BIO 2900 Final Exam

The major structural components of cell membrane are a. phospholipids and proteins b. nucleic acids and proteins c. phospholipids and cellulose d. proteins and cellulose e. cellulose and glues f. glycoproteins and nucleic acids

a. phospholipids and proteins

Which of the following individuals is credited with proposing the germ theory of disease? a. Newton b. Schleiden c. van Leeuwenhoek d. Hooke e. Henle

e. Henle

The term sequelae refer to a. the serious consequences of an infectious disease that remain long after the infection has ended. b. the stage of disease after the symptoms have disappeared and the patient is recovering c. a set of specific secondary infections that always accompany a primary infectious disease. d. a set of generalized symptoms, such as headaches, fever, and malaise, that occur before disease-specific symptoms e. all of these are correct f. none of the above are correct

a. the serious consequences of an infectious disease that remain long after the infection has ended.

D-values refer to a. the time needed for a particular method to kill 90% of the target organisms b. the temperature required to kill 90% of the target organisms c. the time needed for the population of the target organism to double in size d. the time it takes for a drying oven to sterilize glassware e. none of these is correct

a. the time needed for a particular method to kill 90% of the target organisms

The ______ is a measure of how easily a disease passed to a new host; specifically, it is a measure of the number of bacteria or virus particles are needed to cause the signs and symptoms of a disease in 50% of experimental group of hosts. a. IC50 B. ID50 C. IV50 D. LD50 E. none of these

B. ID50

Latent viral infections are marked by a. the sudden onset of symptoms after a short incubation period b. the continuous production of virus particles over a long period of time c. a period of time during which the virus is dormant, but still present in some cells d. the constant presence of the disease in the population; an example would be norovirus

c. a period of time during which the virus is dormant, but still present in some cells

Which of the following is not used to grow animal viruses for research purposes? a. large broth culture of E. coli b. embryonated chicken eggs c. tissue cultures based on human tumor cells d. live animals e. all of the above are used to grow animal viruses f. none of the above are used for this purpose

a. large broth culture of E. coli

Most medically important bacteria can be classified as a. mesophiles b. thermophiles c. hyperthermophiles d. psychophiles

a. mesophiles

Evidence suggests that the growth of Bifidobacteria in the guts of human infants is enhanced by the presence of certain oligosaccharides in breast milk. At the same time, the growth of Bifidobacteria is thought to aid the development of the infant's nervous system. If both of these are true, the relationship between Bififobacteria and humans could best be described as a case of a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. pathogenesis

a. mutualism

Which of the following statements concerning oncogenes is not correct? a. oncogenes code for proteins that help stop the development of cancerous tissue b. oncogenes can be passed from the host cell to host cell through the action of viruses c. many oncogenes work by disrupting the regulation of the cell cycle in the host d. some oncogenes are thought to be derived from proton-oncogenes in the host's genome e. all of the above

a. oncogenes code for proteins that help stop the development of cancerous tissue

Pickling fresh produce in vinegar helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria by changing the ________ to a level where the bacteria associated with the spoilage cannot grow a. pH b. osmotic potential c. temperature d. oxygen concentration

a. pH

Advanced symptoms of _____________ include the formation of petechiae and purpura, liver and kidney damage, and bleeding from the nose, mouth, eyes, and anus a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

a. Ebola

Experimental treatments for __________ include cocktails of artificially produced antibodies a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

a. Ebola

Which of the following individuals is credited with the development of medical statistics? a. Nightingale b. Ehrlich c. Mechnikov d. Semmelweiss e. Lister

a. Nightingale

How do enveloped animal viruses acquire their phospholipid envelopes? a. They take a small bit of the cell membrane with them as they bud from the host cell b. It is part of the food vacuole that forms as the virus enters the cell c. they cause the Golgi apparatus to form a small vesicle containing all of their components d. a small bit of the nuclear envelope of the host cell is incorporated in the viral structure e. they collect a fragment of the cell membrane from the debris after apoptosis of the host cell

a. They take a small bit of the cell membrane with them as they bud from the host cell

