BIO CH6

Which of the following is considered a form of kinetic energy?

light a rolling ball wind heat

ATP is a type of _____ and is composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups.

nucleotide; ribose

The energy of activation of a reaction is:

the energy input needed to reach the transition state.

Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as:

chemoheterotrophs.

Which statements are true of an inhibitor that binds the active site of an enzyme?

-Adding more substrate can reduce the effect of these inhibitors -These inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme -These inhibitors are structurally similar to the normal substrate of an enzyme

Which of the statements represent the laws of thermodynamics?

-The amount of energy in the universe is constant -The energy available to do work decreases as energy is transformed from one form to another

Which of the statements are true?

-The energy for a reaction equals the sum of the energy in the product plus energy released as heat and disorder. -The amount of usable energy resulting from a reaction is always less than the total energy available at the start of the reaction

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?

A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.

Which statement is true about exergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions are catabolic.

Metal ions bound to enzymes are called:

Cofactors

You are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics, because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe), as the chemical reactions that are required to make organisms release heat.

T/F: One day, scientists should be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry.

False

In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as:

Heat

ATP is a good energy currency for cells because it has a(n) _____ amount of Gibbs free energy.

Intermediate

Spontaneous reactions have a _____ ΔG.

Negative

A carbohydrate such as glucose has a great deal of ______ energy.

Potential

A biologist working in a lab adds a compound to a solution that contains an enzyme and substrate. This particular compound binds reversibly to the enzyme at the active site. Once the compound is bound to the enzyme, the catalysis of substrate to product stops. Which of the statements is true of the compound?

The effect of the compound can be overcome by adding more substrate. Because this inhibitor binds reversibly to the active site, adding more substrate allows the substrate to better compete for binding.

You walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?

The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside.

Of the choices, which can be a product of a catabolic reaction?

an amino acid like tryptophan An amino acid would be the product of protein degradation by protease enzymes in a catabolic reaction.

The assembly of glucose molecules into polysaccharides is a(n) _____ process.

anabolic

Building a protein by adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain is an example of:

anabolism

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form:

carbonic acid

During ______, large molecules are broken down and energy is released.

catabolism

Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). In addition, this microbe can synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:

chemoautotroph.

Imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep-sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid, or any other inorganic molecule, present in seawater to form glucose, or other organic molecules. Living so far beneath the water's surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. This fish would be considered a:

chemoheterotroph.

Animals such as cats, worms, and butterflies are classified as:

chemoheterotrophs

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is a(n) _____ reaction with ____ ΔG.

endergonic; a positive

Glycolysis, the breakdown of a glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate, is an example of a series of reactions that is:

exergonic and catabolic

Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?

glucose

Based on what you know of ATP's chemistry, which of the substances is most likely to have similar functions in energy-management processes?

guanosine nucleotide triphosphate Although ATP is far and away the most commonly employed source of chemical energy for cellular reactions, the other nucleoside triphosphates, including guanosine triphosphate, function similarly in some situations.

Enzymes are typically:

highly specific

Which has the most entropy, individual nucleotides or a nucleic acid?

individual nucleotides

An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.

kinetic

A cougar chases its prey. Running is a form of:

kinetic energy

Organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are:

photoautotrophs

Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds.

potential; covalent

Enzymes are most often:

proteins

Converting glucose to glycogen:

requires energy

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 meters, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.

second; entropy

Reactions in which there is a negative change in free energy (-ΔG) are:

spontaneous and exergonic.

Carbon-carbon covalent bonds, such as the ones in carbohydrates and lipids, are _____ and have _____.

weak; a lot of potential energy