Bio 4

______ convert nitrogen from a form that can be assimilated by plants to N2.

Denitrifying bacteria

_______ is the science that studies the interactions between organisms and their environments.

Ecology

What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling?

Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.

In a person without diabetes, which of the following is true?

Insulin and glucagon both regulate blood glucose levels.

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries?

It is loaded with carbon dioxide.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

What impact does photosynthesis have on the greenhouse effect?

It reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus decreases the greenhouse effect.

Which of the following is true regarding the new artificial pancreas?

It requires less patient intervention than other currently available treatment options.

The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ______.

SA node

Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?

Spiders

Which one of the following statements about steroid and nonsteroid hormones is true?

Steroid hormones activate genes; nonsteroid hormones do not directly activate genes.

What can be said about the Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

Technology has allowed us to keep increasing the Earth's carrying capacity.

What is the function of the AV node?

The AV node relays the signal for contraction from the atria to the ventricles.

Why do toxins accumulate at such high levels in carnivores?

The biomass at any given trophic level is accumulated from a much larger toxin-containing biomass ingested from the level below.

Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole?

The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack?

a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart

In humans, oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by ______.

a closed circulatory system

An unexpected freeze that kills a population of chipmunks is an example of ______.

a density-independent factor

A population is defined as __________.

a group of individuals of a single species that occupies the same general area

The definition of a density-dependent factor is __________.

a population-limiting factor whose effects intensify as the population increases in density

Which is an essential feature for an animal's gas-exchange surface?

a thin, moist covering

An organism's environment consists of __________.

abiotic and biotic factors

Natural ecosystem services provide value to the global economy by filtering pollutants from water, preventing erosion, pollinating crop plants, controlling agricultural pests, reducing the impact of floods, and many other ways that are not always obvious. The average estimated annual value of such services is _______

about equal to the twice the global national product

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

acidic

Every hormone __________.

acts as a signal between cells

Which of the following is a population?

all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

The primary functional unit of the human lung is a(n) _____.

alveolus

Recently, automated external defibrillators (AEDs) have been placed in public areas to __________.

analyze, where appropriate, the heart's electrical rhythm and apply electrical shocks when needed

Blood pressure is highest in the _____.

aorta

In most developed countries, overall population growth rates ______.

are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable

Your blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates __________, and the "70" indicates __________.

arterial pressure during heart contraction ... arterial pressure during heart relaxation

The three types of blood vessels are ________________.

arteries, capillaries, and veins

___________ carry blood from the heart, while ____________ carry blood to the heart.

arteries; veins

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.

association with a cell's plasma membrane

The most inclusive level of organization in nature is the _____.

biosphere

In most developing countries ______.

birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly

You are a member of the team working to improve the accuracy of the sensor the artificial pancreas uses to determine the proper dosage of medicine being dispensed. What does this sensor test?

blood glucose

Veins carry ______.

blood toward the heart

Based on the limited results of this study, who is most likely to benefit from the artificial pancreas?

both adults and teenagers

Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.

bronchioles

What is atherosclerosis?

buildup of lipids in the walls of heart blood vessels

Hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors ______.

cannot pass through cell membranes

In animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of ______.

capillaries

The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.

capillaries

Which blood vessels have thin, leaky walls?

capillaries

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.

capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs

Maintaining biodiversity on Earth is important because __________.

changes that underlie a loss of biodiversity may also threaten the human population

Evolutionary changes in which an adaptation of one species leads to a counteradaptation in a second species are known as _____.

coevolution

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

combined with hemoglobin

Inhalation in humans is achieved by __________.

contraction of the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs

Breathing is regulated by ______.

control centers in the brain stem

Which of these convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms?

decomposers

Wildfire seasons have recently increased in length and severity in western North American forests because of __________.

decreased snowmelt

What is the largest human impact on forest ecosystems?

deforestation

Human activity, especially __________, significantly alters the amount of atmospheric water vapor available for the water cycle.

destruction of tropical rain forests

Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.

diaphragm

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide cross capillary walls?

diffusion

In the alveoli and lung capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged by means of __________.

diffusion

According to the principle of interspecific competition, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

ecological niche

Suddenly you find yourself in a situation in which someone is shooting live ammunition at you. Which of these hormones is likely to be one of the first secreted as a direct response to this situation?

epinephrine

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

epinephrine and oxytocin

The blood cells containing hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen, are called _____.

erythrocytes

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

estrogen

Over time, the populations of most species ______.

fluctuate

Besides the atmosphere, abiotic reservoirs of carbon dioxide include

fossil fuels and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans.

You increase your risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing your consumption of ______.

fruits and vegetables

Most decomposers are _____.

fungi and prokaryotes

People with diabetes have trouble regulating the levels of ___________in the blood.

glucose

Throughout most of human history, human population size _____

grew very slowly

The single greatest current cause of population decline of threatened or endangered species is __________.

habitat destruction

Opportunistic species typically ______.

have a large number of offspring

Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically ______.

have long lives

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are antagonistic hormones involved with calcium regulation. This antagonistic interaction means that calcitonin and parathyroid hormone _______________.

have opposite effects

Your risk of developing hypertension is increased by __________.

having parents with hypertension

If you looked closely at blood plasma, you might find ______.

hormones

The emergence of previously unknown infectious diseases, such as HIV, results from __________.

humans disturbing a particular biological community

The _____ is(are) the master control center of the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

A lack of _____ is responsible for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

insulin

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in _____.

insulin

You are a doctor and diagnose a patient with Type I diabetes. What two options do you give her for managing her disease?