Which of the following statements concerning bacterial flagella is incorrect? a. bacteria use flagella for attachment b. when active the flagellum moves with a cork-screw like motion c. the base of the flagellum is a complex wheel-like structure anchored in the cell membrane d. the major source of energy used to move the flagellum is the proton motive force e. all of the above are correct f. none of the above is correct

a. bacteria use flagella for attachment

Facultative anaerobes a. can growth with or without oxygen b. cannot grow in the presence of oxygen c. require lots of oxygen for growth and die if its removed d. require only small amounts of oxygen e. all of the above is correct f. none of the above is correct

a. can growth with or without oxygen

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase a. creates a single strand of RN complementary to a strand of template RNA b. creates a single strand of DNA complementary to a strand of template RNA c. creates a single strand of RNA complementary to a strand of template DNA d. creates a single strand of DNA complementary to a strand of template DNA e. all of the above are correct f. none of the above is correct

a. creates a single strand of RN complementary to a strand of template RNA

Which of the following sub cellular structures is matched with the wrong function? a. cyanophycin particles -- storage of phosphate groups b. plasmids -- storage/transfer of genetic material c. gas vesicles -- flotation d. ribosomes-- protein synthesis e. magnetosomes -- detection of magnetic field f. all of these are correctly matched

a. cyanophycin particles -- storage of phosphate groups

According to the CDC, emerging infectious diseases are those whose incidence in humans has increased in the pass two decades or threaten to increase in the near future. Which of the following has NOT been linked to the development of these vaccines? a. the widespread use of vaccines during the first 5 years of life. b. changes in behavior and technology (for example, increased use of day-care centers) c. the breakdown of social order as the result of revolution, war, or radical changes in government. d. the expansion of human populations into new areas leading to exposure to new sets of microorganisms e. all of these are linked to the emergence of new diseases

a. the widespread use of vaccines during the first 5 years of life

A _________ solution of household bleach is generally considered to be effective for the disinfection of surfaces. a. 1% b. 10% c. 20% d. 40% e. 70% f. 100%

b. 10%

Where should you expect to find teichoic acid? a. eukaryote cell walls b. Gram-positive cell walls c. Gram-negative cell walls d. a & b, but not c e. b & c, but not a f. a & c, but not b g. a, b, & c

b. Gram positive cell walls

The goal of the _____________ is to improve our understanding of the microbial flora involved in human health and disease, with an initial focus on identifying and characterizing the human microbial flora. a. Human Genome Project b. Humane Microbiome Project c. One Health Initiative d. Brain Initiative e. all of these are correct f. none of these are correct

b. Humane Microbiome Project

Why don't boxes of chocolates and other types of candy need to be refrigerated? a. The high temperature used to melt the sugar in them prevents bacteria from growing b. Their high sugar content gives them a very low water (osmotic) potential that draws water from bacteria c. The flavorings used in the manufacture makes them very acidic, restricting the growth of most bacteria d. they contain high concentrations of reactive oxygen species harmful to bacteria e. all of the above are correct

b. Their high sugar content gives them a very low water (osmotic) potential that draws water from bacteria

Which of the following statements concerning viruses is false? a. some viruses are covered by a phospholipid bilayer called an envelope b. Viruses are generally much larger than bacteria and can easily be seen with a light microscope c. the genetic material of an individual virus can be composed of either RNA or DNA d. viruses are non-cellular infectious agents e. all viruses contain a protein capsid f. all of the above statements are true g. none of the above is correct

b. Viruses are generally much larger than bacteria and can easily be seen with a light microscope

Rice water diarrhea is associated with a. salmonellosis b. cholera c. typhoid fever d. shigellosis e. E. coli related gastroenteritis f. norovirus infections g. amoebic dysentery

b. cholera

What is the function of reverse transcriptase? a. create a single stranded RNA from single stranded DNA b. create double-stranded DNA from single stranded RNA c. create positive sense RNA from a strand of negative RNA d. create negative sense RNA from a strand of positive sense RNA e. create double stranded RNA from single-stranded RNA

b. create double-stranded DNA from single stranded RNA

Restriction enzymes (restriction endonuclease) a. are released by the bacteria to digest bacteriophage DNA before it can infect the cell b. cut double- stranded DNA at specific short sequences c. are used by bacteria to restrict the number of bacteriophages particles entering the cell at any one time d. are used by lysogenic bacteriophages to cut the host cells DNA and insert their DNA into the gap

b. cut double- stranded DNA at specific short sequences

What is the purpose of using a chemical stain in microscopy? a. improve resolution b. improve contrast c. increase the magnification d. distinguish between two types of cells e. none of these is correct

b. improve contrast

Enveloped animal viruses assemble a. outside of the cell after triggering apoptosis of the host cell b. in the cytoplasm near the point of exit c. in the nucleus of the host cell d. within the vacuole created when they entered the cell e. in the Golgi apparatus f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. in the cytoplasm near the point of exit

