Bio. Chapter 9

In the process of DNA replication, the enzyme helicase

helps to "unzip" the DNA helix during DNA replication by breaking the hydrogen bonds

The DNA sequence which begins the formation of the transcription bubble is known as the ______

promoter

The _____ is the segment of DNA to which the enzymes and proteins bind to initiate the process of transcription

promotor

The term used to describe DNA replication, using each original strand as a template for a new strand, is ______ _______; this creates a new DNA strand which is half original and half new.

semiconservative replication

When the ribosome encounters the ______ codon, the growing polypeptide is released and the ribosome subunits dissociate and leave mRNA

stop

The ______ and phosphate groups line up to form the backbone of the DNA molecule.

sugar

In the process of DNA replication, the enzyme DNA polymerase ________

synthesizes a new strand of DNA complementary to a template strand

An amino acid is bonded to and transported by _____, a type of RNA.

tRNA

For E coil bacteria, the protein synthesis starts with small ribosomes subunit, the mRNA template, three initiation factors, and special initiator ______, which interacts with the codon AUG

tRNA

The necessary machinery for the translation to occur includes a ribosome, mRNA, and __________

tRNA

The enzyme RNA polymerase

the enzyme which synthesizes an RNA strand from a DNA template strand

tRNA

the light brown structure represents the tRNA

RNA is a single stranded molecule, unlike the double stranded DNA, and replaces _____ with ______.

thymine, uracil

You have the same DNA in the muscle cells of your big toe as you do in the cells of your pancreas and brain. What brings about the regulation of what protein is to be used to build which cell?

gene expression

Cells have many _____ that are not expressed, and whether or not they are expressed is based on the proteins needed for the particular cell

genes

A DNA prepares to replicate, proteins bind to the area known as the origin of replication and the enzyme ______ opens and unwinds the spiral helix.

helicase

In eukaryotes, DNA is tightly wrapped around a protein core known as a _________

histone

When a cell is preparing to divide, the DNA replicates itself during the S phase of:

interphase

Imagine you are film editor, reviewing a movie you just recorded. You are snipping out scenes that don't add to the storyline, letting them fall on the floor. A unwanted film curling on floor would be the equivalent of a/an ______ from DNA transcription.

intron

In the process of splicing, a/an _________ will be removed from mRNA sequences while the RNA is still in the nucleus.

intron

The portion of mRNA that does not code for functional protein is referred to as a/an ___________

intron

The type of RNA which 'transcribes' the DNA is _____ (use the abbreviation).

mRNA

If the DNA repair mechanisms fail to correct a defect in nucleotide sequencing, a permanent change known as a _____ may result.

mutation

Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular chromosome within an area in the cytoplasm called the _________

nucleoid

A strand of DNA tightly wrapped around a histone core is referred to as a _____

nucleosomes

Errors is DNA may be repaired by:

nucleotide excision repair proofreading and repair by DNA polymerase mismatch repair mechanism

In a eukaryotic cell, transciption only occurs in the _______ and translation happens only in the _______.

nucleus , cytoplasma

The structure of an operon consists of the promoter , the ______, and the genes.

operator

The sugar and _____ groups line up to form the backbone of the DNA molecule.

phosphate

As the enzyme helicase opens and 'unzips' the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds, a Y-shaped _______ ________ forms.

replication fork

DNA is deoxyribose as RNA is to ________

ribose

Instead of deoxyribose as in DNA. the sugar of RNA is _________

ribose

In eukaryotes, ________ are usually found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

The four monomers of DNA are called the ___________

nucleotides

In a prokaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the _____ and translational happens in the _________

"cytoplasm" is correct for both blanks

A codon is composed of _____ nucleotides, which will code for one of ______ amino acids, which will create hundreds of thousands of different proteins

3 20 A codon is made of 3 nucleotides which will code for 20 different amino acids.

It takes ______ nucleotides to code for one _______

3, amino acid

How many amino would be in a peptide which coded for by the sequence of the codon 5' AUGCCCUCACAUG 3'

4

How many amino acids would be in a peptide which was coded for by this sequences of codons: 5' AUG CCU CAC AUC AUG 3'

5 A set of 3 nucleotides code for 1 amino acid

In the double strand of DNA, one strand may have the nucleotide sequence of TGGCAAG, meaning that its complementary strand will have the sequence _______.

ACCGTTC

If the tRNA anticodon reads AUG CCU CAC AUC AUG, what was the original DNA template strand?

ATG CCT CAC ATC ATG

In the double strand of DNA, one strand may have the nucleotide sequence of ACCGTTC, meaning that its complemeentary strand will have the sequences _________.

TGGCAAG

If the mRNA codon reads GCU CCA CGG UAC AUG what was the original DNA template strand?

