BIO Ch. 5

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions to the inside of the cell. Both ions are moved from a lower to a higher concentration. This type of transport is called ______ transport

Active

Active transport might occur when molecules need to move _______ a concentration gradient, as is the case of thyroid cells where iodine collects in _____ concentrations.

Against; large

channel protein function

Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely

The molecules that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are called _______

Amphiphathic

A protein embedded within the cell membrane is called:

An integral protein

The process of using vesicles to move macromolecules into or out of the cell is called __________

Bulk transport

Active transport requires both chemical energy in the form of _____ and ______ proteins

ATP; carrier

An animal cell in a ________ solution will shrivel up or crenate.

Hypertonic

For a plant cell in a __________ solution, the cytoplasm shrinks causing __________ and ________ turgor pressure.

Hypertonic; plasmolysis; decreasing

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell will cause a cell to gain water by osmosis and is considered a _________ solution

Hypotonic

An animal cell in a _________ solution may lyse or burst open.

Hypotonic

For a plant cell in a _______ solution, vacuoles fill with water, ________ turgor pressure.

Hypotonic; increasing

Facilitated diffusion occurs:

In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

As temperature increases the rate of diffusion _______

Increases

A solution that has the same concentration as that of the cytoplasm of a cell is said to be a(n) __________ solution

Isotonic

In an _______ solution in animal cells, there is no net movement of water.

Isotonic

Which of the following states about receptor-mediated endocytosis is true?

It involves coated pits

Junction protein function

Join cells together forming a tissure

The proteins that are associated with the cell membrane and blind to specific molecules in the environment, bringing about a cellular response are called ________ proteins

Receptor

Exocytosis is a process by which cells:

Release substances from the cell via vesicles

carrier protein function

Selectively interacts with specific molecules so that it can cross the plasma membrane

A non-water molecule moves down its concentration gradient, without the help of a carrier molecule or energy input.

Simple diffusion

The particles taken up during pinocytosis are _____ than those in phagocytosis

Smaller

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport:

Sugars and amino acids

Why does active transport require energy?

- Active transport requires carrier proteins, which often require energy - Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient

Which of the following are true regarding carrier proteins?

- Carrier proteins aid in both facilitated transport and active transport - Carrier proteins are specific to moving specific molecules

Characteristics of the sodium-potassium pump.

- Uses a specific carrier protein that moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions into the cell. - Requires energy from ATP - An example of active transport

A cell with a 0.9% salt concentration is placed into a solution that causes it to shrink. Which of the following solutions would lead to water loss from the cell?

5.0% NaCl

To change a lipid into glycolipid, what structure needs to be added?

A carbohydrate

______ proteins are involved in selective transport of molecules across the cell membrane

Carrier

Which of the following are needed to complete active transport of molecules? Carrier protein, energy, centrioles, plasma membrane, channel proteins

Carrier protein, energy, plasma membrane

Facilitated diffusion requires:

Carrier proteins

Enzymatic protein function

Catalyzes a specific reaction in the membrane

Plant cells react differently to osmotic changes due to the presence of the __________, a structure that animal cells lack.

Cell wall

The structure that is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane which helps to normalize membrane fluidity is _______

Cholesterol

The shrinking of cells in salted meat is called _____

Crenation

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both examples of ________

Endocytosis

Protein that catalyzes a specific metabolic reaction

Enzymatic protein

The process of secretion in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell

Exocytosis

The movement of large molecules out of the cell by vesicles is called _______, whereas the movement of large substances into the cell by vesicles is called ______

Exocytosis, endocytosis

Diffusion and facilitated transport are processes in which molecules move down the concentration gradient. However, ______ requires a carrier protein while _______ does not.

Facilitated transport, diffusion

True or False: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.

False

An integral protein with a carbohydrate chain

Glycoportein

Which type of molecules function in cell recognition of invading pathogens?

Glycoproteins

Cells involved in active transport often have high numbers of __________ in order to facilitate this process.

Mitochondria

Active transport:

Moves toward a higher concentration gradient using a carrier protein and energy. Ex. Sugars, amino acids, ions

Diffusion:

Moves toward a lower concentration gradient using a concentration gradient. Ex. Gases and lipid-soluble molecules

Facilitated transport

Moves toward a lower concentration gradient using channels, carriers or concentration gradient. Ex. some sugars, amino acids

Bulk transport:

Moves toward the outside or inside of a cell using a vesicle. Ex. macromolecules

Your potted ivy plant is wilted, but perks up after you water it.

Osmosis

Channel proteins are involved in:

Passing molecules through the membrane

In contrast to _______ transport, ______ transport requires energy for molecules to pass through cell membranes.

Passive; active

Certain white blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them in to digest them. This process is best described as:

Phagocytosis

Components of the plasma membrane as described by the fluid-mosaic model

Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

Phospholipid membranes form bilayers because their ______ heads are attracted to water, and their ______ tails face away from water.

Polar, nonpolar

Functions of the glycocalyx

Protection, cell-to-cell recognition, adhesion, signal reception

Tonicity refers to:

The concentration of a solution

Active transport can best be described as:

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.

The sodium-potassium pump requires a carrier protein that binds:

Three sodium and two potassium ions

Which of the following statements is true in regards to the order and location of the movement of ions in the sodium-potassium pump?

Three sodium ions leave the cell, and then two potassium ions enter the cell.

True or False: The sodium-potassium pump requires ATP in order to create a change in the shape of the carrier protein.

True

True or false: If the material the cell takes in is liquid, the process is termed pinocytosis.

True

To transport large substances in and out of the cell, structures called ______ are made from the cell membrane

Vesicles