The primary vector for the transmission of the bubonic plague is a. female mosquitos of the genus Anopheles b. infected fleas c. male mosquitos of the genus Anopheles d. aerosols e. female mosquitos of the genus Aedes f. bites of infected mammals

b. infected fleas

_______ is a measure of the ability go a microorganisms to spread through tissues. a. pathogenicity b. invasiveness c. opportunism d. virulence

b. invasiveness

Probiotics are a. specific chemicals used in the production of antibiotics b. nutritional supplements that contain live microorganisms with the express goal of improving human health by promoting growth go beneficial microorganisms c. nutritional supplements that contain carbohydrates (and other chemicals) that humans cannot digest, but that may promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system d. examples of the types of chemicals used in experiments proving the theory of spontaneous generation e. all of the above are correct f. none of the above are correct

b. nutritional supplements that contain live microorganisms with the express goal of improving human health by promoting growth go beneficial microorganisms

Facilitated diffusion of ions across a cell membrane a. requires the conversion of ATP to ADP b. only occurs in selective protein-based channels or gates c. can operate against gradients to concentrate ions in particular parts of the cell. d. all of the above are true of facilitated diffusion e. none of the above are true of facilitated diffusion

b. only occurs in selective protein-based channels or gates

A primary object of cell fractionation is a. determine the size of the various cell parts b. the observation of the internal structure of the cell c. the identification of enzymes in particular organelles d. the separation of the major cell components so that their chemical makeup and functions can be determined e. the release of cytoplasmic contents f. all of the above

d. the separation of the major cell components so that their chemical makeup and functions can be determined

Carriers are a. infections that normally affect animals, but can also be transmitted to humans b. people who harbor an infectious agent, but do not develop symptoms of the disease c. particles suspended in the air, including bacteria and viruses transmitted by sneezing d. inanimate objects on which infectious agents can be transmitted from one host to another e. organisms that can carry infectious agents from one host to another f. organisms that maintain infectious agents with a region by serving as hosts for the agent

b. people who harbor an infectious agent, but do not develop symptoms of the disease

Which of the following statements concerning phenolics is not true? a. one of the first chemical disinfectants developed by Lister was carbolic acid, phenolic compound b. phenolics work by causing thymine dimers to form in the DNA molecules c. Hexachlorophene, an ingredient of pHisoHex, has been removed from over the counter sales because the risks of serious side effects , including neurological damage. d. phenolic compounds are rated as intermediate disinfectants e. all of the above are true statements f. none of the above is correct

b. phenolics work by causing thymine dimers to form in the DNA molecules

A tingling sensation at the site of infection is an early sign of a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

b. rabies

Which of the following infectious agents is NOT considered to be a major player in nosocomial infections? a. Enterococcus spp. b. rabies virus c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa e. all of these are important causes of nosocomial infections

b. rabies virus

Which of the following statements about the use of alcohol (ethanol) as a disinfectant is false? a. alcohol works by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes b. the most effective concentration of alcohol as a disinfectant is 95% c. alcohol solutions are generally not effective against large numbers of bacterial spores d. all of the above are true statements e. all of the above are false

b. the most effective concentration of alcohol as a disinfectant is 95%

Which of the following occurs during the replication of animal viruses but not bacterial viruses? a. the virus particle attaches to a special molecule on the surface of the host cell b. the virus particle enters the host cell as a unit c. the components of the virus come together and form new virus particles d. the new virus particles are released to infect additional cells e. the virus uses the host cell's metabolic machinery to make the components of the new virus particles

b. the virus particle enters the host cell as a unit

Bacterial cellular reproduction is similar to eukaryote cellular reproduction in that a. cell division is preceded by mitosis (nuclear division) b. when all of the members of the population reproduce the population doubles c. the start of DNA replication is closely tied to the timing of cell division d. DNA replication only occurs after the cell completes its period of cell growth e. all of the above are true for broth bacteria and eukaryotes

b. when all of the members of the population reproduce the population doubles

What is the absolute limit of a light microscope like the ones we use in lab? a. 0.2 nm b. 2.0 nm c. 0.2 um d. 2 um e. 2 mm

