Bio Chapter 30
What are the stages of the life cycle of a flowering plant? (stage, haploid vs diploid, preceeding/following stages and processes)
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pollen tube
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What are the characteristics that distinguish eudicots from monocots? What are some examples of each group?
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What are the gymnosperm phyla? What are their distinguishing features? What are examples of each?
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What are the parts of a flower and what are their functions?
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Based on the summary given in lecture notes, which kinds of plants first dominated the earth with forest-like growth? What kinds of plants were they largely replaced by? What kinds of plants are now the most dominant and diverse?
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How and where does pollination and fertilization occur in conifers and angiosperms?
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How does pollination improve reproductive success in drier environments, as compared to life cycles of mosses and ferns?
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How does the relative size and independence of the gametophyte and the sporophyte compare in the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, and the seed plants?
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In what ways are seed plants important to humanity?
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What are the adaptive advantages of producing seeds (as compared to seedless plants)?
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What are the three extant angiosperm clades that are called the "basal angiosperms" because they represent the most ancient lineages of the angiosperms? Identify a fourth clade, closer in relationship to eudicots and monocots.
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What comprises a seed?
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What comprises an ovule? Where are ovules found in conifers and angiosperms?
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What does it mean for a plant to be heterosporous as compared to homosporous? What happens to microspores and megaspores in seed plants?
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What is a pollen grain biologically (as part of the life cycle)? What is the difference between a pollen grain and sperm? between sperm and spore?
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What is pollination and how is it distinct from fertilization? What must happen between pollination and fertilization?
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What is the biological relationship between an ovule and a seed?
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What is the difference between fleshy and dry fruits, especially in terms of their functions in dispersal? Describe some examples.
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What is the function of endosperm? How is it formed and where is it found?
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What is the main part of the flower that develops into the fruit?
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What kind of climate change toward the end of the Paleosoic era led to the domination of gymnosperms during the Mesozoic era?
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Where are female gametophytes and male gametophytes found in conifers and angiosperms?
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Which group of animals is completely dependent upon flowering plants?
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Why does flower color, shape, and scent vary from species to species? What is the function of nectar?
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Why would having an animal pollinator increase reproductive success?
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Why would it be impossible to find a gymnosperm that bears fruit?
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anther
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carpel
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coevolution
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cone
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cotyledon
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dormant
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double fertilization
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embryo
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endosperm
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female gametophyte
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fertilization
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filament
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flower
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fruit
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germination
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heterosoporous
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integument
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male gametophyte
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megasporangium
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megaspore
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microsporangium
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microspore
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ovary
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ovulate cone
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ovule
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petal
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pollen
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pollen cone
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pollination
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pollinator
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seed
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seed coat
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sepal
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sperm
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sporophyll
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stamen
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stigma
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style
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taproot
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Phylogeny with examples of angiosperms
Phylum Anthrophyta "basal angiosperms" - amborella, water lillies, star anise and relatives Magnoliids - magnolias and relatives monocots - grasses and grains (corn, wheat, rice), palm trees (coconut, date), lily, onion Eudicots - oak tree, apple, rose, bean, tomato, squash, pepper
What is the most numerous and diverse group of gymnosperms today? What are some examples? Why are they unique among all organisms on earth?
Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) examples include pine, firs, cedar, spruce, juniper, cypress, redwoods, sequoia, pacific yew They are unique as cone-bearers, being able to dominate high altitudes and cold temperatures.
A pollen grain is best described as
a haploid male gameteophyte inside a protective coat
What is the function of pollen?
deliver sperm to the egg
What reproductive adaptations distinguish the angiosperms from the gymnosperms?
flower and fruit
What are the key functions of the flower and fruit in the life cycle of an angiosperm?
flower protects ovules within ovary and makes pollen transfer efficient by attracting animal pollinators, fruit enhances seed dispersal and protects dormant seed
What are some of the ways flower structure can vary?
flowers may be incomplete (unisex, no petals if wind pollenated)
What are the stages of the life cycle of the pine tree? (stage, haploid vs diploid, before and after, what process forms and ends this stage)
haploid - pollen grains, surviving megaspore diploid - mature sporophyte, ovulate cone, pollen cone, microsporocytes, microsporangia, microsporangium, ovule, megasporocyte, megasporangium cycle - mature sporophyte -> ovulate cone/pollen cone ovulate cone -> ovule, megasporangium pollen cone -> microsporangia -> microsporangium --- meiosis ---> pollen grains
What is endosperm?
nutritive polypoid food for embryos
Phylogeny with examples of gymnosperms
phylum ginkgophyta: ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba - only 1 species) phylum cycadophyta: cycads (Zamia, Sago Palm) phylum Gnetophyta: gnetophytes (welwitschia, gnetum, ephedra) Phylum Coniferophyta: conifers (pine, firm, spruce, cedar, juniper, cypress, redwood, sequoia, Pacific yew)
At what location does a pollen tube first begin to grow?
stigma