CGA GGT GOC ATG TAC

During the process of transcription, the template strand of ________ provides the instructions to make ________

DNA mRNA

While one nucleotide of _______ in the nucleus correspond to a complementary nucleotide of ______, three nucleotides of the will corresponds to one ________ of a protein

DNA RNA amino acid

The __________ provides that code, which is red and transmitted by _______, to assemble all the _________ of the body.

DNA RNA Proteins

The enzyme _______ is able to form new copies of DNA, as well as proofread and edit it.

DNA Polymerase

In the process of DNA replication, the enzyme _____ _______ acts as glue which binds fragments together. D

DNA ligase

On the lagging strand, the enzyme _______ ________ is necessary to bind the Okazaki fragments into one continuous strand.

DNA ligase

The term "semiconservative replication" refers to the fact that:

DNA molecules are composed of one new strand of nucleotides and one old strand of nucleotides

The enzyme which build a new strand of DNA by adding building blocks of nucleotides is known as __________.

DNA polymerase

Proper order of the synthesis of protein

Formation of an initiation complex of the small ribosome subunit, the mRNA template, three initiation factors, and a special initiator tRNA charged tRNA enters the complex, the polypeptide becomes one amino acid longer, and an uncharged tRNA departs a stop codon (UAA UAG UGA) is encountered the growing polypeptide is released and the ribosome subunits dissociate mRNA is degraded, freeing the nucleotides to be reused in another transcription reaction

Because DNA polymerases can only synthesize in a 5' to 3' direction of the continouosly synthesized leading strand, the new strand is put together in short pieces called ______ _____. Each of these strands a primer made of RNA to start the synthesis, and that strand is known as the lagging strand.

Okazaki fragments

During the elongation phase of transcription, the enzyme _______ moves along the DNA strand, adding nucleotides based on the sequence of the nucleotides in the template strand.

RNA polymerase

If the repressor protein binds the operator sequence of an operon, ________________________

RNA polymerase will be prevented from binding to the promoter, so very little of the genes is made

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won the Nobel prize in 1962 for their study of the structure of DNA. They used the data of _____ ______ , used x-ray crystallography but died of cancer the prize was announced.

Rosalind Franklin

Statements about the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

The mRNA is much more stable and long lasting in eukaryotes Newly transcribed eurkaryotic mRNA are modified with a cap and a poly-A tail to protect the mature mRNA from degradation and help export it from the nucleus. Transcription in prokaryotes occurs in the cytoplasm

The nitrogenous base not found in RNA is _______

Thymine

Only finished mRNA are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm true it false

True

If the tRNA anticodon reads AUG CCU CAC AUC AUG what was the mRNA codon?

UAC GGA GUG UAG UAC

In molecules of DNA, the nitrogenous base thymine will only pair with ___________.

adenine

a mechanism used by eukaryotes which allows one gene to code for several different proteins after mRNA has already transcribed the DNA code is refered to as _____

alternative RNA splicing

In DNA replication, replication forks:

are Y-shaped structures formed as the DNA helix unwinds.

amino acids

building blocks of proteins red chain represents a chain of amino acids developing into protein

A mutation in a DNA repair gene can have serious consequences, such as the development of ___________

cancer

The relationship between a nucleotide triplet _____ and its corresponding amino acid is called the genetic code

codon

Transfer RNA

contains a.specific 3 nucleotide anticodon sequence to be pair with the mRNA codon and also binds to a specific amino acid

In prokaryotic cells, both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm, as these cells have no nuclei

cytoplasm

In molecules of DNA, the nirtrogenous base guanine will only pair with ______

cytosine

In molecules of DNA, the nitrogenous base guanine will only pair with __________

cytosine

A DNA nucleotide is composed of the sugar _______, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

deoxyribose

A DNA nucleotide is composed of the sugar _____, a _____ group, and a _______ base.

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous

The shape of DNA, as described by Watson and Crick, is a spiral ____ _____.

double helix

In eukaryotes, ribosomes are usually found bound to the _______

endoplasmic reticulum

When changes are made before the code has been transferred from DNA to mRNA, it is referred to as regulation at the _____ level

epigenetic

The portion of gene which codes for protein formation is referred to as a/an _________

exon

The portion of mRNA that codes for functional protein is referred to as a/an ______

exon

In prokaryotic cells, the control of gene expression is almost entirely at the ______ level

transcriptional

True or Flase In eukaryotes, RNA post-processing includes addition of a 5' cap, poly-A tail, and excision of introns and splicing of exons

true

DNA is thymine as RNA is to ________

uracil

The nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA is ________

uracil

The main difference between the template strand of DNA and mRNA is that the mRNA strand has ______ instead of _______.

uracil thymine

In protein synthesis, translation begins:

with the formation of an initiation complex of the small ribosome subunit, the mRNA template, three initiation factors, and special initiator tRNA