Bio-Cellular Respiration
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration involves going through the entire cellular respiration process and all it's reactions (Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, ETC) to give cells energy. Anaerobic respiration DOES NOT use oxygen meaning it can't utilize the ETC or Kreb's cycle so instead a different set of chemical reactions take place in order to provide cells with energy.
Food products we enjoy thanks to the fermentation of our microbe friends:
Bread (yeast, ethnol), wine (yeast, ethnol), yogurt (certain bacteria, lactic acid), pickles (certain bacteria, lactic acid), and cheese (certain bacteria, lactic acid)
List the 3 main stages of cellular respiration and where in the cell they occur. For each stage, state what happens, list what molecules are needed (consumed) and what molecules are produced
Glycolysis: Glycolysis splits glucose to transfer some high NRG proton to NAD → NADH Kreb's cycle: Krebs Cycle breaks down pyruvates to transfer high NRG - to NAD → NADH ETC: electron flow "draws" protons across the pumps to the intermembrane space H+ gradient maintained!
Why must CO₂ be removed from your body?
It acidifies your cells & bloodstream -this lowers ph causing enzymes to denature
Why is fermentation able to occur without the use of oxygen?
It does not occur in the mitochondria *when the mitochondria doesn't have oxygen it shuts down
From the perspective of cellular respiration, explain why working out results in losing weight.
Working out results in losing weight because you are breathing more often, which means there is more oxygen to carry out cellular respiration, meaning the rate of cellular respiration will increase since you are also burning the fat in your body that is already stored. *when working out people burn calories (which are energy) *working out burns fat, fat is high in hydrogen ions and has a lot of stored energy so "burning" it would cause one's weight to lower
What is the only type of cells in your body that can continue to make ATPs by the fermentation pathway without requiring oxygen? What other types of organisms can do fermentation? Why would they ferment?
The only type of cells in your body that can continue to make ATP by fermentation is your muscle cells. Other organisms that can do fermentation are certain bacteria & yeast. They (certain bacteria & yeast) might ferment due to its size. Since it's so small it probably does not need as much ATP as we (humans) do.
If oxygen is not present in sufficient quantity, pyruvate molecules may be converted into: a. ethanol or lactic acid b. amino acids or fatty acids c. carbon dioxide and water d. carbon dioxide or oxygen
a. ethanol or lactic acid
Which statement regarding cellular respiration is correct: a. Cellular respiration in plants occurs only during the day b. All living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration c. Fungi and bacteria carry out aerobic cellular respiration only d. Only plants and animals use glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration
b. All living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration
The overall summary equation for the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose is: a. CO₂ + H₂O-glucose+ O₂+ATP+Heat b. glucose +O₂-CO₂+H₂O+ATP+Heat c. glucose-lipids + ATP e. O₂-glucose + CO₂+ Heat
b. glucose +O₂-CO₂+H₂O+ATP+Heat
The products of glycolysis include two pyruvate molecules and : a. oxygen gas b. two molecules of ATP c. NAD and CO₂ d. one molecule of glucose e. NADH and ethanol
b. two net molecules of ATP
The large number of ATPs produced during aerobic cellular respiration are produced: a. in the lungs where there is the greatest concentration of oxygen b. inside the mitochondria matrix and diffuse through the membrane c. inside the mitochondria matrix and leave through a transport protein d. outside the mitochondria and diffuse into the mitochondria e. by the mitochondria and enter the blood stream to be transported throughout the body
c. inside the mitochondria matrix and leave through a transport protein
Respiration ____________, and cellular respiration ________________ : a. uses glucose.....produces glucose b. produces glucose......produces oxygen c. is gas exchange....produces ATP d. produces ATP.....is gas exchange e. produces glucose..... is gas exchange
c. is gas exchange....produces ATP
Carbon dioxide is to lungs as: a. nutrients are to intestine c. urea to kidneys e. oxygen is to cells b. blood is to heart d. glucose to muscles
c. urea to kidneys
What is the role of the protons from the hydrogen atoms of your food molecules?