insulin injections or an insulin pump

When glucose levels get too high in the blood, the pancreas releases ____________, whereas when glucose levels get too low, the pancreas releases ____________.

insulin; glucagon

A non-native species that has spread far beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage is called a(n) _____.

invasive species

Habitat destruction, and thus habitat fragmentation, is the major cause of declining biodiversity; the second major cause is _____.

invasive species

A hormone often has effects only on certain cells. The reason the message of an "inappropriate" hormone is "ignored" by nontarget cells is that the nontarget cells __________.

lack receptors for the hormone

The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.

larynx; trachea

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

left atrium

A set of traits that affects an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival is called its _____.

life history

Biomass is the total amount of ______ an ecosystem.

living organic material in

Which of the following is the best example of homeostasis?

maintaining the pH of blood around 7.4

What is the order of passage as air is inhaled into the lungs in a typical mammal?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

Plants can utilize the ______ form of nitrogen.

nitrate

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

The rising average global temperature is having the greatest effect on the __________.

northernmost regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Peninsula

Phosphorus is an example of which of the following types of abiotic factors?

nutrients

Biogeochemical cycles are crucial to ecosystem function because __________.

nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled

The energy flow through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is represented as a pyramid because __________.

only about 10% of the energy at each trophic level is available at the next level

Which one of the following is a characteristic of open circulatory systems but not closed circulatory systems?

open-ended blood vessels

The pulmonary arteries carry _______________ blood.

oxygen-poor

Which of the following realms/zones do whales typically inhabit?

pelagic realm

Which one of the following is an endocrine gland?

pituitary gland

Animals need O2 because it ______.

plays a role in obtaining energy from food

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

posterior vena cava

Organisms that consume producers are ______.

primary consumers

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called ______.

primary productivity

Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

pulmonary veins

A double circulatory system is composed of a ______________ circuit and a(n) ______________ circuit.

pulmonary; systemic

Which of these transports oxygen?

red blood cells

Non-native species can have important effects on biological communities by ______.

reducing biodiversity preying upon native species competing with native species for resources doing all of the above***

From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

right atrium

Which one of the following correctly traces a drop of blood through the circulatory system?

right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium

The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is ______.

rock

Which of these is the worst thing you can do to your lungs?

smoke

Which of these would help in a quest to develop cardiovascular disease?

smoke

Which of the following describes the number of different species in the community?

species richness

In their mechanism of action, a difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones is that __________.

steroid hormones enter the nucleus of the target cell, and nonsteroid hormones do not

Ecologists represent life table data graphically in a _____.

survivorship curve

The goal of developing, managing, and conserving Earth's resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is known as _____.

sustainability

An example of an androgen that is involved in development of male secondary sexual characteristics and aggressive behavior in many vertebrates is _____.

testosterone

Because nonsteroid hormones are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from _____.

the activation of a signal transduction pathwayc

The definition of your carbon footprint is __________.

the amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of your actions

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.

the nucleus

During exhalation in a typical young adult human, __________.

the rib cage returns to a resting position

A diet low in cholesterol, trans fat, and saturated fat will reduce __________.

the risk of atherosclerosis

The energy for nearly every organism in almost every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____

the sun

Blood pressure is lowest in _____.

the venae cavae

When endurance athletes live at high altitudes for several months, _______________.

their red blood cell count increases

Earthworms use ______ as their respiratory surface.

their skin

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

Gas exchange requires a surface that is both ______.

thin and moist

Because only the _____ gland uses iodine to make its hormones, radioactive iodine is often used as a treatment for tumors of this gland.

thyroid

Calcitonin is released from the _______________ and parathyroid hormone is released from the _______________.

thyroid gland; parathyroid gland

The aorta transports blood _________.

to the bodily tissues

Insects breathe using ______.

tracheae

To get an accurate estimate of the density of a particular species, an ecologist might __________.

use indirect indicators, such as the number of bird nests or rodent burrows

Which of the following impacts the nitrogen cycle?

use of large amounts of inorganic fertilizers

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily on the basis of __________.

vegetative type

Which of these is an example of human impact on the environment?

water pollution

The greenhouse effect is similar to __________.

what happens to the interior of your car when it is left out in the sun

An organism's "trophic level" refers to __________.

what it eats

If your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that ______.

your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70

If a cell is like a house, which one of the following is most similar to the way that a steroid hormone works?

Radio signals are received by a stereo in your bedroom.

What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

alveoli

What limits the speed and stamina of endurance athletes?

the ability of their heart and lungs to deliver oxygen at a steady rate

Herbivory is an example of a _____ interaction.

+/-

In terms of + (this member of a species pair benefits from the interaction), - (this member of a species pair is harmed by the interaction), and 0 (this member of a species pair is unaffected by the interaction), predation can be described as a _____ relationship.

+/-

Approximately what percentage of the visible light that reaches Earth's producers is converted to chemical energy?

1%

If there are 500 oak trees in a forest covering 50 square kilometers then the population density is

10 trees per square kilometer

Earth's present rate of species loss may be as much as _____ times higher than at any time in the past 100,000 years.

100

Without the carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere, the temperature of Earth would be about _____.

10°C cooler

Which of the following components is not found in all circulatory systems?

A cavity within the body that allows organs to be bathed directly in blood

A fungal disease called wheat stem rust is devastating 75% of the wheat varieties planted worldwide. In what way might biodiversity help solve this problem?

By cross breeding or genetic engineering, researchers might be able to incorporate fungal resistance genes from wild relatives of wheat into susceptible wheat varieties.

According to the logistic growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity?

The growth rate is zero.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in humans is true?

Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.