bio ch 12 connect

Which of the following plants was the main organism for Mendel's genetic experiments?

Pea

A trait that has multiple genes contributing to its expression is known as which of the following?

Polygenic trait

Which of these is commonly used to predict the results of simple genetic crosses?

Punnett square

In terms of probabilities, the cross of a tall yellow seeded pea plant (TTYy) with a tall green seeded pea plant (Ttyy) is equivalent to which two monohybrid crosses?

TT x Tt and Yy x yy

The inheritance patterns of many traits are (more or less) complex than simple Mendelian patterns.

More

Juvenile glaucoma is a hereditary disease that causes blindness due to the degeneration of nerves in which of the following?

Optic nerve

homozygous dominant; heterozygous; homozygous recessive

TT; Tt; tt

Which of the following are examples of environmental effects on phenotype?

The amount of sunlight experienced by a sunflower affects the number of seeds produced. The number of seeds eaten by a bird affects its weight.

A cross in which only a single trait is considered is called a(n) ______ cross or single factor cross

monohybrid

An experimental cross where only a single characteristic is considered (for example, flower color) is called

monohybrid

In order to determine the likelihood of having a flipped coin come up on heads three times in a row, you would use the

multiplication rule

Choose the two dominant alleles in the human ABO blood group system.

IB IA

Which of the following statements about the number of alleles a gene can have is true?

In a population of organisms, a gene can be represented by more than two alleles.

If the offspring from a testcross contain only heterozygotes, the genotype of the unknown parent must be

homozygous dominant

The results of a testcross indicate that all of the offspring have a dominant phenotype. The genotype of the parent in question must be

homozygous dominant

The physical appearance or other observable characteristic of an individual is called his/her

phenotype

Which of these traits exhibit a dominant mode of inheritance?

Polydactyly; Mid-digital hair; Hypercholesterolemia

A(n) ___ square can be used to predict the outcome of a simple genetic cross.

Punnett

A parent with a genotype of RrYy can produce which of the following gametes?

RY; rY; Ry; ry

Which of these blood phenotypes is NOT properly matched with the sugar exhibited on red blood cells?

Type O - have galactosamine and galactose

When the interaction of genes alters genetic ratios, this is called

epistasis

sickle cell anemia

defective hemoglobin

Polydactyly

extra fingers or toes

An individual's total set of alleles for a particular trait is called his/her _____

genotype

Type A

have galactosamine

Type AB

have galactosamine and galactose

Type B

have galactose

An allele that has more than one effect on phenotype is called

pleiotropic.

In Mendel's experiments, he observed a 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive traits in

the F2 generation of monohybrid crosses.

Place the three stages of Mendel's experiments in the correct order from first (on top) to last.

1) Allowing plants to self cross to ensure they are true breeding 2) Reciprocal; crosses between true breeding varieties 3) Allowing hybrid offspring to self fertilize

One of the parents in a dihybrid cross has the genotype AABb. How many types of gametes can this parent produce?

2

A Punnett square for a single trait should be set up as a ______ square (Not counting the squares for parental gametes).

2 x 2

What was the ratio that Mendel observed between dominant and recessive traits in the F2 offspring of a monohybrid cross?

3 dominant:1 recessive

In a homozygous recessive individual the probability of the dominant allele being present is

0

In a heterozygous individual, the probability of a recessive allele being present in a gamete is

0.5

When continuous traits are graphed in the form of a histogram with the phenotype on the X-axis, and the frequency of individuals with that phenotype on the Y-axis, a ____ -shaped curve results.

Bell

Huntington's disease

Degeneration of the nervous system

What type of cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two different traits?

Dihybrid cross

True or false: Mendel's observations did not support the independent assortment hypothesis.

False

Which of the following traits is NOT described correctly?

Huntington disease: wasting away of muscles during childhood

Of the following alleles for blood type, indicate which two alleles are codominant to each other.

IA IB

The probability of genotypes in an independently assorted dihybrid cross is based on the probabilities of

two monohybrid crosses

Multiplication rule

used for independent events

addition rule

used for mutually exclusive events

In the cross of Pp x Pp four outcomes are possible: PP, Pp, pP, and pp. The probability of being heterozygous is ________.

1/2

A 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort ___ from one another.

Independently

Which of the following conditions is inherited due to a dominant allele?

Juvenile glaucoma

Albinism;

Lack of melanin pigmentation

The following pedigree is representative of which type of inheritance? 1st generation: Unaffected male and female, 1 of them is heterozygous. 2nd generation: 3 children (unaffected male, female carrier married to male carrier, and male carrier married to unaffected female). 3rd generation: 2 different families ( female and male carrier from 2nd generation have 4 children: affected male, unaffected female, affected female, female carrier). Other family of male carrier and unaffected female from 2nd generation: male carrier, unaffected male and female). 4th generation: the female and male carriers (1st cousins of 3rd generation) have 3 children: unaffected male and female, homozygous recessive male

Recessive

Which of these traits is NOT correctly matched with its mode of inheritance?

