BIO 252 Exam 4 (lmao kill me)

Identify the normal components of menstrual fluid.

Blood, serous fluid, necrotic endometrium

Each individual has genes inherited from which of the following?

Both the male and female parents

The development of a female results from the absence of which hormone?

Androgens

In the male, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by the:

Anterior pituitary

Identify two characteristics of pubarche.

Appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands Appearance of pubic and axillary hair

Which traits are commonly regarded as male secondary sex characteristics?

Coarse and visible hair on the torso and limbs Muscular physique Facial hair Deeper voice

The amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the ______ _______ of the renal tubules.

Collecting duct

Of the two anal sphincters, the _____ anal sphincter is under voluntary control and the _____ is under involuntary control.

External; internal

List in order, the phases of the ovarian cycle,

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

The gubernaculum is a connective tissue cord that extends from the _____ to the _____ of a developing fetus.

Gonad; floor of abdominopelvic cavity

Identify the main event(s) of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle.

Growth of stratum functionalis due to growth of blood vessels

What is the term used to describe male and female anatomical structures that derive from the same embryological structures?

Homologous

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the:

Hypothalamus

Starting with the hypothalamus, place the organs in the hierarchy of hormonal control involved in the sexual cycle in order.

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, uterus

List the purposes for small intestinal muscle contractions.

Increase contact of chyme with intestinal lining Mixing of chyme with secretions Propel contents along intestines

As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______.

Increasing

A sperm count lower than 20 to 25 million sperm/mL usually results in a condition called _____.

Infertility

The _____ canal allows the passage of the testis through the abdominal musculature during development.

Inguinal

The hormone, _____, is released from the sustentacular cells and inhibits FSH production from the pituitary.

Inhibin

What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient?

It allows the production of very concentrated urine

The discharge of menstrual fluid via the vagina occurs during the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle.

Menstrual

Place the phases of the menstrual cycle in the order that they occur from day 1 to day 28 of the cycle.

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase

The _____ of the sperm contains numerous mitochondria needed to provide energy (ATP) for locomotion.

Midpiece

Name the type of small intestine contractions that begin after digestion and absorption of nutrients is completed. They serve to move chyme toward the colon.

Migrating motor complex

Each parent cell produces two daughter cells in the process of _____, while four cells are produced in the process of _____.

Mitosis; meiosis

List the components of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts:

Mucus Water

List the nervous components that mediate the defecation reflex:

Myenteric nerve plexus Parasympathetic nervous system

Where do both male and female gonads develop initially?

Near the kidneys

Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

Nephron loop

Describe the functions of the large intestine.

No digestion; water and electrolyte absorption

The head of the sperm is comprised of what three components?

Nucleus Acrosome Flagellar basal body

A single human egg, or ovum, may also be referred to as a _____.

Oocyte

The main goal of mitosis is to:

Produce cells with the identical genetic composition of the parent cell

During pregnancy, the hormone _____ functions to suppress uterine contractions, prevent menstruation, and stimulate development of mammary gland acini.

Progesterone

Identify the four uterine phases of the menstrual cycle.

Proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase, menstrual phase

______ is the process of sperm production.

Spermatogenesis

Name the type of stem cell that produces cells which, in turn, enter meiosis.

Spermatogonium

A mature sperm is also known as a _____.

Spermatozoa

A pear-shaped head and long tail are the two major parts of a _____.

Spermatozoon

Which of the following are stimuli for the defecation reflex?

Stretching of the sigmoid colon Stretching of rectum

Describe the gastrocolic reflex.

Stretching of the stomach triggers colic motility

Describe the duodenocolic reflex.

Stretching the duodenal wall leads to altered colic motility

Inhibin is secreted by the _____ cells of the seminiferous tubulus.

Sustentacular (Sertoli)

The sex cells, sperm and eggs, are referred to as which of the following?

gametes

A form of segmentation that occurs in the large intestine is called _____ contractions.

haustral

Most human cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes.

23

The average length of the sexual cycle each month is ______ days.

28

Name the part of the sperm which is a modified lysosome and contained enzymes needed to penetrate the egg.

Acrosome

The time period from the onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development until a person attains full adult height is called _____.

Adolescence

List two effects of the defecation reflex.

Contraction of the rectum Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

During prophase I homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called _____ _____.