c. 0.2 um

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of all of the following except a. well-defined membrane-bound nucleus b. a complex internal membrane system c. 70s ribosomes in the cytoplasm d. mitochondria e. complex cytoskeleton f. all of these are characteristic of eukaryotic cells g. none of these is correct

c. 70s ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Where should you expect to find lipopolysaccharides? a. eukaryote cell walls b. Gram-positive cell walls c. Gram-negative cell walls d. a & b, but not c e. b & c, but not a f. a & c, but not b g. a, b, & c

c. Gram-negative cell walls

Where should you expect to find porins? a. eukaryote cell walls b. Gram-positive cell walls c. Gram-negative cell walls d. a & b, but not c e. b & c, but not a f. a & c, but not b g. a, b, & c

c. Gram-negative cell walls

What is the basic difference between infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases? a. Infectious diseases are defined by a set of signs and symptoms and non-infectious diseases are defined by their symptoms alone b. Infectious diseases cause the disruption of the normal structure or function of an organ or organ system resulting in pathological condition; this is not true of non-infectious diseases. c. Infectious diseases are caused by the reproduction or growth of an infectious agent in the body, non-infectious diseases are not. d. Infectious diseases are always passed from person to person, non-infectious diseases are not. e. all of the above are true statements f. none of the above is correct

c. Infectious diseases are caused by the reproduction or growth of an infectious agent in the body, non-infectious diseases are not.

Which of the following individuals is associated with the discovery of the role of phagocytes in our body's defense system? a. Nightingale b. Ehrlich c. Mechnikov d. Semmelweiss e. Lister

c. Mechnikov

Which of the following terms is correctly matched with its definition? a. permease- any substrate specific protein involved in the transport of chemicals b. ABC-transporter- a protein-based active transport system that contains an ATP-binding cassette and a transmembrane channel c. aquaporin- molecules secreted by bacteria to bind iron ions d. proton motive force- the energy created by differences in the concentrations of protons (hydrogen ions) across the cell membrane e. all of the above are correctly matched f. none of the above is correct

c. aquaporin- molecules secreted by bacteria to bind iron ions

Nosocomial Infections a. are usually associated with animal reservoirs b. have a mortality rate close to 100% c. are associated with visits to medical facilities d. have been nearly eradicated e. all of the above are true of nosocomial infections f. none of the above is correct

c. are associated with visits to medical facilities

Naked animal viruses a. attach to the surface of the cell and inject their genetic material into the nucleus b. use their envelope to fuse with the membrane of the host cell, allowing the virus core to enter the cell c. attach to the surface of the host cell, triggering endocytosis; the virus later escapes from the vacuole d. attach to the surface of the host cell, triggering endocytosis; the virus replicates in the vacuole e. all of the above are correct f. none of the above are correct

c. attach to the surface of the host cell, triggering endocytosis; the virus later escapes from the vacuole

Bacterial endospores contain ______, which helps to protect the DNA while the spore is dormant. a. integrase b. diaminopimelic acid c. dipicolinic acid d. endotoxin e. pilin f. fimbriae g. none of these is correct

c. dipicolinic acid

Disinfectants with a CDC rating of HIGH a. kill some bacteria and viruses, but not bacterial endospores or mycobacteria b. kill most bacteria, including mycobacteria, viruses, but not endospores c. kill everything except high number of endospores d. kill everything, including high numbers of endospores

c. kill everything except high number of endospores

Which of the following sub cellular structure is only found in eubacteria? a. 80s ribosomes b. cytoplasm c. peptidoglycan wall d. nucleus e. all of these structures are only found in bacteria f. none of these are found in bacteria

c. peptidoglycan wall

A rash beginning in the mouth and spreading over the entire body that later forms raised bumps filled with an opaque fluid is a characteristic sign of a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

c. smallpox

The first vaccinations were developed to protect people against ______________ a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

c. smallpox

Which of the following diseases is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus? a. Ebola hemorrhagic fever b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria f. a, b, & c, but not d & e g. all of the above h. none of the above

c. smallpox

Which of the following individuals is credited with the discovery of microorganisms? a. Newton b. Schleiden c. van Leeuwenhoek d. Hooke e. Henle

