BIO 2402 lecture 2 exam

myeloblast

A(n) ________ is a committed granular leukocyte stem cell that produces neutrophils.

False

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

True

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.

falling blood volume

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

True

As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.

B

Using Figure 17.1, match the following: Becomes a macrophage.

A

Using Figure 17.1, match the following: Main bacteria killer during acute infections.

B

Using Figure 17.1, match the following: Monocyte.

A

Using Figure 17.2, match the following: Type AB.

A

Using Figure 17.2, match the following: Universal recipient

D

Using Figure 18.1, match the following: Bundle branches.

E

Using Figure 18.1, match the following: Purkinje fibers.

A

Using Figure 18.1, match the following: SA node.

A

Using Figure 18.2, match the following: Atrial depolarization.

D

Using Figure 18.2, match the following: Point after which pressure begins to rise in the aorta.

B

Using Figure 19.1, match the following: Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs.

A

Using Figure 19.1, match the following: Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles.

A

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: Hepatic portal vein.

D

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: Inferior mesenteric vein.

C

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: Right gastroepiploic vein.

B

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: Splenic vein.

E

Using Figure 19.2, match the following: Superior mesenteric vein.

False

Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

Match the following: 1. Agglutination 2. Factor VIII 3. Hemoglobin 4. Monocyte 5. Neutrophil

(5) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte. (2) Lacking in hemophilia type A. 3) Protein capable of changing shape and color in the presence of O2. (1) Adverse reaction of donor blood cells with recipient plasma. (4)White blood cell without cytoplasmic granules

(2)Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma. (1) Makes up most of plasma protein. (1) The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure. (2) Forms the structural framework of a blood clot.

1. Albumin 2. Fibrinogen

(4) Transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins. (1) Main contributor to osmotic pressure. (3) Necessary for coagulation 2)Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.

1. Albumin 2. Gamma globulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. Alpha and beta globulins

(1) Supplies the duodenum and stomach. (3) Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. (2) Artery that does not anastomose. (5) Largest artery of the body. (2) Supplies the kidney. (4) Supplies pelvic structures.

1. Common hepatic artery 2. Renal artery 3. Inferior mesenteric artery 4. Internal iliac artery 5. Aorta

(4) Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. (3) Platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels (2) Cancerous condition involving white blood cells. (5) Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity. (1) Free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream.

1. Embolism 2. Leukemia 3. Thrombocytopenia 4. Anemia 5. Polycythemia

(2)Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. (2)Site where the blood pressure is greatest. (4) Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. (3)Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. (4) Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. (1) Site where blood pressure is lowest. (3)Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. (1)Site where the blood volume is greatest.

1. Large veins 2. Large arteries 3. Capillaries 4. Arterioles

(5) Hormone that stimulates production of RBCs. (1) A fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane. (3)Stimulates WBC production. (4)Natural anticoagulant found in basophils. (2) Produced by platelets.

1. Spectrin 2. Prostaglandin derivates such as Thromboxane A2 3. Interleukins and CSFs 4. Heparin 5. Erythropoieti

decreased size of the heart muscle

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.

True

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.

the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via:

low blood viscosity

All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________.

vascular spasm- ANSWER liver disease severe hypocalcemia vitamin K deficiency

All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.

False

An ECG provides direct information about valve function.

True

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

True

An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart.

False

Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.

False

Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles.

False

Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.

Carotid arteries

Baroreceptors are located in the aorta and:

increases when environmental temperature rises

Blood flow to the skin ________.

suspension

Blood is a ________.

rate of erythrocyte formation

Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________.

packed cells

Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________.

True

Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart.

relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing

Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ________.

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.

True

Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.

AV node

Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.

some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores

During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.

blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs

During the flow of blood through the body.

blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles

During the period of ventricular filling ________.

second

Each cardiac cycle takes about 8/10 of one

excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

List the most common causes of bleeding disorders.

D

Figure 17.2 Using Figure 17.2, match the following: Universal donor.

B

Figure 18.1 Using Figure 18.1, match the following: AV NODE

E

Figure 18.2 Using Figure 18.2, match the following: Ventricular repolarization.

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

False

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.

