. b. abdominal wall. c. major thoracic and abdominal organs. d. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. e. special senses.
D.
The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the a. voltage-gated calcium channel. b. voltage-gated potassium channel. c. voltage-gated chloride channel. d. voltage-gated sodium channel.
D.
When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an a. EPSP, which is a depolarization. b. EPSP, which is a hyperpolarization c. IPSP, which is a depolarization. d. IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
D.
Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer? a. Endoneurium → perineurium→ epineurium b. Epineurium → endoneurium→ perineurium c. Perineurium → epineurium→ endoneurium d. Epineurium → perineurium→ endoneurium e. Perineurium → endoneurium→ epineurium
D.
In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves. a. 40 b. 12 c. 51 d. 13 e. 31
E.
The cytoplasm within a cell body of a neuron is called the a. neurokaryon. b. chromatophilic substance. c. chromatophobic substance. d. soma. e. perikaryon.
E.
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the a. oligodendrocyte. b. neurolemmocyte. c. microglial cell. d. astrocyte. e. ependymal cell.
E.
Which is not a general function of the nervous system? a. No exceptions; all are general functions of the nervous system. b. Processing and evaluating information c. Collecting information d. Responding to information e. Transporting materials throughout the body
E.
Which of the following lists the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial? a. Trunks, divisions, rami, cords b. Cords, divisions, nerves, rami c. Ganglia, rami, nerves, terminals d. Rami, divisions, cords, trunks e. Rami, trunks, divisions, cords
E.
Which of these spinal nerve counts is incorrect? a. Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair b. Sacral nerves = 5 pairs c. Cervical nerves = 8 pairs d. Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs e. Thoracic nerves = 8 pairs
E.