bio ch6

Ribosomes

(machines) protein manufacturing organelles

Microbione

1 trillion bacteria skin, nose, mouth, esophagus, large instestine

The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?

1000:1

Which of the following is a possible reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria? They are all involved in ATP synthesis. They all contain DNA and make some of their own proteins. They are all part of the plastid family of organelles. They all contain two or more membranes. All of these organelles appear to increase in number by dividing.

All of these organelles appear to increase in number by dividing. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes all increase in number by dividing within the cell.

the "chase" phase

Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added

the "pulse" phase

Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true? Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm. Intermediate filaments are hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support. Microfilaments are more permanent structures in cells compared to intermediate filaments and microtubules. Plant cells lack a cytoskeleton because they have a rigid cell wall. Microtubules are chains of proteins that resist stretching.

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm The interaction of motor proteins with the cytoskeleton is responsible for the movement of organelles in cells.

A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus. The membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall. Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol. Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria.

Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. Digestion occurs within a vesicle. If the digestive enzymes were in the cytosol, they might degrade essential components of the cell.

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? a. Golgi --> ER --> lysosome b. nucleus --> ER --> Golgi c. ER --> Golgi --> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane d. ER --> lysosomes --> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

ER --> Golgi --> vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Proteins that are synthesized by bound ribosomes

ER protein, lysosomal enzyme, insulin

Pancreatic cells, which secrete a large amount of digestive enzymes, are labeled with radioactive leucine and then chased for several hours with nonradioactive leucine. Photographic emulsions are prepared at different times during the chase. Where would the black spots appear on an emulsion prepared 3 hours after the pulse? Pancreatic cells, which secrete a large amount of digestive enzymes, are labeled with radioactive leucine and then chased for several hours with nonradioactive leucine. Photographic emulsions are prepared at different times during the chase. Where would the black spots appear on an emulsion prepared 3 hours after the pulse? Exterior of the cell Rough ER Secretory vesicles Golgi apparatus

EXTERIOR OF THE CELL. Black spots would appear on the exterior of the cell after 3 hours, indicating that the proteins had been secreted from the cell.

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

Intermediate filaments

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules serve as

Intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia

Which of the following is FALSE? Mitochondria contain ribosomes in the intermembrane space. Mitochondria are involved in energy metabolism. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called cristae. Mitochondria have more than one membrane. Mitochondria possess their own DNA.

Mitochondria contain ribosomes in the intermembrane space.

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? the contraction of muscle cells in animals the beating of cilia or flagella determining the shape of animal cells maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of be endomembrane system. Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.

Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system

What path does a protein in the secretory pathway take, starting from its site of synthesis? Plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, Golgi apparatus, rough ER Golgi apparatus, rough ER, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane Rough ER, secretory vesicles, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane

Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plasma membrane

Bacteria has

a membrane

Difference between animal and plant cells

animal: ECM plant: chloroplasts, central vacuole

some/soma-

body

-cyte/cyto

cell

Microfilaments are responsible for

cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics

Prokaryotic cells

cell wall rigid peptidoglycon, cell membrane, phospholipid, dna nucleoid region, ribosomes

-phyll

leaf

All cells have

membranes

Prokaryotic and Eurakaryotic both have

nucleolus, lysosome, mitochondria

-ex

out of

Options

outer membrane

Hydrogen peroxide create

peroxisomer

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? 1) muscle cell 2) nerve cell 3) phagocytic white blood cell 4) leaf cell of a plant 5) bacterial cell

phagocytic white blood cell

Mitosis is not

sexual reproduction

Matrix

site of krebs cycle

Peroxisomes

square the centarn poroxide H2O2 and detoxifying enzymes

Flagella

tail

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________. a microtubule a ribosome the plasma membrane the endomembrane system the nucleus

the plasma membrane The plasma membrane defines the boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell.

mito-

thread

-eu

true, good

Similarities of mitochondria and chloroplast

used to be bacteria, innmom is folded, they can duplicate themselves, both part of energy, both have circular DNA

How does RNA exit the nucleus

via nuclear pores

Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell. The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm.

The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. Read about the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton and the interactions between its network of fibers.