The protons from the atoms is used because diffusion of H+ is req'd for ADP + P → ATP
Which process produces NADH: a. Krebs cycle b. glycolysis c. the electron transport system d. Both choices A and B
d. Both choices A and B
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because: a. high levels of alcohol waste product will build up b. water will not be produced and dehydration will occur c. anaerobic respiration can't occur d. of inadequate ATP production e. None of the choices are correct
d. of inadequate ATP production
The last electron acceptor in mitochondrial cellular respiration is: a. hydrogen b. NADH c. pyruvate d. oxygen e. carbon dioxide
d. oxygen
The Krebs cycle starts with: a. lactic acid and yields carbon dioxide b. glucose and yields 32 ATPs c. pyruvate and yields lactic acid or alcohol d. pyruvate and yields carbon dioxide e. oxygen and yields water
d. pyruvate and yields carbon dioxide
The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced by: a. glycolysis b. the electron transport system c. lactic acid and fermentation d. the Krebs Cycle e. All of the above are responsible for CO₂ production
d. the Krebs Cycle
The reactions in glycolysis occur a. on the membrane inside the mitochondria b. in the fluid matrix of the mitochondria c. on the exterior mitochondrial membrane d. on the cell membrane e. on the cytoplasm
e. on the cytoplasm
The NADH that are formed in the Krebs Cycle primarily function to: a. remove the waste product CO₂ from the system b. facilitate the production of water by combining hydrogen ions with oxygen c. catalyze the production of ATP from ADP phosphate group d. provide the energy to synthesize the polysaccharides e. transfer electrons to operate the electron transport system
e. transfer electrons to operate the electron transport system
When human muscles are exercised and oxygen is depleted, the muscles can continue to produce energy by: a. taking oxygen from other cells and continuing aerobic respiration b. breaking down lipids c. increasing the speed of the reactions in the Krebs Cycle d. increasing supplies of glycogen and other carbohydrate-rich compounds e. using fermentation reacts to facilitate glycolysis
e. using fermentation reacts to facilitate glycolysis
Why would this condition (limited or lack of oxygen) also stop ATP production by the Krebs cycle?
there is no more NAD to transport the electron from the H's from the cycle.
Describe the two different types of fermentation pathways. -Ethnol (alcohol) -Lactic acid
Ethnol (yeast& certain bacteria): -enzyme does chemical reaction to pyruvate that forms carbon dioxide, this causes a new molecule to be formed -this makes a new enzyme with NADH, NADH will drop of electron & proton to another molecule *reminder: fermentation's intent is to re-form more NAD so glycosis can continue to work (glycolysis providers 2 ATP per glucose) Lactic acid (muscle cells & certain bacteria) *muscle cells are trying to get NAD so glycolysis can continue -hydrogen is dropped off a pyruvate which makes NADH
why does limited or lack of oxygen prevent ATP production
Limited or lack of oxygen prevents the production of ATP by the ETC. This is because without oxygen the protein can never pick up a new electron. If electrons are never accepted by oxygen they will remain stuck with their protein. This means they can't be passed on along the ETC and there is no flow of electrons to attract protons and maintain the hydrogen ion concentration gradient. Without the attraction of protons and hydrogen ion gradient (protons & hydrogen ions are the same thing), the protons cannot be diffused back into the matrix and assist in the production of ATP.
What food source isn't (used for fermentation)? Why not?
Lipids are not used for fermentation because the process of fermentation is started due to the fact that the organism can get the ATP it needs to survive even without oxygen through glycolysis which requires glucose/sugar.
What food source is used for fermentation?
The food source that is used for fermentation is sugar. *no oxygen, but food (sugar) means fermentation
If you could measure the pH difference between the inter-membrane space and the matrix of the mitochondria, which area would have lower pH? Explain?
The inter-membrane would have a lower pH, pH is a measure of hydrogen ions and the more hydrogen ions the lower the pH # on scale (*lower pH # on scale means acidic). Therefore, the inter membrane would have a lower pH due to all the hydrogen ions.
What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?
The role of NAD is picking up/carrying electrons during cellular respiration, this allows it to combine with the proton from the glucose (after glycolysis) for the mitochondria to further do cellular respiration (it becomes NADH)
Explain the role of oxygen to aerobic respiration. Why does the lack of oxygen not allow your cells to carry out cellular respiration?
The role of oxygen is to be the final acceptor of the electron at the electron transport chain. The lack of oxygen will not allow your cells to carry out cellular respiration because there won't be a final acceptor for the electron to continue the electron transport chain, therefore, the concentration gradient will not work anymore. *this also means all the processes afterwards won't be able to be carried out
What is the role of the electrons from the hydrogen atoms of your food molecules?
The role of the electrons from the hydrogen atoms of the food molecules is to power the proton pumps.
Why is it important to maintain a concentration gradient?
in order for diffusion of the proton to transform ADP+P into ATP to carry out cellular respiration there has to be a gradient. -this because diffusion means moving from [high] to [low] and that can't occur unless one area of the mitochondria has more protons than another