Four

How many pulmonary veins are there?

True

Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.

decreased delivery of oxygen

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.

threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________.

Sinoatrial node

In the heart, an action potential originates in the:

refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

Isovolumetric contraction ________.

within the normal range

James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.

Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

Left ventricular contraction propels blood through which valve?

(4)Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. (3) Common site to take the pulse. (5)Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen. 1)Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. (2) Supplies a lower limb.

Match the following: 1. Internal carotid artery 2. External iliac artery 3. Radial artery 4. Brachiocephalic trunk 5. Celiac trunk

-renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction -the dural sinus reflex-ANSWER -nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers -chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.

Monocytes/Macrophages

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.

closure of the heart valves

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

right atrium

Oxygen-poor blood enters which chamber of the heart?

True

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them.

increases as blood viscosity increases

Peripheral resistance ________.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

Select the correct statement about cardiac output.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.

The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.

False

The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves.

atrial depolarization

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.

the vagus nerve

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along

True

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.

muscular arteries

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.

changes in arterial pressure

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

the heart, blood and blood vessels

The cardiovascular system consists of:

True

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

ventricular depolarization

The electrical impulses that create the QRS complex represent:

eosinophil

The formed element ________ can kill parasitic worms.

continuous capillary

The most common type of blood capillary is the ________.

True

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

False

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

Basophil

The rarest leukocyte is the ________.

tricuspid valve

The right atrioventricular valve is also alled the:

isovolumetric relaxation

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular diastole

The semilunar valves are closed during:

-chemoreceptors -reflex arcs involving baroreceptors -reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers -altering blood volume- ANSWER

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

formation of prothrombin activator

The slowest step in the clotting process is ________.

coronary arteries

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.

hemoglobin F

The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.

angina pectoris

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.

anemia

The term that describes blood disorders in which blood oxygen levels ae inadequate to support normal metabolism is ________.

when the ventricle is in systole

The tricuspid valve is closed ________.

include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system

Thromboembolic disorders ________.

second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________.

The buffy coat is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets following density gradient centrifugation of the blood.

What is the buffy coat found in centrifuged whole blood?

kidney

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

macrophages

When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces, they are called ________.

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.

Iron Storage. Iron is stored, mostly in the liver, as ferritin or hemosiderin. Ferritin is a protein with a capacity of about 4500 iron (III) ions per protein molecule. This is the major form of iron storage.

Where and how is iron stored in the body?

True

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

O

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

blood clotting

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

hemocytoblast

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

Ventricles are in diastole.

Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?

170/96 in a 50-year-old man

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

nitric acid

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

the vessel selected to palpate

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

skin color

Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?

prevention of blood loss

Which of the following is a protective function of blood?

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

They are nucleated.

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

-thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets -excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (ANSWER) -vitamin K deficiency -a defect in the clotting cascade

Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?

granulosis

Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of WBCs?

mitotically active

Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions?

thinning of the valve flaps

Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart?

It is about 90% water.

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

Which of the following is true about veins?

Action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular cells

Which of the following is true concerning the intrinsic conduction system?

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

rapidly falling blood pressure

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

-is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals -decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel -increases as blood viscosity increases(ANSWER) -increases as blood vessel diameter increases

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?

increased blood pressure

Which of the following will NOT increase the heart rate?

sleeping in a well-ventilated room

Which of the following would not be a possible cause of sickling of red blood cells in someone with sickle-cell anemia?

a local increase in pH

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

Blood typing for the Kell, Lewis, and Duffy factors is always done before a blood transfusion.

Which of the statements below is an incorrect or false statement?

3, 4, 1, 2

Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin

pulmonary trunk

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?

-named for a tissue protein called tissue factor also known as thromboplastin that leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase -named because its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood, outside tissue damage is not needed

Why are the two pathways of blood clotting referred to as the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

Enclosed within erythrocytes, hemoglobin is prevented from breaking into fragments that would leak out of the vascular system through porous capillaries. Additionally, because it's enclosed, hemoglobin cannot contribute to blood viscosity and osmotic pressure.

Why is hemoglobin enclosed in erythrocytes rather than existing free in plasma?