Bio Anthropology Exam #4 Study
A sloping of the sides of the skull toward the top is known as A) the sagittal keel. B) the torus. C) the postorbital constriction. D) prognathism.
A
Combining fossil populations into a single taxon is known as A) lumping B) fissioning C) splitting D) gene flow
A
Homo habilis is considered a member of our genus for all the following reasons EXCEPT A) its modern body size B) its stone tools C) its enlarging brain D) its flatter face
A
The first finds ever of H. erectus were made in _____ by the Dutch physician Eugene Dubois in 1891. A) Java B) Ethiopia C) Israel D) Kenya
A
The making by striking uniform flakes from a prepared core is known as A) Levallois technique. B) trephination. C) Acheulian technique. D) endocast technique.
A
Which of the following is associated only with modern Homo sapiens? A) art B) fire C) spear points D) burial of the dead
A
The found effect occurs when:
A small number of individuals become reproductively isolated from their larger original population.
Hand axes appeared in Africa about _____ and lasted for over a million years. A) 1 mya B) 1.4 mya C) 2 mya D) 2.4 mya
B
The great reproductive success of Homo erectus was fostered by all of the following adaptations EXCEPT A) learning. B) symmetrical brains. C) cultural transmission of information. D) technology.
B
The shape of the dental arcade in hominids:
Becomes more parabolic rounded over the course of evolutionary time.
How Is Evolution Tracked?
By Fossils
The narrowing of the skull behind the eyes is known as A) the sagittal keel. B) the torus. C) the postorbital constriction. D) prognathism.
C
Which skull characteristic makes up a modern human face? A) a prognathous profile B) an elongated skull C) an essentially flat face D) postorbital constriction
C
By around 20,000 ya, and probably earlier, humans had populated every landmass except for A) North America. B) South America. C) Australia. D) Antarctica.
D
Homo erectus lived during which epoch? A) Jurassic B) Cambrian C) Cretaceous D) Pleistocene
D
The Neandertals' adaptations to cold climates are thought to have included all of the following EXCEPT A) large sinus cavities. B) triangular bony projections in the nasal cavity. C) location of larynx high in the throat D) tall stature.
D
Which of the following dating techniques would be an appropriate technique for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in easter Africa.
K/ar Potassium Argon Dating
The average male baboon has much larger canine teeth than the average female baboon. This most likely indicates that.
Male baboons commonly fight over access to females during mating season
Which of the following sources of information would be most appropriate in assessing the validity of evolution as a scientific theory.
Scientific Notes
Each of the following traits of bipedal hominids except?
The foreman magnum positioned at the rear of the skull
Africa is more genetically diverse than the rest of the world put together. A) True B) False
a
All humans, regardless of skin color, have the same number of melanocytes. A) True B) False
a
An estimated _____ percent of humans are intersexes, born with characteristics of both sexes. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
a
Around _____ percent of genetic variation exists between major population groups. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20
a
As suggested by the AR model, forms transitional between archaic species and Homo sapiens are A) found only in Africa. B) found all over the Old World. C) never overlap in time. D) all part of the same species.
a
As the Upper Paleolithic continued, big-game hunting became a way of life. A) True B) False
a
Broad, flat noses are found in hot and/or moist climates. A) True B) False
a
DNA evidence appears to support the AR model. A) True B) False
a
Darker skinned people have A) more melanin production. B) more melanocytes. C) fewer melanocytes. D) higher hemoglobin concentration.
a
Emerging diseases are a problem now because of population expansion and more contact with disease carriers. A) True B) False
a
Evolutionary theory supports the MRE model. A) True B) False
a
From the neck down, Homo erectus is essentially modern and apparently was so from the beginning. A) True B) False
a
Gender is an example of a folk taxonomy. A) True B) False
a
Gender refers to the cultural definitions of men and women. A) True B) False
a
Gene flow between archaics and moderns, no matter how limited, would refute the AR model. A) True B) False
a
Human phenotypic variation is generally distributed as clines. A) True B) False
a
Humans are approximately 99.9% genetically identical at the base-pair level. A) True B) False
a
Lactose tolerance into adulthood is found in populations with long histories of the use of dairy products. A) True B) False
a
Living human beings exhibit very little genetic variation. A) True B) False
a
Many Neandertal features may have been cold adaptations. A) True B) False
a
Microsatellites are A) long repetitious strings of noncoding DNA. B) three base sequences that code for a specific amino acid. C) small satellites that are placed in the bloodstream to study DNA. D) devices used to track migration patterns.