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall the presence or absence of ribosomes whether or not the cell contains DNA whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism

Weather or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalizations

A particular cell has a nucleus and chloroplasts in addition to the fundamental structures required by all cells. Based on this information, this cell could be __________. a yeast (fungus) cell a cell from the intestinal lining of a cow a cell from a pine tree a bacterium a photosynthetic protist cell or a plant cell

a photosynthetic protist cell or a plant cell Some protists (such as algae) can photosynthesize, and so can plants. As both the protists and plants are eukaryotes, they contain organelles.

Nucleus

assembles ribosomes nucleus

-inter

between

Capsule

biofilm

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? plasma membrane ER nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus chloroplast

chloroplast

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components? Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components? Golgi apparatus nucleus mitochondria cilia the central vacuole

cilia The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a basal body.

-chrom

color

Folding

cristae, site of cellular respiration, capable of replication

Internal lumen

cysternal space

Where would you expect to find proteins involved with movement of structures within a cell? a. transport vesicles moving from the ER to the Golgi b. cytoskeleton c. plasma membrane d. muscles e. nucleus

cytoskeleton Movement of organelles and vesicles within cells is accomplished by motor proteins moving along the cytoskeleton.

Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. You observe that when the synthesis of the protein is completed, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found? in the aqueous interior of a lysosome, functioning as a digestive enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell in the internal space of the Golgi apparatus, being modified before the protein is excreted in the cytoplasm, functioning as an enzyme in carbohydrate synthesis in a mitochondrion, functioning in ATP synthesis

embedded in the plasma membrane, functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell This is the only answer in which the protein is a membrane protein.

detoxification occurs in the

endoplasmic reticulum

Outside the nucleus is

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system

endoplasmic reticulum, cis Golgi cisternae, medial Golgi cisternae, trans Golgi cisternae, plasma membrane

Lamina supports the

envelope

-plasm

formed substances

Mitochondria

generates ATP

chloro-

green

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they __________. lack a plasma membrane lack chromosomes have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm have a smaller nucleus have no ribosomes

have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________. in the plasma membrane in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum on free cytoplasmic ribosomes in the ribosomes of the mitochondria in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

endo-

inner, inside

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, poison detoxification

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? ribosome Golgi apparatus lysosome plasmodesma chloroplast

lysosome The prefix "lyso-" means decomposition.

Lysosomes

macromolecule digestion, autophagy, digest proteins

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? information storage energy processing manufacturing breakdown of complex foods structural support of cells

manufacturing

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of

microfilaments

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of

microfilaments

Which structure-function pair is mismatched? lysosome; intracellular digestion ribosome; protein synthesis Golgi; protein trafficking nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits microtubule; muscle contraction

microtubule; muscle contraction

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into

microtubules

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are

microtubules

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but NOT prokaryotic cells? Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but NOT prokaryotic cells? cytosol mitochondria plasma membrane DNA ribosomes

mitochondria Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following? Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following? mitochondria tubulin actin pseudopodia motor proteins

motor proteins Motor proteins, such as dynein, use energy to move parts of the cytoskeleton.

Which type of cell is most likely to have the largest number of mitochondria? nondividing cells in the skin on your finger photosynthetic cells in the leaves of a tree inactive yeast cells that are stored for future use bacterial cells that are growing on sugars muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner

muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner Cellular respiration releases energy that cells need in order to carry out their functions. Active muscle cells need large amounts of energy.

Eukaryotic cells

no cell walls on any of the animals. cell walls on plants. both have lysosomes

Prokaryotic

nucleoid

Fimbrae

pili attachment

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cells

Golgi apparatus

protein modification and sorting, cisternal maturation

Rough ER

protein synthesis, produces secretory proteins

Which of the following LACK membranes as part of their structure? peroxisomes mitochondria ribosomes Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

Eukaryotic

ribosomes, flagella, plasma membrane

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? ribosomes, nucleus, and plasma membrane mitochondria, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm mitochondria, ribosomes, and cytoplasm nucleus, plasma membrane, and ribosomes

ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

Intermediate filaments are

rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.

All of the membrane proteins of the endomembrane systems are made in the

rough ER

Cysterae

sacs

sym-

same

Autophagy

self eating

-a/-an

without, lack of