c. van Leeuwenhoek

Quaternary ammonia compounds (quats), such as the active ingredient in the disinfectant we use to wipe the tables in lab, a. are particularly effective against Pseudomonas and E. Coli b. are negatively charged detergents c. work by reacting with and disrupting cell membranes d. are rated as high level disinfectants by the CDC e. all of the above are true of quaternary ammonia compounds f. none of the above are true

c. work by reacting with and disrupting cell membranes

Suppose you have a culture of bacteria growing with a doubling time of 1 hour. If you start with 3 billion cells, how many cells would you have in the culture after 3 hours? a. 3 billion b. 6 billion c. 12 billion d. 24 billion e. 48 billion f. impossible to say without more measurements g. none of these is correct

d. 24 billion

Which of the following is NOT an example of an infectious disease? a. head cold b. malaria c. chicken pox d. Alzheimer's disease e. all of the above are infectious diseases f. none of these is an infectious disease

d. Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following individuals demonstrated that hand-washing by physicians cut the rate of child-bed (puerperal) fever? a. Nightingale b. Ehrlich c. Mechnikov d. Semmelweiss e. Lister

d. Semmelweiss

Animal viruses tend to evolve more rapidly than their animal host because a. they use polymerase which do not proof read the copies of DNA or RNA as well as the animal polymerases do b. they have a short replication time c. they have a protein capsid d. a & b, but not c e. a & c, but not b f. b & c, but not a g. a, b, & c

d. a & b, but not c

The term prodrome refers to a. the serious consequences of an infectious disease that remain long after the infection has ended. b. the stage of a disease after the symptoms have disappeared and the patient is recovering c. a set of specific secondary infections that always accompany a primary infectious disease. d. a set of generalized symptoms, such as headaches, fever and malaise, that occur before disease-specific symptoms e. all of these are correct f. none of the above are correct

d. a set of generalized symptoms, such as headaches, fever and malaise, that occur before disease-specific symptoms

Which of the following statements concerning betadine is not true? a. betadine contains a special iodophor b. betadine considered to be less toxic to humans than tincture of iodine c. betadine kills bacteria by reacting with organic compounds of the cell d. betadine has recently been removed from the market over concerns related to its effectiveness as a disinfecting agent e. all of the above are true f. none of the above is correct

d. betadine has recently been removed from the market over concerns related to its effectiveness as a disinfecting agent

As a case of ________ progresses it can enter into a septicemic phase with bleeding into the skin and organs and a characteristic blackening of the nose, fingers, toes, and other extremities a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

d. bubonic plague

Painful swollen lymph nodes (buboes) are a characteristic sign of a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

d. bubonic plague

The reservoir for __________ is thought to be rodent populations, especially prairie dogs and some species of rats. a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

d. bubonic plague

Which of the following diseases is caused by a type of Gram-Negative bacterium? a. Ebola hemorrhagic fever b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria f. a, b, & c, but not d & e g. all of the above h. none of the above

d. bubonic plague

Which of the following should be considered bacteriostatic instead of bactericidal? a. moist heat b. dry heat c. UV light d. cold temperature e. high pressure f. ionizing tradition g. all of these are considered bactericidal

d. cold temperature

The primary stain used in the Gram staining procedure is ___________ a. methylene blue b. Gram's iodine c. safranin d. crystal violet e. ethyl alcohol f. water g. all of the above is correct

d. crystal violet

Which of the following is an example of an emerging disease? a. chickenpox b. smallpox c. bubonic plague d. ebola hemorrhagic fever e. influenza f. malaria g. all of these are emerging diseases

d. ebola hemorrhagic fever

Which of the following is not a domain of cellular life? a. viruses b. eubacteria c. archaea d. eucarya e. all of these are domains

d. eucarya

Which of the following statements concerning the differences between lysogenic and lytic reproductive cycles of bacteriophages is incorrect? a. both cycles require that bacteriophage first attach to a special molecule on the bacterium's surface b. during the second stage, the bacteriophage's genetic material is injected into the host cell c. during the lytic cycle, the host cell's genetic material is immediately digested; in the lysogenic cycle the bacteriophage's genetic material is incorporated into that of the host cell d. in the lytic cycle, new bacteriophage particles are assembled in the host cell's cytoplasm; in the lysogenic cycle the parts of the new bacteriphages are excreted from the cell with the help of the F pilus, then assembled outside of the cell e. all of the above f. none of the above are correct

d. in the lytic cycle, new bacteriophage particles are assembled in the host cell's cytoplasm; in the lysogenic cycle the parts of the new bacteriphages are excreted from the cell with the help of the F pilus, then assembled outside of the cell