a
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited A) only through the female line. B) only through the male line. C) through both males and females. D) passed on only to males.
a
No hard evidence links any hominin other than Homo with the manufacture of stone implements. A) True B) False
a
Race is an example of a folk taxonomy. A) True B) False
a
Remnants of ancient viruses make up about _____ percent of the human genome. A) 1 B) .001 C) 5 D) 0
a
The Neandertals may have been the first humans to haft a stone point. A) True B) False
a
The amount of variation of a particular trait within a population that is caused by genetic differences is A) heritability. B) reification. C) racism. D) a cline.
a
The archaeological record can be interpreted to support either model. A) True B) False
a
The brain size range of Homo erectus overlaps that of modern humans. A) True B) False
a
The least common cause of death in the U.S. today among the following is: A) infectious disease. B) cancer. C) heart disease. D) stroke.
a
The most probable selective factor for dark skin is protection of folic acid. A) True B) False
a
Which of the following is part of the African Replacement model? A) Modern looking Homo sapiens spread over the Old World from Africa, replacing archaic populations when they came in contact. B) The degree of species mobility resulted in sufficient gene flow to maintain a single species. C) Homo sapiens arose in Africa as much as 2 mya. D) Modern human traits do not define and distinguish a new species of hominin.
a
Which of the following is true of people with type O blood? A) Mosquitoes appear to be more attracted to them. B) They appear to be more immune to stomach ulcers than the general population. C) They appear to be at greater risk for bronchial pneumonia. D) They are not able to serve as blood donors.
a
Which of the following statements tends to be true in general? A) Males are more susceptible to disease than females. B) Males hit puberty earlier than females. C) Males recover more quickly from diseases than females. D) Males are less likely to have vision problems than females.
a
Which of the following terms designates a third gender category recognized by the culture of Hindu India? A) hijras B) berdache C) Rangifer tarandus D) cline
a
Any two humans on average differ genetically by _____ percent. A) 0.01 B) 0.1 C) 1.0 D) 10
b
Biologists generally agree that most species can be subdivided into subspecies or races. A) True B) False
b
Blood type has been definitely connected to disease as a selective factor. A) True B) False
b
Hand axes are primarily found in Asia. A) True B) False
b
Homo erectus lived only in Africa and Asia. A) True B) False
b
Human genetic diversity supports the existence of definable human biological races. A) True B) False
b
Humans entered the New World only about 10,000 years ago. A) True B) False
b
Humans exhibit little in the way of sexual dimorphism. A) True B) False
b
If the MRE model is correct, we should find clear evidence that modern Homo sapiens is a separate species from any of the so-called pre-modern groups. A) True B) False
b
If there were interbreeding between Neandertals and moderns that led to hybrid individuals, then A) Neandertals and moderns would be members of different species. B) Neandertals and moderns would be members of the same species. C) the AR model would be correct. D) the offspring would be a different species.
b
In the lumper-splitter debate, which model do the lumpers prefer? A) African Replacement model B) Multiregional Evolution model C) Out-of-Africa model D) Primary African Origin model
b
Infectious disease is a major cause of death in the U. S. today. A) True B) False
b
Melanin protects humans from overheating. A) True B) False
b
Modern brain size was achieved by one million years ago. A) True B) False
b
Overpopulation is a problem only in third-world, developing nations. A) True B) False
b
Populations in hot climates tend to have round bodies. A) True B) False
b
Populations of a species that are completely isolated from one another but have not yet become truly different species are A) subspecies. B) semispecies. C) races. D) polytypic.
b
The African Replacement people see the variation in the fossil record as being well within the potential range of modern human diversity. A) True B) False
b
The author feels the Primary African Origin model is not viable. A) True B) False
b
The fossil record clearly supports the MRE model. A) True B) False
b
The races that are typically identified in the U.S. originated in scientific studies of genetic and phenotypic diversity. A) True B) False
b
The relationship between dark skin and high levels of UV radiation is an example of A) culture. B) an adaptive response. C) demography. D) a distance curve.