Crossing-over

List four effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Darkening and thickening of the skin Sebum secretion which often leads to acne Development of the pubic hair Development of axillary and facial hair

Human somatic (body) cells are ____; they have ____ chromosomes.

Diploid; 46

The condition called ____ is a difficulty swallowing.

Dysphagia

_____ (class of hormones) and androgens are responsible for most of the visible changes associated with puberty in the female.

Estradiol

Rank the series of hormonal events starting with menstruation that result in ovulation.

FSH causes follicular development Follicles release estrogen Estrogen triggers release of LH LH triggers ovulation

True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

False

Cells called gonadotropes secrete _____ and ______.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

The _____ phase of the ovarian cycle involves the growth and development of follicles.

Follicular

List the events that occur during spermiogenesis.

Loss of excess cytoplasm Growth of a flagellum

_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete androgens, mainly testosterone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Genetically, a human with XY chromosomes is a _____ while one with XX chromosomes is a _____.

Male; female

Strong contractions within the large intestine that occur 1 to 3 times a day are called _____ ______ and function to move residue several centimeters at a time.

Mass movements

Human gametes (sperm and ova) are produced via the type of cell division called:

Meiosis

The process of _____ produces genetically unique haploid cells.

Meiosis

The process of _____ that occurs about day 14 of the ovarian cycle includes the rupturing of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and surrounding cells.

Ovulation

A _____ is another name for an unfertilized oocyte or egg.

Ovum

What is a mature female gamete, an egg, also called?

Ovum

Where are most of the internal genitalia located?

Pelvic cavity

In the male, which of the following are considered secondary sex organs?

Penis, glands that contribute to semen, ducts that convey semen

External male genitalia are located in the region called the _____.

Perineum

Luteinizing hormone (LH) has a _____ effect upon the corpus luteum.

Positive (stimulatory)

Which organs produce gametes?

Primary sex organs

A _____ follicle consists of a layer of flattened epithelial cells surrounding a primary oocyte in early meiosis.

Primordial

Rising levels of the hormone GnRH stimulates secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones to trigger the onset of _____, the transition that begins female reproductive life.

Puberty

Meiosis I of spermatogenesis gives rise to two equal-size, haploid and genetically unique _____ spermatocytes.

Secondary

The structure indicated in the figure is a _____ follicle. Note the presence of a zona pellucida.

Secondary

The thickening of the endometrium as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation (not mitosis) occurs during the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle.

Secretory

Muscular contractions called ____ involve alternating ring-like constrictions at several places along the intestine.

Segmentation

The fluid expelled (ejaculated) during male orgasm is called _____.

Semen

As part of the secretion of the prostate, the compound _____ breaks down seminogelin, liquifying the semen.

Serine protease (PSA)

The presence of a fluid-filled antrum is first evident in _____ follicles.

Tertiary

Name the individual, primary sex organs of the male.

Testis

The binding of _____ by androgen-binding proteins in the seminiferous tubules leads to the onset of spermatogenesis.

Testosterone

Which of the following is true of the inguinal canal?

The testes pass through it on their way to the scrotum It contains a fold of peritoneum from the abdominopelvic cavit

What is the role of the collecting ducts?

To adjust the concentration of urine

Which of the following are functions of the male reproductive system?

To introduce sperm into the female body To produce sperm

Describe the gastroileal reflex.

Triggered by food in stomach; causes ileal segmentation

Name the stem cell that directly produces spermatocytes.

Type A spermatogonium

Estrogen has multiple effects. Choose two effects of this hormone.

Upregulation of FSH, LH, and estrogen receptors in dominant follicle Inhibition of GnRH release

Which of the following are secondary female sex organs?

Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger?

Vasa recta

Which of the following are sex chromosomes?

X, Y

A single-celled, fertilized egg is called _______.

Zygote

How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF?

active transport

______ is the general term for the hormones such as testosterone that stimulates somatic changes at puberty in both sexes, adult libido in both sexes, development of male anatomy in the fetus and adolescent, and spermatogenesis.

androgens

Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called ______.

aquaporins

The salts in the medullary ECF that contribute to its high osmolarity were transported into the ECF from the _____ limb of the nephron loop.

ascending

The term _____ refers to the gas produced by intestinal bacteria that is expelled each day.

flatus

The term gut _____ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

microbiome