Fomites are a. infections that normally affect animals, but can also be transmitted to humans b. people who harbor an infectious agent, but do not develop symptoms of the disease c. particles suspended in the air, including bacteria and viruses transmitted by sneezing d. inanimate objects on which infectious agents can be transmitted from one host to another e. organisms that can carry infectious agents from one host to another f. organisms that maintain infectious agents with a region by serving as hosts for the agent

d. inanimate objects on which infectious agents can be transmitted from one host to another

Integrase is used to a. help enveloped viruses integrate their membranes with that of the host cell b. help non-enveloped viruses enter into the host cell's cytoplasm c. help join the various components of the virus into a functional unit d. insert viral DNA into to host cell's DNA e. none of the above is correct

d. insert viral DNA into to host cell's DNA

Bacteria that grow rapidly in your refrigerator are probably _________ a. mesophiles b. thermophiles c. hyperthermophiles d. psychrophiles

d. psychrophiles

Which statement about the use of ethylene oxide is false? a. ethylene oxide is a gas that modifies proteins and nucleic acids b. ethylene oxide is considered to be highly effective, even against bacterial endospores c. ethylene oxide is used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials, including disposable plasticware such as the Petri dishes we use in lab d. recently, ethylene oxide has been used to sterilize emergency rooms and hospital lobbies used by patients infected with the Ebola Hemorrhagic virus e. because it can modify nucleic acids, ethylene oxide is considered to be a carcinogen and a mutagen

d. recently, ethylene oxide has been used to sterilize emergency rooms and hospital lobbies used by patients infected with the Ebola Hemorrhagic virus

Which of the following terms refers to a process that removes cells, spores, and viruses on or in an object? a. disinfection b. pasteurization c. sanitation d. sterilization

d. sterilization

Reverse transcriptase is an essential component in the life-cycles of all ________________ a. retroviruses b. pararetroviruses c. enveloped viruses d. naked viruses e. a & b, but not c & d f. b & c, but not a & d g. a, b, & c but not d h. a, b, c & d

e. a & b, but not c & d

Bacterial cellular reproduction differs from eukaryote cellular reproduction in that a. a second round of DNA replication can begin before the first round is complete b. cytokinesis (cell division) occurs at a set point after the chromosome has been replicated c. bacteria only have a single molecule of DNA to replicate, eukaryotes often have several molecules of DNA d. cytokinesis (cell division) can occur before the cell doubles in size e. all of the above are correct f. none of the above is correct

e. all of the above are correct

Which of the following statements concerning bacterial cell walls is false? a. The cell wall helps to keep the cell from exploding from osmotic shock b. The cell wall consists of glycan chains composed of repeating NAM-NAG subunits c. The glycan chains are linked together by short chains of amino acids d. The linking chains are joined by a covalent bond between the D-alanine of one chain and the diaminopimelic acid of the other chain e. all of the above are true f. none of these is correct

e. all of the above are true

What limits the resolution of a light microscope? a. the size of the photons used to illuminate the object b. the quality of the lenses c. the amount of light focused on the specimen d. the thickness of the specimen e. all of these can impact the resolution d. none of these is correct

e. all of these can impact the resolution

Viable bacterial endospores have been recovered a. from the digestive system of bees entombed in amber for millions of years b. from media that has been boiled for hours c. after more than 100 years in dry soil d. after several years of exposure in outer space e. from all of these

e. from all of these

Artemisin and quinine are used to treat cases of _____________ a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

e. malaria

Classic symptoms of __________ include a cold stage with shivering and chills, a hot stage with fever and headache, and a sweating stage accompanied by a return to normal temperatures, all within a period of 6 to 10 hours a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

e. malaria

__________ is currently associated with the highest number of deaths each year a. Ebola b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria

e. malaria

_______ are infectious molecules of RNA without a protein coat that are known to cause disease in plants; none are known to cause diseases in humans a. viroids b. transcriptomes c. prions d. naked viruses e. proteomes

e. proteomes

According to the Baltimore classification scheme (the Baltimore model), viruses are divided into groups on the basis of _________- a. their shape b. the types of cells they infect c. the presence or absence of a protein capsid d. the presence or absence of am envelope e. the nature of their genetic material f. none of these is correct

