Bio Chapter 1 Study Guide
David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the lab and divide them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What were the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?
Independent - type of exposure to Geomyces desturctan Dependent - whether or not the bats became sick with WNS
Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific? a. yes b. no
No - she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation
Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees? a. yes b. no
No - there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees
Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago? a. yes b. no
Yes - apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures
Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists? a. Yes b. No
Yes - the quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field
A tissue is defined as: a. a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body b. two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds c. the basic unit of life d. a network of organs which perform a wide range of functions
a
David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the lab and divide them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which group is the control group? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
a
Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as: a. homeostasis b. evolution c. reproduction d. sensation
a
The hypothesis that a common ancestor gave rise to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation? a. almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior b. all living organisms use energy acquired directly from the environment or from other organisms c. all living organisms reproduce d. each type of living organisms adheres to the general principles of the biological hierarchy
a
What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms? a. they make their own energy b. they grow and develop c. they evolve through time d. they are composed of one or more cells
a
When scientists generate a single, informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific: a. hypothesis b. observation c. theory d. correlation
a
Which of the following represents conducting an experiment? a. dialing a telephone number b. comparing prices of computers c. checking your midterm grades online d. predicting the outcome of a basketball game
a
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of multicellular organism? a. cells-->tissues-->organs-->individual b. tissues-->organs-->cells-->individual c. individual-->cells-->organ systems--> tissues d. organ systems-->organs-->tissues-->individual
a
Which of the following would be a theory? a. specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions b. a fungal infection is responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species c. bats with white noses have been observed in the wild d. a fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves
a
You are coughing and producing a wheezing sound as you breathe; you also have a fever. You go to the doctor who listens to your chest, takes X-rays of your chest, and determines that you probably have something called croup. Which of the following are facts of this scenario? a. you are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever b. you probably have croup c. you probably have whooping cough d. you probably need antibiotics
a
A scientific hypothesis must be ________; if not, science cannot evaluate it. a. provable b. testable c. accepted d. rejected
b
A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics? a. it is always provable and clearly states what is already known to be fact b. it provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable c. it provides an explanation consistent with accepted theological ideas and does not need to be tested d. it does not require testing by experimentation or additional observations; it is not falsifiable
b
Experimental studies are an effective way of establishing a ________ relationship between two or more aspects of the natural world because they provide a way of testing predicted interactions. a. controlled b. cause-effect c. correlative d. casual
b
In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable to the development of the: a. theory of evolution b. germ theory of disease c. theory of relativity d. law of gravity
b
New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the: a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. correlation coefficient d. invariable
b
Observational studies typically point out correlations between aspects of the natural world, but they do not establish solid _______ relationships. a. controlled b. cause-effect c. correlative d. casual
b
Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis: a. is never reexamined b. still cannot be considered to have been proven true c. can be used to predict the outcome of all future similar events d. is elevated to the status of theory
b
Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt is killing the bees? a. spraying Bt toxin on a field and counting the number of bees present before and after spraying b. collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other hald would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared c. collecting hundreds of bees and spraying half of them with Bt toxin while the other half is not sprayed with Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared
b
Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful? a. scientific knowledge is absolute knowledge b. scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge c. scientific knowledge is a static and unchanging collection of facts d. scientifi knowledge is rigid collection of invariable facts
b
Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method? a. what is the function of the appendix in human beings? b. why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals c. why do smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than nonsmokers? d. why is it so difficult to quit smoking?
b
Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses? a. composed of one or more cells; obtain energy from their environment; reproduce using DNA (or RNA) b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups c. maintain a constant internal environment; obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells d. obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells; maintain a constant internal environment
b
A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms? a. they reproduce using DNA b. they obtain energy from the environment to support metabolism c. they can evolve as groups d. they sense the environment and respond to it
c
DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life. a. it forms the protective outer membrane of cells b. it is produced expressly for reproduction and is found only in egg and sperm c. it is the blueprint that guides the growth, development, behavior, and reproduction of all organisms d. its absence in viruses is the basis for classifying them as nonliving
c
David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the lab and divide them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment? a. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted through the air b. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it is only transmitted by direct contact with other infected bats c. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus d. group 4 is the control group
c
Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the _______ made by a hypothesis. a. variables b. theories c. predictions d. laws
c
Scientists and human beings are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is: a. popular magazines b. the discovery channel c. peer-reviewed publications d. Wikipedia
c
The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks' team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the: a. biosphere where bats lived b. biome where the bats lived c. ecosystem where the bats lived d. community where bats lived
c
Whenever we ______, we are proceeding scientifically. a. invoke a supernatural power as an explanation for how a natural phenomenon occurred b. stop questioning our observations c. try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions d. develop an unchangeable and definitive explanation
c
Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis? a. does exposure to secondhand smoke affect the probability of developing lung cancer? b. do organic vegetables contain harmful substances? c. should everyone drink bottled water only? d. does a can of vegetable juice contain more salt than the same size can of iced tea?
c
Which of the following statements is true? a. once a hypothesis has been proposed, it can never be challenged b. a valid scientific hypothesis is self-evident and doesn't need to be tested by experimentation c. the scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions d. if properly designed, experiments always prove hypotheses to be wrong
c
Which of the following would be a fact? a. specific pathogens are directly responsible for diseases and conditions b. a fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species c. bats with white noses have been observed in the wild d. a fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves
c
Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of: a. a cell b. a tissue c. an organ d. an organ system
d
The roots of a sunflower plant growing downwards while the shoot grows upwards and the flower turns toward the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms? a. they reproduce using DNA b. they evolve through time c. they make their own energy d. they sense the environment and respond to it
d
You often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for your numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel is a: a. theory b. fact c. experiment d. hypothesis
d
The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific _________.
fact
In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a ________. It is not a guess. It is not static. It is tentative and dynamic and can be adjusted when new, compelling evidence is discovered. It is typically an overarching explanation that best fits all of the available information or evidence.
theory