b
There are biologically based differences between the races in IQ and athletic ability. A) True B) False
b
Translating a complex set of phenomena into a single entity such as a number is A) heritability. B) reification. C) racism. D) a cline.
b
What is the most important adaptive factor for humans living in extreme environments? A) the ability to sweat. B) culture C) different skin pigmentations. D) fire
b
What question do the African Replacement model and the Multiregional Evolution model try to answer? A) Why are Homo sapiens bipedal? B) When did Homo sapiens originate? C) How did we migrate to the New World? D) What are the genetic similarities between humans and the great apes?
b
Which field of anthropology works at crime scenes to identify bodies? A) linguistics B) forensics C) primatology D) paleopathology
b
Which of the following is NOT an emerging disease? A) HIV/AIDS B) bubonic plague C) ebola D) "mad cow"
b
A combination of linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) along a chromosome or stretch of DNA is a(n) A) cline. B) polytype. C) haplotype. D) archetype.
c
Based on current available evidence it appears that fully modern-looking people first appeared about _____ ya. A) 220,000 B) 190,000 C) 160,000 D) 130,000
c
Evidence of gene flow between archaic and moderns would A) cast doubt on both the MRE and the AR models. B) refute the MRE model and support the AR model . C) refute the AR model and support the MRE model. D) refute the Primary African Origin model
c
Gender is A) a geographic continuum in the variation of a particular trait. B) a biological category of a male or female. C) the cultural categories and characteristics of men and women. D) based on genetics.
c
One conclusion of the Multiregional Evolution model is that, if premodern groups are in fact members of our species, then the rules of taxonomy dictate that the earliest name used for any of them must be applied to them all. Thus, if all six species of Homo are indeed the same species, they would all be A) Homo antecessor. B) Homo neanderthalensis. C) Homo sapiens. D) Homo erectus.
c
The relationship between race and IQ is A) mostly the result of genetic differences. B) inherited. C) based on cultural categories and factors. D) fixed in different racial populations.
c
The specialized skin cells melanocytes help protect the skin from A) high altitude. B) temperature. C) UV radiation. D) insect bites.
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of an epidemiological transition? A) the increase in infectious diseases as larger and denser concentrations of people provided the disease vectors with greater opportunity to be passed from host to host B) the shift to chronic, degenerative diseases, such as cancers, and heart and circulatory diseases, resulting from better public health measures and improved nutrition C) the evolution of light skin corresponding with the migration of people away from the equator D) the return of old diseases caused by the evolution of the microorganisms themselves
c
Which of the following is a biological category? A) race B) gender C) sex D) religion
c
Which of the following is part of the Multiregional Evolution model? A) There must be distinctions between our modern species and archaic humans that clearly distinguish us as separate species. B) Fossil transition between premodern and modern humans should occur only in the single region in which moderns evolved. C) The physical features we associate with modern humans appeared everywhere but may have been manifested in different ways. D) Neandertals and Homo sapiens should be considered two separate species.
c
Which theme is found in all accepted members of genus Homo? A) sloped foreheads B) sagittal crest C) big brains D) tall stature
c
Racial categories A) are the same in all cultures. B) have a solid biological basis. C) no longer have meaning within our cultural system. D) are folk taxonomies.
d
The phenotypic trait involved in the ABO blood system is the presence or absence of certain proteins called A) antibodies. B) melanocytes. C) single nucleotide polymorphisms. D) antigens.
d
Which blood type contains no antigens? A) A B) B C) AB D) O
d
Which of the following is NOT proposed by the alternative to the AR and MRE models? A) Africa is the "birthplace" of our species. B) The spread of around the world of modern human features did not necessarily result in the replacement of an existing species by a new one. C) There was more than one major expansion out of Africa. D) Our species originated about 160,000 ya.
d
Which of the following is NOT studied by biological anthropology? A) how humans evolved in the past B) what humans evolved into C) how humans are evolving today D) how individuals evolve
d
Which type of human DNA is NOT especially useful for comparisons across geographic populations? A) DNA in the nucleus of the cells. B) Mitochondrial DNA. C) DNA on the Y chromosome. D) DNA on the X chromosome.
d