e. the nature of their genetic material

The d-value for Salmonella typhimurium at 61ºc (142ºf) is approximately 7 minutes. Suppose you kept your thanksgiving turkey at this temperature for a little more than an hour, say 70 minutes. How many living Salmonella cells would be left if you started with a population of 1,000,000,000,000 living in and on the turkey. a. all of them; as a mesophile Salmonella survives easily at this temperature b. 1,000,000,000 c. 1,000,000 d. 10,000 e. 1,000 f. 100 g. 10 h. 1

f. 100

According to the cell theory of life a. all living things are composed of cells b. cells are the basic unit of life c. cells come from cells d. a &b, but not c e. a & c, but not c f. a, b, & c

f. a, b, & c

Which of the following is caused by a virus? a. Ebola hemorrhagic fever b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria f. a, b, & c, but not d & e g. all of the above h. none of the above

f. a, b, & c, but not d & e

Which of the following types of physical control of bacteria is incorrectly matched with its mode of action? a. HEPA Filters-- physical removal of bacteria from air b. ionizing radiation--- production of ROS and breaks in the DNA c. freezing temperatures-- production of ice crystals that damage cell membranes d. moist heat-- denaturation of proteins e. incineration-- conversion bacteria to CO2 and ash f. all of the above are correctly matched g. none of these are correctly matched

f. all of the above are correctly matched

Which of the following is not true of the CRISPR system? a. small bits of bacteriophage (viral) DNA are inserted in clusters of palindromic DNA sequences b. bit bacteriophage (viral) DNA are transcribed as a unit, then cut into short segments c. transcribed sequences of DNA are used to target homologous sequences bacteriophage DNA d. targeted DNA is destroyed by special DNA enzymes (caspase-9) e. the CRISPR system is being adapted by scientists to modify the genes of eukaryotes, including humans f. all of the above are true of CRISPR g. none of the above are true of CRISPR

f. all of the above are true of CRISPR

Our normal flora helps protect us from infectious disease by a. blocking attachment sites and preventing invasive pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foot-hold b. using up nutrients, thereby restricting the growth of invasive pathogenic bacteria c. producing antimicrobial chemicals that prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria d. helping to regulate the immune system so that it is more effective at combating disease e. changing the pH in certain regions of the body to levels that restrict the growth of pathogenic bacteria f. all of the above are true statements of the role of our normal flora

f. all of the above are true statements of the role of our normal flora

Which of the following medical advances can be attributed to the acceptance of the germ theory of disease? a. targeted vaccination programs leading to the almost complete eradication of some diseases b. the concept of aseptic surgical techniques including hand washing by medical personnel and disinfection of surgical instruments c. the development of specific chemicals targeting infectious agents d. a better understanding of how diseases are passed from person to person e. a more complete understanding of how vaccines aid in the prevention of disease f. all of the above can be attributed to the acceptance of the germ theory of disease

f. all of the above can be attributed to the acceptance of the germ theory of disease

Which of the following is found in ALL cells? a. cytoplasm b. DNA c. cell membrane d. ribosomes e. phospholipids f. all of these are found in all cells g. none of these; there are no structures common to all cells

f. all of these are found in all cells

Which of the following is true of the restriction/modification system used by bacteria to defend themselves against viral infection? a. the system provides a way for the bacterium to "remember" previous viral infections b. modifications are made to the bacterium capsule, preventing attachment c. special enzymes cut-up double stranded DNA. at specific sequences d. methyl groups are added to specific sequences of the bacteriums DNA e. a & b, but not c & d f. c & d, but not a & b g. b, c, & d but not a h. a, b, c, & d

f. c & d, but not a & b

Fever, headache, and muscle ache, fatigue and/or malaise are initial symptoms of a. Ebola hemorrhagic fever b. rabies c. smallpox d. bubonic plague e. malaria f. a, b, & c, but not d & e g. all of the above h. none of the above

g. all of the above

Which of the following us primarily transmitted through fecal to oral route? a. salmonellosis b. cholera c. typhoid fever d. shigellosis e. E. coli related gastroenteritis f. norovirus infections g. amoebic dysentery h. all of the above are transmitted in this way i. none of the above is correct

h. all of the above are transmitted in this way