Red-green color blindness: dominant

Hemophilia;

inability of blood to clot properly

The appropriate time to use the product rule is when dealing with events that are:

independent

A 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort _____ from one another.

independently

Human height is an example of a trait that has a continuous distribution of phenotypes. Human height is therefore an example of _____ inheritance.

polygenic

Quantitative traits are usually

polygenic

Traits that exhibit continuous variation are also called

quantitative traits

When performing a monohybrid cross, Mendel noticed that not all individuals in the F2 generation were true breeding. What proportion were not?

1/2 of the F2 individuals exhibiting the dominant form were not true breeding.

In a certain plant, fruit color is affected by an epistatic interaction between two genes. The fruit is red in the presence of at least one dominant allele of either or both gene A or gene B, and white when there are no dominant alleles present. What proportion of the offspring of a cross of AaBb x AaBb plants is expected to be red?

15/16

A 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross represents this genotypic ratio:

1:2:1

This ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort independently from one another.

9:3:3:1

In pea plants, the allele T encodes for tall plants, while the allele t encodes for dwarf plants. If a true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding dwarf pea plant what are the expected genotypes of the offspring?

All Tt

The trait for round (R) peas is dominant over the trait wrinkled (r) peas. What would happen if true-breeding round peas are crossed with true-breeding wrinkled peas?

All offspring will have round peas.

Choose statements that correctly refer to components of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor).

Alternative forms of genes are called alleles; Parents transmit genes to offspring; The two alleles remain discrete; The presence of an allele doesn't ensure that it will be expressed.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main stages that Mendel conducted his experiments in?

Back crosses between F1 and P individuals

Which pattern of inheritance MOST likely explains the inheritance of the trait shown in this pedigree? 1st generation: Affected male and unaffected female (3 children: unaffected male, affected male married to unaffected female and affected female married to unaffected male) 3rd generation: Affected male and unaffected female of 2nd generation have an affected female. The affected female and unaffected male of 2nd generation have 2 affected females.

Dominant

Choose the 4 reasons that contributed to Mendel selecting the garden pea as his experimental subject.

Earlier investigators had produced hybrid peas.; The garden pea had a relatively short generation time.; There were a large number of pure varieties.; Garden peas can self-fertilize.

In a typical monohybrid cross, all of the offspring in which generation will exhibit a single trait without blending?

F1

True or false: Due to the diploid nature of eukaryotic cells, a gene can never have more than two alleles in a population of organisms.

False

What type of experiment involves mating two individuals with different characteristics to each other? One individual provides females gametes, while the other provides male gametes.

Hybridization

Which of these are not reasons that Mendel chose to study the garden pea:

They were inexpensive to buy; Long generation time

In order to predict the outcome of mutually exclusive events, this rule should be used:

addition

Mendel's observations supported the independent _____ hypothesis

assortment

Prior to the work of Mendel, inheritance was viewed as resulting from

blending of traits from an offspring's parents.

A(n)____ cross follows the simultaneous inheritance of two different characters.

dihybrid

Type O

have neither sugar

Prior to the 20th century, the two main ideas that provided the basis for most thinking about heredity were

heredity occurs within species; traits are transmitted directly from parents to offspring

Consider a testcross where the unknown parent is heterozygous. The offspring will be

heterozygotes and homozygotes

Pedigree analysis is typically used for studying:

human traits that follow simple inheritance patterns

In the monohybrid crosses performed by Mendel, the F1 plants always displayed

one trait

This analysis is appropriate for studying traits, such as genetic diseases, that follow simple Mendelian patterns:

pedigree

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a _____ allele because this mutation has more than one effect on the phenotype.

pleiotropic

Match each example with the type of fertilization it represents: reciprocal fertilization matches; cross-fertilization; self-fertilization matches

pollen from a white-flowered plant is used to fertilize a purple-flowered plant, while pollen from a purple-flowered plant is used to fertilize a white-flowered plant; pollen collected from a white flower introduced into a purple flower with male parts removed; Choice, takes place within an individual flower if it is not disturbed takes place within an individual flower if it is not disturbed

Continuous phenotypic variation results from

polygenic inheritance and independent segregation of genes

To calculate the probability that if a woman has four children, they will all be girls, you should use the

product rule

An example of a ____ cross is using pollen from a green-seeded pea plant to fertilize a yellow-seeded pea plant and then using pollen from a yellow-seeded pea plant to fertilize a green-seeded pea plant.

reciprocal

In order for Mendel's simple ratios to hold true, the following assumption must be made:

that the traits are inherited independently

Examples of environmental influences on phenotype include

the pattern of coat color in Siamese cats the pattern of coat color in Himalayan rabbits

Which of the following is NOT a component of Mendel's five-element model (please note that the answers use the modern term gene instead of factor)?

the two alleles are usually the same

One of the traits that Mendel studied in pea plant is plant height. Tall plants are dominant with respect to dwarf plants. If the gene for this trait is denoted by the letter "T", then the genotype of a dwarf pea plant is

tt

A hybridization experiment involves mating

two individuals with different characteristics to each other

A Punnett square has rows and columns which represent gametes made by males and females. At the intersection of each row and column we combine the corresponding gametes to produce the genotype of a potential

zygote