BIO Exam 1 Mastering Biology Text Questions

Which reaction represents cellular respiration?

Sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Know the Hydrogen Bonds image

Be able to label it. (pg. 22)

A(n) _________________ involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same.

Controlled Experiment

The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of __________ in a solution

OH-

The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of __________. __________ and __________ are by products.

* ATP; CO2; water -ATP molecules store the energy harvested from food; CO2 and water are by-products of cellular respiration.

How is a community different from an ecosystem?

*A community consists of all of the interacting populations in an ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the non-living components that affect life as well as all of the interacting populations in a given area.

How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"?

*A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant.

You are an oncologist. Which of the following is true regarding the use of azacytidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome?

*A patient with a mutation in the ASXL 1 gene will likely not be successfully treated

Suppose that a mutation for lactase-persistence occurred in each of the populations described below. In which populations would the mutation be more likely to increase in frequency over time because of natural selection?

*A population that raises wheat and sheep

According to this research, which of the following people is most likely to test positive for breast cancer?

*A woman with elevated phosphoproteins in her blood.

What is the main reason that the oceans are becoming more acidic?

*Absorption by the oceans of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels

The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is __________

*Acidic

You are part of a research team using this technique to study chronic leukocytic leukemia. Which of the following do you do with CRISPR?

*Alter healthy human cells.

Which discovery supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase-persistence trait was driven by the use of milk in pastoralist cultures?

*Ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase-persistence mutations.

The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is ______________

*Basic

The term for a solution with a higher pH number, such as ammonia or bleach is ____________

*Basic

Lactase Persistent people will have their ____________ __________ levels rise.

*Blood Glucose

In a person with acute myeloid leukemia, which of the following is failing to produce healthy blood cells?

*Bone marrow

In what ways are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?

*Both organelles provide energy to the cell.

A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n) __________

*Buffer

What do green plants require to carry out photosynthesis?

*CO2, water, light -Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugar from CO2 and water.

What is the chemical reaction responsible for the oceans becoming more acidic?

*Carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming carbonic acid

The reason this organelle is green is because of the pigment _____________, which is the light-absorbing molecule of this organelle.

*Chlorophyl

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

*Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.

The entire organelle shown in the image is called a _________

*Chloroplast

Plant Cells Only

*Chloroplast *Cell Wall *Central Vacuole

Which of the following are consequences of ocean acidification? Select all that apply.

*Clams, mussels, lobsters, and shrimp are not able to form strong enough shells. *Corals and coral reefs are not able to form their hard skeletons.

This technique is applied to colon cancer research. Assuming it is similar to myelodysplastic syndrome, which of the following is true?

*Colon cancer is caused by a combination of many mutations.

Not a property of all living things

*Composed of many cells *Individuals evolve over time *Eats other organisms to gain energy *Requires another individual to reproduce

A(n) ___________ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.

*Covalent

____________ bonds involve the sharing of one or more electrons between atoms.

*Covalent bonds

When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a __________ bond is formed.

*Double

A weak bond called a ________ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.

*Hydrogen

__________ bonds involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

*Ionic bonds

Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are ___________

*Ions

What did researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence?

*It is found in a regulatory region (a "switch") upstream of the lactase gene.

You discover a new extracellular vesicle similar to microvesicles and exosomes. Which of the following is true?

*It is membrane encapsulated and stable.

This study demonstrated which of the following? (CRISPR article)

*It is possible to study human diseases and treatment in mice.

Animal Cells Only

*Lysome

Both Animal & Plant Cells

*Nucleus *Plasma Membrane *Ribosomes *Mitochondria *Cytoskeleton *Endoplasmic Reticulum *Golgi Apparatus *Cytoplasma

Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?

*One cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis.

A cardiologist is a physician that treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen. What level of biology is cardiology?

*Organ System

The passive transport of water is specifically called ________.

*Osmosis

Which four elements make up the bulk of living cells?

*Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

You wish to study dephosphorylation and how it could be used in cancer treatment. Which of the following will you need to use to dephosphorylate phosphoproteins?

*Phosphatase

How can you tell an animal cell from a plant cell?

*Plant cells contain a vacuole and have a cell wall; animal cells lack these structures.

Which one of the following statements is correct?

*Plants perform photosynthesis within chloroplasts and perform cellular respiration within mitochondria.

A __________ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.

*Polar

__________ bonds hold the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water together.

*Polar Covalent

Use the graph and your knowledge of enzymes to identify the three true statements about enzymes.

*Reactants cannot convert to products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction. *Enzymes lower the overall energy input needed for a reaction to occur. *By binding to reactant molecules, enzymes make it easier for the bonds in the molecules to break apart.

We use the scientific method every day to navigate the world around us. If you understand the purpose of each step, the process is easy to remember.

*Refer to page 1.) Observation 2.) Question 3.) Hypothesis 4.) Experiment 5.) Results 6.) Conclusion

Property of all living things

*Reproduces its own kind *Takes in, converts, and expels energy *Composed of one or more cells *Responds to the environment *Populations evolve over time *Complex, but well-ordered, structure

Food processors are phasing out the use of which type of fat because research has shown it to be particularly unhealthy?

*Saturated fats and Trans fats

Because of ocean acidification, the price of which of the following foods is most likely to increase?

*Shellfish

When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ________ bond is formed

*Single

The gases needed as inputs for photosynthesis enter the plant through small pores called __________

*Stomata

The thick fluid inside this organelle is where many of the reactions of photosynthesis take place. This fluid is called the __________

*Stroma

The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)?

*glucose *galactose --The lactase enzyme breaks the lactose disaccharide into two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose.

What kinds of molecules can be used as metabolic fuel to produce ATP?

*sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

A pharmaceutical company hopes to improve Tao's test to make it cost efficient by finding an effective way to measure phosphoproteins. Which of the following would be best as this is where phosphoproteins are found?

*Effectively isolate plasma.

__________ are substances that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

*Elements

Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ monomers.

*Glucose

One of the "stacks of pancakes" is called a __________

*Granum

A(n) ___________ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

*Ionic

The outside of this organelle is surrounded by a double layer of ___________

*Membrane

How could milk-drinking have provided strong favorable selection for lactase persistence?

*Milk was safer to drink than water and reduced exposure to pathogens. *Milk may have been a critical food source during times of famine. *Milk is protein and fat-rich and therefore could have been an important, high-quality food source.

Atoms involved in a _________ bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.

*Nonpolar

How are oyster larvae affected by ocean acidification?

*Oyster larvae cannot grow shells in acidified ocean waters.

What molecules are constituents of animal cell membranes?

*Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol

Which one of the following statements is correct?

*Sugar and oxygen gas are the outputs of photosynthesis and the inputs of cellular respiration.

What makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins?

*The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function.

During the Calvin cycle, plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to drive __________.

*The synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide

If Tao's theories prove correct, what role do microvesicles and exosomes play in cancer?

*They spread cancer

One of the single pancake-like discs in this organelle is called a ____________

*Thylakoid

Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms?

*Viruses do not have their own cells and they do not reproduce on their own.

What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?

*Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another.

How much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans on a daily basis?

*20 million metric tons

There are two main ways that atoms can bond together to form molecules:

1.) by sharing electrons, or 2.) by transferring electrons and creating two oppositely charged atoms

An acid is a compound that donates _______ to a solution

H+

A(n) __________________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments.

Hypothesis

Sequence the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest.

Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Scientists use a general process known as the ________________ to ask and answer questions about nature.

Scientific Method

Know structures of a Prokaryotic Cell

Text Chapter 3

A(n) _________________ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.

Theory