Bio 211 Exam 4

_____ are the closest protist relative to land plants.

- Chara sp. - Charophyceans

Name a disease that evolves quickly and therefore it is difficult to develop a vaccine for.

- HIV - Common cold

Name one characteristic that viral classification is based on

- Nature of genetic material (DNA, RNA, single/double-stranded) -morphology -symptoms -host

List one way viruses transfer between hosts

- air - oral to fecal transfer - sexual contact - via a vector (mosquito)

Name on advantage fo seeds over spores

- allow for prolonged dormancy - resist desiccation - aid in disperal

Name one advantage of seeds over spores

- allow for prolonged dormancy - resist desiccation - aid in disperal

Name an advantage for Alteration of Generations in plants

- allows for more outcrossing because both spores and gametes can move

Name an advantage for Alternation of Generations in plants

- allows for more outcrossing because both spores and gametes can move

Name one characteristic of a virus

- have multiple origins - very very small - use other cells to replicate - use other cells for energy (ATP)

Plants faced challenges moving onto land, name one

- loss of water to atmosphere - support for areal tissues -movement of nutrientes from soil to tissues - reproduction in dry environment

Name the hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?

RNA world

name the hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?

RNA world

in alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from ____.

a zygote

Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation? a) through the air b) sexual contact c) oral to fecal transfer d) via a vector

a) through the air

Xylem transport materials ____ and phloem transport materials ____. a) up, down b) down, up

a) up,down

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? a) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves b) loss of structures that produce spores c) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells d) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves

a) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

The function of flower petals is to _____.

aid in attracting a pollinator

The following are advantages of a multicellular diploid generation EXCEPT: a) Increase in fitness b) Dependence on water c) More spores, therefore more gametophytes d) Many genetically variable haploid spores e) Wide dispersal

b) Dependence on water

Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants, but not charophytes (which are green algae)? a) Sporopollenin b) chlorophyll b c) chlorophyll a d) lignin e) cellulose

d) lignin

The following organisms are bryophytes, EXCEPT a) liverworts b) hornworts c) mosses d) lycopyta

d) lycopyta

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does this generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? a) meiosis b) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis c) binary fission d) mitosis e) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

d) mitosis

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? a) anther b) stamen c) ovary d) ovule e) fruit

d) ovule

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests____________. a) some plants arose from green algae and some plant species arose from brown algae b) that wind-pollinated plants arose first c) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats d) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

d) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

Name the hypothesis of viral origin where an organelle escapes a cell to become a virus?

degeneration

T/F: Angiosperm flower contain a archegonium

fasle

The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called

herd immunity

A plant that has both microspores and megaspores is

heterosporous

Which part of the flower develops into a fruit?

ovary

Plants use what type of metabolism??

photoautotrophy

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). - pollen nuclei - microsporangia - pollen cone - microspores - sporophyte

- sporophyte - pollen cone - microsporangia - microspores - pollen nuclei

Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?

- they are regenerated with forest fires

Put these vascular tissue in order based on their appearance in evolutionary time -vessel elements -water conducting cells lined with lignin - tracheids - water conducting cells lined with cellulose

- water conducting cells lined with cellulose - water conducting cells lined with lignin - tracheids - vessel elements

Name a disease that evolves quickly and therefore it is difficult to develop a vaccine for.

-common cold -HIV

In alteration of generations the spore is

Haploid (N)

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a) A large number of phages are released at a time b) The viral genome replicated without destroying the host c) Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced d) The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations e) Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome

a) A large number of phages are released at a time

Which of the following structures in a flower are considered male? a) Anther b) Stamen c) Sepal d) Stigma e) Ovary f) Filament

a) Anther b) Stamen f) filament

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? a) It lacks gametangia b) It undergoes alternation of generations c) It produces gametes by mitosis rather than meiosis d) It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium e) It produces seeds

a) It lacks gametangia

What adaptation reduce the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization? a) Pollen grains b) Sporophytes c) Seed d) Gametophytes

a) Pollen grains

Which one of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses? a) Small genome b) Slow evolution c) Large genome d) Slow replication

a) Small genome

Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are NON-living? a) They are not cellular b) They have RNA rather than DNA c) They lack genetic material d) They do not evolve e) Their DNA does not encode proteins

a) They are not cellular

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they have in common? a) They require water for reproduction b) are wind pollinated c) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae d) They are heterosporous

a) They require water for reproduction

Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines? a) Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus b) Vaccines are always made from attenuated viruses c) A vaccine boosts the overall activity of the immune system, making it better able to fight off all pathogens d) A vaccine is given once an individual has been infected, which causes competition with the infecting virus.

a) Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus

Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true? a) Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells b) Viruses always release an enzyme called a lysozyme that degrades the cell wall c) Viruses always recognize particular cell surface molecules that allow them to enter cells.

a) Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of the seed is primarily an adaption for dispersal rather than an adaption for infecting host plant tissues? It should________. a) be nutritious to the dispersing organism b) secrete enzymes that can digest bark c) be colored as to provide camoflage d) be drab in color e) contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit

a) be nutritious to the dispersing organism

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? a) fruits enclosing the seeds b) embryos enclosed in seed c) coats d) sperm cells without flagella e) dominant gametophytes f) wind pollination

a) fruits enclose the seeds

Which of the following flower parts develop into a fruit? a) ovary b) seed c) anther d) stamen e) ovule

a) ovary

In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________. a) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores b) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes c) sporophyte is haploid and produces spores d) spores unite to form a zygote e) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores

a) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________. a) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores b) spores unite to form a zygote c) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes d) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores e) sporophyte is haploid and produces spores

a) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses? a) Unlike enveloped viruses, non-enveloped viruses are too small to see with a light microscope b) Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not c) Non-enveloped viruses do not have unique shapes whereas enveloped viruses do d) Enveloped viruses have capsid whereas non-enveloped viruses do not.

b) Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not

Which of the following best describes why there is currently no vaccine for HIV? a) HIV is retrovirus b) HIV evolves very rapidly c) not enough researchers are studying HIV d) HIV contains no antigenic proteins in its envelope so no antibodies can be produced to attack them

b) HIV evolves very rapidly

Which of the following is one of the two most urgent tasks that public officials first undertake to prevent an outbreak from becoming an epidemic? a) Devise a way to halt transmission of the disease b) Identify the causative agent c) Determine the number of individuals who will most likely be infected before the outbreak subsides d) Determine a medical treatment

b) Identify the causative agent

All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. Which of the following statements is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush? a) Structures on the ferns, roses, and pine trees release pollen that developes into the make gametophyte. Mosses do not produce pollen b) Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes c) All of these stages produce sperm and eggs

b) Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes

Which of the following flower structures are considered female? a) Stamen b) Style c) filament d) anther e) Ovary f) Stigma g) sepal

b) Style e) Ovary f) Stigma

Which of the following statements about the replication of a viral genome is true? a) The genome is replicated and transcribed during lysogenic growth b) The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth c) The genome is integrated into the host chromosome and transcribed during lytic growth d) The genome is replicated and transcribed during both lytic and lysogenic growth

b) The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure? a) They have branching veins in their leaves b) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere c) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface d) They use stomata for gas exchange

b) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere

Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true? a) Viruses always release an enzyme called a lysozyme that degrades the cell wall b) Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells c) Viruses always recognize particular cell surface molecules that allow them to enter cells. d) Viruses always enter cells through mechanical disruption, such as that caused by a sucking insect

b) Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells

The function of flower petals is to ____. a) disperse the seed b) aid in attracting a pollinator c) produce the seed d) feed the developing embryo e) produce the spores

b) aid in attracting a pollinator

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? a) by attracting insects to the pollen inside the fruit b) by facilitating the dispersal of seeds c) by producing sperm and eggs in a protective coat d) by nourishing the plants that produce them

b) by facilitating the dispersal of seeds

Which of the following should have gene sequences most similar to the charophaceans? a) early gymnosperms b) early bryophytes c) early angiosperms d) early pterophytes e) early lycophyte

b) early bryophytes

The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called a) vascular immunotherapy b) herd immunity c) the Panum effect d) population immunogenesis e) group resistence

b) herd immunity

The virus genome and viral proteins are assembled in virions (virus particles) during ________. a) the lytic cycle in all host organisms but the lysogenic cycle only in bacteria b) the lytic cycle only c) the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle in all known host organisms d) the lysogenetic cycle only

b) the lytic cycle only

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests____________. a) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats b) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats c) some plants arose from green algae and some plant species arose from brown algae d) that wind-pollinated plants arose first

b) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a) The viral genome replicated without destroying the host b) Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome c) A large number of phages are released at a time d) The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations e) Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced

c) A large number of phages are released at a time

Of the groups listed, which is the closest relative to land plants? a) Euglenozoa, because both have green chloroplasts b) Oomycetes because both have cellulose in their cell walls c) Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade d) Archaea, because both are autotrophic e) Rhodophyta, because both have cellulose cell walls

c) Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade

Which of the following is TRUE of the pine life cycle? a) The pine tree is a gametophyte b) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon c) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes d) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants e) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis

c) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

Which virus lineage is most diverse (i.e. contains the largest number of putative species or strains)? a) Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses b) Double-stranded DNA viruses c) Double-stranded RNA viruses d) Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

c) Double-stranded RNA viruses

Which of the following statements about emerging viruses is true? a) Emerging viruses do not lead to new diseases b) Emerging viruses arise only by switching host species c) Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement d) The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) do not track emerging disease because they are more concerned with individual patient recovery.

c) Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement

Which one of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses? a) Slow evolution b) Large genome c) Small genome d) Slow replication

c) Small genome

Choose all that apply: The following viruses are considered extinct or nearly extinct: a) Chicken pox b) Rabies c) Small pox d) Ebola e) Polio

c) Small pox e) Polio

Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structures found in modern plant circumvent this problem? a) cuticle b) Spores encased in sporopollenin c) Stomata d) trachids

c) Stomata

If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it _____. a) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation b) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ c) belongs to a species that is homosporous d) must be diploid e) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female

c) belongs to a species that is homosporous

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and a sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_________. a) angiosperms b) gymnosperms c) ferns d) mosses e) charophytes

c) ferns

Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae? a) growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals b) floating in the ocean growing independently on a wet rock in a pond c) growing independently on a dry rock in a meadow d) as pink snow in the mountains in the summer

c) growing independently on a dry rock in a meadow

in alternation of generations the gamete is a) Only in terrestrial plants b) produced by meiosis c) haploid (N) d) diploid (2N) e) Only in aquatic plants

c) haploid (N)

Arhcogonia ____. a) are ancestral versions of animals gonads b) have the same function as sporangia c) may contain sporophyte embryos d) make asexual reproductive structures e) are sites where male gametes are produced

c) may contain sporophyte embryos

In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________. a) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores b) sporophyte is haploid and produces spores c) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores d) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes e) spores unite to form a zygote

c) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation? a) oral to fecal transfer b) sexual contact c) through the air d) via a vector

c) through the air

In bryophytes, which structure produces sperm? a) Archegonia b) Anther c) Sporophyte d) Antheridia e) Spermophyte

d) Antheridia

Which of the following is TRUE of the life cycle of mosses? a) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte b) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents c) The sporophyte generation is dominant d) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes e) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation

d) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes

In alternation of generations the sporophyte is a) Produced by meiosis b) Aquatic only c) Haploid (N) d) Diploid (2N) e) Terrestrial only

d) Diploid (2n)

Which virus lineage is most diverse (i.e. contains the largest number of putative species or strains)? a) Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses b) Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses c) Double-stranded DNA viruses d) Double-stranded RNA viruses

d) Double-stranded RNA viruses

Which of the following is one of the two most urgent tasks that public officials first undertake to prevent an outbreak from becoming an epidemic? a) Determine the number of individuals who will most likely be infected before the outbreak subsides b) Devise a way to halt transmission of the disease c) Determine a medical treatment d) Identify the causative agent

d) Identify the causative agent

Which of the following are characteristics of typical DNA viruses? a) Fast evolution b) Rapid reproduction c) Small genome d) Large genome

d) Large genome

In alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from __________________. a) a sperm b) a spore c) an egg d) a zygote e) a gamete

d) a zygote

RNA and DNA viruses differ in several ways. Which of the following choices accurately compares these two types of viruses? a) DNA viruses have more metabolic capacity than RNA viruses b) RNA viruses lack a plasma membrane, but DNA viruses have a plasma membrane c) RNA and DNA viruses have similar genome sizes d) RNA viruses can carry out transcription independently e) DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses

e) DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses

What is TRUE about the genus Sphagnum? a) It accumulates to form coal that is burned as fuel b) It grows extensive mats in grasslands c) It is an economically important liverwort d) It is used by gardeners as fertilizer e) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide

e) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a) diploid spores b) diploid gametes c) haploid gametes d) haploid sporophytes e) haploid spores

e) haploid spores

In the lysogenic cycle_________. a) host DNA is destroyed and b) viral DNA is replicate c) viral DNA is destroyed and host DNA is replicated d) a bacterium replicates without passing viral DNA to its daughter cells e) viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA

e) viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA

In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from ______________________. a) a gamete b) an egg c) a sperm d) a zygote e) the sporophyte f) a spore

f) a spore

T/F: A fruit is a mature ovule

false

T/F: Angiosperm contain an archegonium

false

T/F: Angiosperm flowers contain an archegonium

false

T/F: Angiosperm flowers contain an archeogonium

false

T/F: Angiosperm means "naked seed"

false

T/F: Bryophytes are heterosporus

false

T/F: Chick pox is a RNA virus

false

T/F: Double fertilization refers to the union of the gametes and spores

false

T/F: In bryophytes sperm must have water to swim from the archegonia to the antheridia.

false

T/F: In eukaryotes, gametes are always produced by meiosis

false

T/F: Pollination is the same as fertilization

false

T/F: The common cold is a DNA virus

false

T/F: Viruses are thought to have a single evolutionary origin

false

A population of viruses with similar characteristics is called a ____/

strain

The small pox vaccination effort was helped by the face that

there was only one strain of small pox

Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?

they are regenerated with forest fires

T/F: A plant can have perfect flowers and be monecious

true

T/F: All seed plants are heterosporous

true

T/F: Chicken pox is a DNA virus

true

T/F: Ebola, which resides in wild animals but reemerges in humans periodically, is considered a zoonotic disease.

true

T/F: The DNA in viruses can be single stranded or double-stranded

true