bio chapter 13

12. There are three connective tissue sheaths surrounding different components of the nerve. Label the figure below.

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32. Reflexes are quick motor responses to stimuli. Reflex arcs can occur in skeletal muscle, cardiac, smooth muscles and glands. Spinal reflexes are somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord. All reflex arcs have five components. List the five components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector

16. Axons of peripheral nerves can be regenerated if the soma of the neuron is not damaged. Both macrophages and schwann cells are used in the process of nerve fiber regeneration. What is the function of the macrophages? What is the function of the schwann cell?

Clean and remove cell debris Cause myelination around new axon

11. Nerves in the PNS are organs. Since organs are composed of various tissues, what tissues comprise the nerves?

Connective tissue, blood vessels, neurons

34. How does ipsilateral motor activity differ from contralateral motor activity?

Ipsilateral: motor activity on same side as origin of stimulus Contralateral: motor activity on opposite side of origin of stimulus

17. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. Most of the cranial nerves originate from the brain stem. However, the two cranial nerves that originate from the forebrain are __________________ and _______________________.

Olfactory I, optic II

18. Cranial nerves have either sensory or motor function; some have both. The two cranial nerves that only have sensory function are: ______________ and ___________________. Give name and number. The four cranial nerves that have parasympathetic fibers are: _____________________, _____________________, ________________, and ________________________. Give name and number. List the five cranial nerves that have only motor function: List the five cranial nerves that have both sensory and motor function:

The two cranial nerves that only have sensory function are: olfactory I, optic II The four cranial nerves that have parasympathetic fibers are: oculomotor III, facial VII, glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X List the five cranial nerves that have only motor function: III oculomotor XI accessory IV trochlear XII hypoglossal VI abducens List the five cranial nerves that have both sensory and motor function: V trigeminal IX glossopharyngeal VII facial X vagus VIII vestibulocochlear

9. The circuit level of neural integration involves which type of pathway? descending OR ascending

ascending

10. Where in the brain does the interpretation of sensory input occur during the perceptual level of neural integration? _____________________.

cerebral cortex (somatosensory cortex)

25. The _________ (dorsal, ventral or lateral; choose one) roots arise from the _________________ ganglion of the spinal cord. These roots contain which type of nerve fiber; motor or sensory?

dorsal dorsal root sensory

26. Rami are lateral branches of the spinal nerves. There are small dorsal rami, ventral rami, meningeal branch, and rami communicantes. The _______________ rami innervate the back. The _______________ innervate the meninges The ________________ rami comprise the nerve plexuses and intercostal region The ____________________ contain autonomic nerve fibers.

dorsal meningeal ventral rami communicantes

1. The peripheral nervous system includes both a sensory and motor division. The sensory division is stimulated upon activation of a sensory receptor. These receptors are classified by location and stimulus type and complexity. The three types of receptors that are classified by their location are: ______________, ______________________, and ________________. The type of receptor that monitors the stretch of skeletal muscles and tendons are the ________________________.

exteroceptors, interoceptors,proprioceptors proprioceptors

13. Groups of nerve fibers are bundled in a structure called a ___________.

fasicles

7. Most sensory receptors are simple receptors with some being encapsulated and other unencapsulated. The ______________ receptors are unencapsulated and respond to itching. The ________________ are encapsulated receptors are activated by deep pressure while ____________________ respond to light touch in the fingertips or soles of feet.

free nerve ending pacinian corpuscles meissner's corpuscles

33. The integration center of a simple reflex arc contains a single synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron. This is called a _________________ reflex. A more complex reflex arc involves multiple synapses using interneurons. This is called a ________________________ reflex.

monosynaptic polysynaptic

For questions 2-6: Match the following sensory receptors with the type of stimuli that activates them. A. photoreceptors D. thermoreceptors B. mechanoreceptors E. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors 2. _____ activated by painful stimuli 3. _____ respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch 4. _____ activated by light energy 5. _____ respond to taste of lemon 6. _____ activated by temperature changes

nociceptors activated by painful stimuli mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch photoreceptors activated by light energy chemoreceptors respond to taste of lemon thermoreceptors activated by temperature changes

8. The somatosensory system receives input from proprioceptors, interoceptors and exteroceptors. This system is involved in sensory integration from the moment of sensory stimuli is received to the perception of this stimuli. The three levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system are: ________________________, ______________________ and _____________________.

receptor level circuit level perceptual level

For questions 28-31: Match the nerve plexus with its correct characteristic. A. Cervical plexus C. Lumbar plexus B. Brachial plexus D. Sacral plexus 28. _____ includes the sciatic nerve which is the longest and thickest nerve of the body 29. _____ includes the ulnar nerve; innervates hand muscles to promote wrist flexion 30. _____ includes the femoral and obturator nerves 31. _____ includes the phrenic nerve which serves as the motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm.

sacral plexus includes the sciatic nerve which is the longest and thickest nerve of the body brachial plexus includes the ulnar nerve; innervates hand muscles to promote wrist flexion lumbar plexus includes the femoral and obturator nerves cervical plexus includes the phrenic nerve which serves as the motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm.

14. Mixed nerves contain both ______________ and __________ fibers to transmit impulses to and from the CNS.

sensory, motor

15. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain ______ _________ of sensory neurons. An example is the dorsal root ganglion.

soma

For questions 35-40: Match the somatic spinal reflex with the characteristic that best describes the flex type. A. Golgi Tendon C. Superficial B. Stretch D. Crossed-extensor 35. _____ the patellar reflex is an example of this reflex 36. _____ the plantar reflex is an example of this reflex 37. _____ this reflex is activated in response to painful stimuli; involves stimulation of extensor muscle 38. _____ activated in response to increased muscle tension; allows for relaxtion of stimulated muscle. 39. Damage to corticospinal tract will result in an abnormal reflex called ________________________ which replaces the plantar reflex.

stretch the patellar reflex is an example of this reflex superficial the plantar reflex is an example of this reflex crossed-extensor this reflex is activated in response to painful stimuli; involves stimulation of extensor muscle golgi tendon activated in response to increased muscle tension; allows for relaxtion of stimulated muscle. Damage to corticospinal tract will result in an abnormal reflex called Babinski's sign which replaces the plantar reflex.

27. Nerve plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral regions. The only location of the spinal column that does not contain nerve plexuses is the ___________________ region.

thoracic

For questions 19- 23: Match the cranial nerve with its function A. optic D. vagus B. oculomotor E. hypoglossal C. trigeminal 19. _____ only cranial nerve that innervates thorax and abdomen 20. _____ innervates tongue muscles 21. _____ involved in activating muscles for mastication (chewing) 22. _____ carries afferent impulses for vision 23. _____ activates extrinsic eye muscles and is also involved in constricting iris.

vagus only cranial nerve that innervates thorax and abdomen hypoglossal innervates tongue muscles trigeminal involved in activating muscles for mastication (chewing) optic carries afferent impulses for vision oculomotor activates extrinsic eye muscles and is also involved in constricting iris.

24. There are 31 pairs of mixed nerves from the spinal cord. The _________ (dorsal, ventral or lateral; choose one) roots arise from the _________________ horn of the spinal cord. These roots contain which type of nerve fiber; motor or sensory?

ventral ventral (anterior) motor