Bio Ch. 22

pollen tube

a structure which the pollen grain begins to grow if it lands near an ovule; contains two haploid sperm nuclei- one disintegrates

sporophyte

diploid; produces haploid spores

What advantage does a seed have to a plant?

do not require water for fertilization; protects embryo; transfer of sperm by pollination

Do bryophytes have vascular tissue?

no

monocots

single clotyledon seeds; parallel veins; floral parts in 3x; vasuclar bundles are scattered; fibrous (shallow) roots

4. How do the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ from bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms?

the siz of the gametophytes reduce and the size of the sporophytes increase

What defines a plant?

Eukaryotic; multicellular; cell wall of cellulose; carry out photosynthesis using chloropyll A and B; alternation of generations; photoautotrophic

5. Why do some scientists include green algae as a plant and why do others exclude this group?

because some types of algae are classified as protists and some scientists believe that green algae are the first plants; share many characteristics with larger, more complex plants

how do fruits and flowes affect the lifecycle of an angiosperm?

flowers attract animals who carry pollen with them; pollination here is much more efficient than wind pollination

What are the benefits of fruit and flowers to angiosperms? How do they affect their lifecycle?

flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect the seeds;after fertilization, flowers develop into fruits that surround, protect and help disperse seeds

annual

grows, makes seeds, dies; life span of one year

What is the first group to have seeds?

gymnosperms

gametophyte

haploid; produces gametes that fuse to form zygotes

3. Describe the idea of alternation of generations using the terms sporophyte, gametophyte, diploid, haploid, meiosis, and fertilization

so a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis and creates hapliod spores which grow into gametophytes which produces gametes which go through fertilization to make a diploid sporophyte

Describe a ferns lifecycle and what is required for this lifecycle to be successful.

sporangium goes trhough meiosis and produces spores which grow into young haploid gametophytes; antheridium and archegonium make sperms and egg; sperm needs a thin film of water to swim over to the egg and then a diploid sorophyte plant begins to grow into a frond which contains sporangium

sporangium

spore capsule; contains haploid spores

7. Draw and describe the alternation of generations in a typical moss. Be sure to include the sporophyte, gametophyte, archegonia, antheridia, sporangium, and what is necessary for fertilization to occur.

spores grow into gametophyets and depending on if the gametophytes an archegonia (eggs) or an antheridia (sperms); water is neccessary for fertilization to occur because the sperm has to swim over to the egg and then they make a young sporophyte which grows and has a sporangium which produces spores

ovules

structures in which female gametophytes devlope

2. What things do all plants need to survive?

sunlight, movement water or minerals; gas exchange (Oxygen and Co2)

seed coat

surrounds and protects embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out

biennials

takes two years for flower to grow, have seeds and die

How does this lack of vascular tissue affect bryophytes size and structures?

they are close to the ground because it is harder to get nutritents to them; they can only get water one meter above ground

xylem

tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

What types of cells are found in vascular tissue and how does this change the structure and size of these plants?

tracheids; tissues: xylem and phloem; they are ablt to grow taller because the vascular tissue helps move fluids through there bodies

pollination

transfer of pllen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure

phloem

transports solutions of nutrients and carbs produce by photosynthesis

tracheids

tubelike cells with thick cell walls strenghted by lingin- makes cell walls rigid

dicots

two cotyledon seeds; branched veins; floral parts in 4x or 5x; vasuclar bundles in a ring; taproot (deep)

11. Describe the lifecycle of a gymnosperm (conifer/ pine tree).

two diploid ovules in each cone scale go through meiosis and now there is 4 haploid cells; then pollen grains are inserted in the scale and then fertilization occures and there is a new sporophyte which grows into a seed which grows into a germinated seed, then seedling and then mature sporophyte which relizes either a pllen cone or contains a seed cone

archegonia

where the eggs are made

pollen grain

where the male gametophyte is contained

antheridia

where the sperm is made

perennials

woody or herbaceous stems; come back every year